私人tpo版listening1-19tpo117聽力TPO官方研究組官方網(wǎng)站

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3、回聲天涯/tp老師 炫冰季節(jié)-Leon旸旸/ty銀落花開 草木也知愁Darken（FateStayMind） zhhmt86（澎恰?。ヾaborahulinlin24karen_0315(晗)Light名字是個(gè)詞兒(FloraQ)花拉子密24Kaitn某03丫頭帆RogerNa狐狐貍 雪候鳥 明日萌PeruiTPO 后期校稿：啊呆 NEOSaavedro家家yoonjae無(wú)老師-Leontoeflsimple草木也知愁友情支持：無(wú)老師TPO 09 Listening PartTPO-09 ListeningSECTION 1TPO9_Listening_1_1n to a conversati

4、on betn a student and her professor.P: Before we get started, I.I just wanted to say Im glad you chose food science for your major courses study.S: Yeah, it seems like a great industry to get involved with. I mean with the four-year degree in food science, Ill always be able to find a job.P: Youre a

5、bsoluy right. Before entering academia, I worked as a scientist forseveral food manufacturers and for the US Food and Drug Administration. Ieven worked on a commerl fishing boat in Alaska a couple of summerswhile I was an undergraduate. We bringhe days catch to a floatingprosor boat where the fