第二章語法考點(diǎn)

1、第二章 語法考點(diǎn)動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)一、時態(tài)概述英語中不同時間和方式發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)要用謂語動詞的不同形式來表示，這種表示動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時間和方式的動詞形式稱作動詞時態(tài)。時態(tài)列表如下：時態(tài)現(xiàn)在時過去時將來時過去將來時一般一般現(xiàn)在時do一般過去時did一般將來時( will do)（be going to do）(shall do)一般過去將來時would do進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時be doing過去進(jìn)行時was/were doing將來進(jìn)行時will be doing過去將來進(jìn)行時( would be doing)（was/were going to do）完成現(xiàn)在完成時have done過去完成時ha

2、d done將來完成時will have done過去將來完成時would have done完成進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時have been doing過去完成進(jìn)行時had been doing將來完成進(jìn)行時will have been doing過去將來完成進(jìn)行時would have been doing一、一般現(xiàn)在時（一）用法：a.表示經(jīng)常性的事情，經(jīng)常性的動作或一般性事實(shí)。時間狀語：often 經(jīng)常，usually通常，always 總是，every每個，sometimes 有時，at 在幾點(diǎn)鐘b.在時間、條件等狀語從句中，用現(xiàn)在時表示將來。c.表示客觀事實(shí)、客觀規(guī)律或客觀真理。The ear

3、th moves round the sun. （二）動詞的形式與變化方法：只有在第三人稱單數(shù)時用動詞的“單三變化形式”，其他用動詞的原形。多數(shù)在動詞后s （1）直接在動詞詞尾加-s, 清輔音后讀/s/，濁輔音和元音后讀/z/.e.g. askasks like likes workworks getgets staystays play plays（2）以字母s, x, ch, sh,或o結(jié)尾的動詞，在詞尾直接加-es，前者讀/iz/，后者讀/z/.e.g. watchwatches wishwishes fixfixes dodoes gogoes passpasses（3）以“輔音字母加

4、 - y”結(jié)尾的動詞，要先變y為i再加-es, 讀/z/.e.g. trytries studystudies crycries flyflies不規(guī)則變化：be is havehas真題練習(xí)1. We dont have to hurry as the bus _ for London at five in the evening.（2012.06）A. leaves B. left C. has been leaving D. has left2. According to the time table, the train for Beijing _ at 9:10 p.m. from

5、Monday to Friday. (2010.6)A. was leaving B. is leaving C. leaves D. has left二、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時（一）用法：a.表示（說話瞬間）正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動作?？膳cnow, at present, at this moment, these days 等時間狀語連用。e.g. Why are you crying? b.也可表示當(dāng)前的一段時間內(nèi)的活動或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動作。e.g. George is translating a book now. c. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時可以表示將來時，常有“意圖”、“安排”、或“打算”的含義，常表示最近或

6、較近的將來。e.g. When I grow up, Im joining the army.d. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時與頻度副詞always, constantly, continually, forever等連用，常表示令人不滿或煩惱的事。e.g. Its always raining. You are forever looking for faults. (吹毛求疵)（二）構(gòu)成方式：be (am/ is/ are)v-ing （動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞） e.g. Im watching TV now. / Theyre playing football.（三）現(xiàn)在分詞的變化規(guī)則（1）一般情況下在動詞詞尾

7、加ing。e.g. gogoing ask asking looklooking （2）以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的動詞，去掉e加ing。e.g. have having taketaking makemaking writewriting（3）以一個輔音字母結(jié)尾的重讀閉音節(jié)，雙寫最后一個字母，再加-ing。e.g. getgetting sitsitting putputting runrunning swimswimming beginbeginning (四)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時與一般現(xiàn)在時的區(qū)別（1）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示動作的暫時性，而一般現(xiàn)在時表示動作的習(xí)慣性和經(jīng)常性以及長久性動作。e.g. I am wat

8、ching TV now. （暫時性） I watch TV every day. （經(jīng)常性）Lucy is living in Beijing.（短時間居?。㎜ucy lives in Beijing. （長久性居?。?）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示的動作可帶有感情色彩，而一般現(xiàn)在時所表述的動作通常是事實(shí)。e.g. You are always forgetting the most important things. （責(zé)備）He is always helping others. （贊揚(yáng)）He often helps others. （事實(shí)）（3）有些動詞不能用進(jìn)行時，know, understan

9、d, love, like, hate, wish, want, think, hope, have, believe, agree, hear, see, notice，等等。這些動詞通常用一般現(xiàn)在時表示說話時發(fā)生的動作。e.g. I have a lot of friends here. She wants to buy a new bike. 三、一般過去時（一）一般過去式用法： a.表示過去某時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài). 可用時間狀語詞last night, yesterday, last week, some years ago, in 1995, in the past, the

10、other day, just now 等. eg: I got up at six this morning. (表示過去的動作) He was a child ten years ago. (表示過去的狀態(tài)) b. 表示過去的習(xí)慣或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作. eg: He used to get up early in the morning. When I was in the countryside, I often swam in the river.（二）結(jié)構(gòu): 主語 + did + 主語 + be ( was, were) + （三）動詞過去式的變化規(guī)則： （1）一般情況下在動動詞原形后加

11、 ed. 如: workworked jumpjumped looklooked （2）以e 結(jié)尾的動詞, 直接加-d. 如: livelived （3）以輔音字母加y 結(jié)尾的動詞, 先將y 變 i 再加-ed. 如: carry carried study studied try tried（4）以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾且末尾只有一個輔音字母的, 雙寫此輔音字母后再加-ed. 如: stopstopped planplanned 真題練習(xí)3. The student asked the librarian for help because he couldnt find the book he (n

12、eed) _.（2010.12）4. Most of the high school students who (interview) _ yesterday believed that they should continue with their education.5. 30 percent of the students who (interview) _ yesterday believe they should continue with their education until they have a university degree. (2009.12)答案與解析：四、過去

13、進(jìn)行時（一）用法a. 過去進(jìn)行時表示過去某段時間內(nèi)持續(xù)進(jìn)行的動作或者事情。常用的時間狀語this morning， the whole morning， all day yesterday， from nine to ten last evening， when， while例如：We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.It was raining when they left the station.b. 過去進(jìn)行時可以表示在過去某個時間點(diǎn)發(fā)生的事情。時間點(diǎn)可以用介詞短語、副詞或從句來表示。如：What was she doing

14、at nine oclock yesterday？c.在復(fù)合句中，如果主要動作和背景動作都是延續(xù)的或同時發(fā)生的，那么主從句的動詞都可用過去進(jìn)行時。例如：While he was waiting for the bus， he was reading a newspaper.He was cleaning his car while I was cooking.d.通常不能用于過去進(jìn)行時的動詞主要有：agree， be， believe， belong， care， forget， hate， have（擁有）， hear， know， like， love， mean， mind， notic

15、e， own， remember， seem， suppose， understand， want， wish等。(二) 結(jié)構(gòu): 主語 + be ( was, were) + doing (三)英語中有四類動詞一般不用進(jìn)行時（不用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時和過去進(jìn)行時）(1)表心理狀態(tài)、情感的動詞，如love ，hate ，like ，care ，respect ，please ，prefer ，know 等，若用進(jìn)行時則詞意改變。e.g. Im forgetting it . （=beginning to forget ）(2)表存在、狀態(tài)的動詞，如appear，exist，lie，remain，stand

16、，seem等。(3)表感覺的動詞，如see，hear，feel，smell，sound，taste等。（4）表一時性的動詞，如accept，allow，admit，decide，end，refuse，permit，promise等。練習(xí)：6. As she _the newspaper ，Granny _ asleep . A. read /was falling B .was reading /fellC. Was reading /was falling D. read/fell7. Tom _ into the house when no one _ .A. slipped/was lo

17、oking B. Had slipped /lookedC. slipped/had looked D. was slipping /looked五、現(xiàn)在完成時(一)用法a.表示過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。I have spent all of my money (so far). (含義是:現(xiàn)在我沒有錢花了.)b.表示發(fā)生在過去某一時刻的,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作（用行為動詞表示）或狀態(tài)（be動詞表示）常與for（+時間段）,since（+時間點(diǎn)或過去時的句子）連用.for+時間段since+過去一個時間點(diǎn)（譯為：自從以來）since+時段+agosince+從句（過去時） e.

18、g. Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since 1998.（二）構(gòu)成：主語 + have / has + 過去分詞(done) + 其他(當(dāng)主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時用has，其余人稱用have。過去分詞：規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成與動詞過去式相同；不規(guī)則動詞需要特殊記憶。)（三）has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的區(qū)別Have/Has gone(to) :去了(現(xiàn)在不在說話現(xiàn)場) ，Have/Has been (to) :去過（已不在去過的地方），Have/has been in

19、：呆了多久（還在所呆的地方）。e.g. Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai.My father has been to Shanghai.My father has been in Shanghai for two months.真題練習(xí)：8. He is one of the most qualified engineers our company (employ) _ in the last ten years. (2013.12)9. _ in the company for three years, Mark has become

20、experienced in business negotiations. (2009.12)A. Having worked B. Have been working C. Have worked D. worked六、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(一) 用法a.表示開始于過去的活動持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且活動往往還沒有結(jié)束，將繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。e.g. Tom has been playing the online games for more than twenty hours.b. 到目前為止的一段時間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的活動。e.g. He has been going to Seattle for half a y

21、ear.(二)構(gòu)成：主語 + have / has + been +doing +其他(三)現(xiàn)在完成時和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時的區(qū)別：(2)現(xiàn)在完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)完成和影響，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時強(qiáng)調(diào)未完成和動作。e.g. I have thought it over.我已經(jīng)考慮過了。(現(xiàn)在可以給回復(fù))I have been thinking it over.我一直在考慮這件事。(還未考慮清楚)(2)現(xiàn)在完成時經(jīng)常表單個事件，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時可表重復(fù)事件。e.g. He has gone to the library. 他去圖書館了。He has been going to the library for a year

22、. 他在一年間經(jīng)常去圖書館。(3) 現(xiàn)在完成時陳述事實(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時表感情色彩。Where have you been? I have been waiting for you in the rain for two hours.你去哪了？我在雨中等了你兩個小時。(不滿)（4）表重復(fù)時：完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)成果，講次數(shù)；完成進(jìn)行時強(qiáng)調(diào)持續(xù)，不講次數(shù)。e.g.：I have sent thirty e-mails this morning.我今天上午發(fā)了三十封電子郵件。I have been sending e-mails this morning.我今天上午一直在發(fā)電子郵件。真題練習(xí)：10. In t

23、he last few years, our company _ a great deal of attention to building up company culture. (2013.12)A. pays B. would pay C. is paying D. has been paying 11. The total output of this factory (double)_ since it was put into operation in 2006. (2010.6)七、過去完成時（一）用法：a.表示過去某個時間或動作之前所發(fā)生的事情(常用時間狀語有already,

24、before, ever, just, never, still, yet).b.表示過去某個時間或動作之前所發(fā)生的動作一直持續(xù)到過去某個時間(常接時間狀語：since +時間點(diǎn), for + 時間段)。如：When I got to the station, the train had left. 當(dāng)我到達(dá)車站時，火車已經(jīng)開走了。另外，過去完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”，而一般過去時只表示以現(xiàn)在時間為起點(diǎn)以前所發(fā)生的事情或存在的狀態(tài)。如：He studied there two years ago. 他在那兒學(xué)習(xí)了兩年。(離現(xiàn)在兩年)He said he had studied there two

25、 years ago. 他說他在那兒學(xué)習(xí)了兩年。(離他說話時兩年)（二）構(gòu)成：had + 過去分詞（三）動詞expect, hope, suppose, think, want等的過去完成時可用來表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)的計(jì)劃、打算或希望。如：I had hoped to see you. 我本希望來看你。He had wanted to buy a house in Beijing. 他本想在北京買棟房子。真題練習(xí)：12. She was quite sure that she _ the door before she left the office.（2012.06）A. will lock B. w

26、ould lock C. has locked D. had locked 13. She described the ancient city in detail because she (live)_ there for years. (2009.12)八、過去完成進(jìn)行時（一）用法：一個動作從過去某時開始，一直延續(xù)到另一個過去時刻。a. 過去完成時可以表示一個動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，但其結(jié)果仍然影響到過去的某一時刻。例如：It had been raining and the street was still wet. 天一直在下雨，街道仍然很濕。b. 用過去完成進(jìn)行時可以表示一個動作一直延續(xù)到過去

27、某一時刻，通常強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的持續(xù)性和不間斷性。例如：She had been studying for two hours when her classmate came to visit her. 當(dāng)她的同學(xué)來看她的時候，她學(xué)習(xí)有兩個小時了。（二）構(gòu)成： had + been +doing At last the bus came. I had been waiting for half an hour. 最后公共汽車來了，我已等了半小時。九、一般將來時與將來進(jìn)行時（一）用法：一般將來時表示將來某個時間要發(fā)生的動作，事情或存在的狀態(tài)，也表示將來經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動作或事情。（1） will/sha

28、ll+動詞原形shall用于第一人稱，常被will所代替。will在陳述句中用于各人稱，在征求意見時常用于第二人稱。 will not=wont shall not=shant e.g. Which paragraph shall I read first？我先讀哪一段呢？Will you be at home at seven this evening？今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎？（2） be going to +不定式，表示將來。e.g. What are you going to do tomorrow？(意圖，即將做某事) The play is going to be produced nex

29、t month. （計(jì)劃安排） Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. （有跡象要發(fā)生）（3） be +不定式表將來，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。 e.g. We are to discuss the report next Saturday.（4） be about to +不定式，意為馬上做某事。e.g. He is about to leave for Beijing.他馬上要去北京。另外，be to表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。（5）有些動詞可用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表一般將來時，如

30、go，come，fly，leave，start，begin，finish，end，arrive etc.e.g. she is leaving for Wuhan tomorrow.（6）一般現(xiàn)在時表一般將來時，主要用來表示在時間上已確定安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火車明天上午六開。以here, there等開始的倒裝句，表示動作正在進(jìn)行。 e.g. Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.車來了。在時間或條件句中。 e.g. When Bill comes， ask him to wa

31、it for me. Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 在動詞hope. take care that. make sure that等的賓語從句中。I hope they have a nice time next week. Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.（二）將來進(jìn)行時用來表示已經(jīng)決定的、肯定會發(fā)生的事，常與表將來時間的狀態(tài)連用。一般用will+be+doing 結(jié)構(gòu)表示。e.g. This time tomorrow, well be

32、travelling on the train.Ill be working all day tomorrow.真題練習(xí)：14. The team is going out to hold a party tomorrow after it _ the project.（2010.12）A. completes B. completed C. will complete D. will have completed15. The proposal about the annual sales (discuss) _ at the next board meeting. (2009.12)十一、

33、將來完成時與將來完成進(jìn)行時（一）將來完成時表示事情在將來某個特定時間之前會發(fā)生。一般用 will+have+done結(jié)構(gòu)表示。e.g. Next month today Ill have been here for five years. 下個月的今天，我到這里就滿5年了。（二）將來完成進(jìn)行時表示該事到將來某個時候已持續(xù)了一段時間。一般用will+have+been+doing結(jié)構(gòu)表示。e.g. Ill have been teaching for thirty years in July. 到七月，我教書就滿30年了。真題練習(xí)：16. By the end of next year, I _

34、 for the company for 10years. （2009.6）A. work B. am working C. had worked D. will have worked 十二、過去將來時（一）用法：在談?wù)撨^去的時候，有時要說到那以后的事，即當(dāng)時還沒有發(fā)生的事，這時候要用過去將來時。（二）結(jié)構(gòu)：與通常表示將來的結(jié)構(gòu)沒有區(qū)別，只需要改變動詞的形式。e.g. No one could tell when we would get to Manchester. 誰也說不出我們什么時候可以到達(dá)曼徹斯特。I thought for a moment that she was going

35、to cry. 有一會兒我以為她就要哭了。十三、被動語態(tài)（一）用法：語態(tài)是動詞的一種形式，用以說明主語與謂語動詞之間的關(guān)系。英語的語態(tài)共有兩種：主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)。主動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是動作的承受者。被動語態(tài)是動詞的一種特殊形式，一般說來，只有需要動作對象的及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。漢語往往用“被”、“受”、“給”等詞來表示被動意義。e.g.They didnt offer Ann the job. （主動語態(tài)） Ann wasnt offered the job. （被動語態(tài)） （二）構(gòu)成：助動詞be+及物動詞的過去分詞。被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)變化只改變be的形式，過去分詞部

36、分不變。疑問式和否定式的變化也如此。各種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)舉例（以動詞do為例）如下： （1）一般現(xiàn)在時（am/ is/ are +done） e.g. The classroom is cleaned by the students every day. 學(xué)生們每天都打掃教室。 （2）一般過去時(was/ were +done) e.g. My bike was stolen last night. 我的自行車昨天被偷了。 When was the book introduced to China? （3）一般將來時與過去將來時(will/ shall be +done; would/shoul

37、d be +done) e.g. A speech will be given this afternoon. 今天下午有一個演講。 I thought thousands of people would be helped. （4）現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時與過去進(jìn)行時(am/ is/ are being +done; was/ were being +done) e.g. The machine was being repaired at this time yesterday. 昨天這時，機(jī)器正在被修理。 The problem is being discussed now. 問題正在被討論。 A bu

38、s is being pushed by the passengers. （5）現(xiàn)在完成時(have/ has been + done) e.g. Two hundred trees have been planted by now.The book has been read many times by me. Several soldiers have already been killed in the conflict. （6）過去完成時 (had been+done) e.g. They said they had been invited to the party.She foun

39、d the house had been destroyed by the storm. 真題練習(xí)：17. The program _ to help students prepare for their first year at our college. (2013.12)A. is designed B. designed C. designs D. has designed18. Most customers were satisfied with the way their complaints (handle) _ by the company last month. (2013.

40、12)19. If you successfully complete the training program, you will (interview) _ by the company for the final decision.（2013.12）20. Last week two engineers _ to help solve the technical problems of the project. (2012.06)A. have sent B. were sent C. sent D. had sent 21. The manager promised that the

41、customers complaint would (look into)_ as soon as possible. (2012.06)22. Most of the new models displayed in the car exhibition (design) _ in Germany a few years ago. (2010.12)23. Having been badly damaged by the earthquake, the city has to be (rebuild) _. (2009.12)第二節(jié)情態(tài)動詞（一）概述： 情態(tài)動詞又稱情態(tài)助動詞，是表示說話人對動

42、作的觀點(diǎn)，說話者對談到的情況所持的態(tài)度，如需要、可能、意愿、懷疑、建議、義務(wù)和推測等，它和其他動詞連用可表示說話人的語氣，但它只有情態(tài)意義，無人稱和數(shù)的變化，不能單獨(dú)使用，必須與其后的動詞原形構(gòu)成謂語情態(tài)動詞表示說話人對某一動作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度。e.g.can(could),may(might),must,haveto,shall(should,will(would),dare(dared),need(needed),oughtto，usedto等。（二）常見情態(tài)動詞的用法（1）can和coulda. 表示能力（體力、知識、技能）Canyouliftthisheavy box?（體力）Mr.pan

43、canspeakthreekindsoflanguages.（知識）Canyoudrive?（技能）b. 表示請求和允許。表示請求，口語中常用could代替can，使語氣更委婉,主要用于疑問句。Can we turn the air conditioner on?I wonder if I could just ask you to sign this.c. 表示對現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)進(jìn)行主觀的猜測，主要用在否定句和疑問句中。Can the man over there be our head master?d. 表示驚異、懷疑、不相信等態(tài)度，主要用在否定句、疑問句和感嘆句中。Can this b

44、e an excuse for not giving them help?（2）may和mighta. 表示允許、許可。否定回答一般用must not/mustnt,表示“禁止、阻止”之意，但也可以用had better not (最好別)或may not（不可以），語氣較為委婉。May I smoke here?No, you mustnt.(或No, youd better not.)b. 表示可能性的推測，通常用在肯定句和否定句中，含有“或許”“大概”“可能”之意；用might代替may時，則語氣顯得更加不肯定。It may rain this afternoon.She might c

45、ome to join us this afternoon.c. may用于祈使句表示祝愿.May you succeed.May she rest in peace.愿她安息。d. 慣用句式：“may well+ 動詞原形”，意為“完全能，很可能”，相當(dāng)于to be very likely to“may as well或might(just)as well+動詞原形”意為“最好，滿可以，倒不如”，相當(dāng)于“had better或there is no reason to do anything else.There may well be a real problem here.There i

46、s nothing to do, so I may as well go to bed.(3) must和have toa. must表示“必須，應(yīng)該”之意，語氣比should，ought to強(qiáng)烈。其否定形式mustnt表示“不準(zhǔn)，不應(yīng)該，禁止”等意。You must come to school on time.b.在回答帶有must的問句時，否定回答常用neednt或dont have to，表示“不必”，而不用mustntMust I come back before ten?Yes，you must.(No, you neednt.)c. must表示有把握的推測，意為“一定、準(zhǔn)是、

47、相必”，只用于肯定句中。You must be hungry after a walk.d. have to“必須，不得不”，意義與must相近。但must表示的是說話人的主觀看法，而have to則往往強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要。must只有一種形式，即現(xiàn)在式與過去式都是一種形式，而have to則涉及各種人稱、時態(tài)等方面的變化形式。兩者的否定意義不同，mustnt表示“禁止，不許”，dont have to表示不必。The film is not interesting. I really must go now.I have to go now, because my mother is in hos

48、pital.I had to work hard when I was your age.You mustnt go there.You dont have to go there.(4) shall和shoulda. shall用于第一、二、三人稱構(gòu)成的疑問句，表示征求對方意見或請求指示；用于第二、三人稱陳述句中，表示說話人給對方的命令、警告、允諾或威脅。Shall I open the window?Dont worry, you shall get the answer this afternoon.(允諾)He shall be sorry for it one day, I tell

49、 you. （警告）b. should表示勸告或建議，意為“應(yīng)該”;You should read his new book.should表示推測，用在肯定句中，對現(xiàn)在的情況或可能發(fā)生的事的主觀推測或期待,意為“想必，大概，或許”;It should be a nice day tomorrow.should還可以用在if引導(dǎo)的條件句中，表示一件事聽起來可能性很小，但也不是完全不可能，相當(dāng)于“萬一”的意思。從句謂語用should+動詞原形構(gòu)成，主句都一定用虛擬語氣。Ask Tom to ring me up if you should see him.你萬一見到湯姆，請讓他給我打個電話。sho

50、uld用于疑問句或感嘆句中，表示意外、驚異的情緒，意為“竟會”，與why，what，how，who連用，如果是疑問句，則不需要回答。Why should anyone want to marry Tony?（5）will和woulda. 用于表示意志或意愿。will指現(xiàn)在，would指過去。He is the man who will go his own wayThey said they would meet us at 10:30 at the station.b.表示請求、建議等，用would比用will委婉、客氣。Will you please take a message for

51、him?Would you please tell me your telephone number?c.表示習(xí)慣或傾向，意為“總是，慣于”。will至現(xiàn)在，would指過去。Fish will die without water.When we worked in the same office, we would often have coffee together.d.表示推測，意為“很可能，大概”。will表示推測比should把握大，比must把握小。These things will happen. It would be about ten oclock when he left

52、 home.e. 表示功能，意為“能，行”。慣用形式：will do/would do表示“解決問題”、“就行”。It would not do to work too late.（工作太晚不行。）用于否定句中，意為“不肯”、“不樂意”。I wont listen to your nonsense.f. would與used to辨析would可用來表示過去反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的動作，但不能表示過去存在的狀態(tài)，所以我們不能說：“she would be a quiet girl.”另外，would強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某種特定情況下的活動，是完全過去的事情，同現(xiàn)在沒有聯(lián)系。而used to則著眼于過去和現(xiàn)在的對比，隱含

53、現(xiàn)在已不存在，動作或狀態(tài)都可表示。Would可以表示不規(guī)則的習(xí)慣，used to則不可。如： He used to be a naughty boy and cause trouble. I used to get up at six in the morning. Sometimes she would take a walk in the neighboring woods.(6) need和darea. need用于表示“需要，必要”之意。做情態(tài)動詞時，僅用于否定句和疑問句，只有現(xiàn)在時，過去式要用neednt have，疑問式用need+人稱?,否定式用need not(即neednt）

54、Need we leave soon?You neednt have hurried. (=It was not necessary for you to hurry，but you did). 你當(dāng)時不必這么匆忙。b.做實(shí)義動詞時，其變化與一般的實(shí)義動詞相同，后接帶to的不定式,過去式用needed、did you need?和didnt need,肯定式用needs/needed/need,疑問式用do、does、did提問， A job like nursing needs patience and understanding.(need+名詞，need understanding=ne

55、ed to be understood,需要被理解)He needs to see a doctor.(need to do)Do you still need volunteers to help clean up after the party? c. dare用于表示“敢于”之意。做情態(tài)動詞，沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，主要用于否定句、疑問句和條件狀語從句中。Dare you tell her the truth?How dare you accuse me of lying!d. 用作實(shí)義動詞時，其變化與一般的實(shí)義動詞相同。在肯定句中，dare后接帶to的不定式；否定句中，dare后既可接帶t

56、o的不定式，也可接不帶to的不定式。Only a few journalists dared to cover the story.He doesnt dare (to) go there alone.(7) ought的用法a.表示“應(yīng)該”之意。You ought to take care of him.b.表示推測。注意與must表示推測的區(qū)別。He must be home by now. (斷定他已到家)He ought to be home by now. (不十分肯定)This is where the oil must be. (比較直率)This is where the oi

57、l ought to be. (比較含蓄)c. should與ought to 表示“應(yīng)該”時的區(qū)別。should 表示自己的主觀看法，而ought to的語氣中，含有“按道理應(yīng)該”之意。若要反映客觀情況或涉及法律義務(wù)和規(guī)定，一般用ought to。如： You should help them with their work. You are his father. You ought to get him to receive good education.(8) “情態(tài)動詞+have done”用法a. must have done表示主觀上對過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的行為進(jìn)行推測，意為“想必，準(zhǔn)是

58、，一定做了某事”。He must have visited the White House during his stay in the United States.b. may/might have done表示對過去已發(fā)生行為的推測，意為“也許/或許已經(jīng)（沒有）“。一般用于肯定句或否定句中，不用于疑問句。用might則表示語氣更加不肯定。You may have learnt the news.c. cannot have done表示對過去發(fā)生的行為的懷疑和不肯定，通常用在否定句和疑問句中。（can換成could時語氣委婉）Could he have done such a foolis

59、h thing?The boy cant have finished reading the book so soon because it is difficult even to an adult.d. could have done可用于肯定句中，表示“可能已經(jīng)”之意，此外，還可以表示過去能做而沒做的事，有一種對過去為付諸實(shí)施的事情的惋惜。You could have done better, but you were too careless.e. might have done表示“本來可能，但實(shí)際上沒有發(fā)生的事情”。另外，還可以表示“本來應(yīng)該或可以做某事”之意，含有輕微的責(zé)備語氣。

60、You should not swim in that sea. You might have been eaten by a shark.He might have given him more help, thought he was busy.f. should/ought to have done用于肯定句時，表示本該做某事，而實(shí)際上未做；用于否定句時，則表示不該做的事反而做了。He should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing.You ought to have returned the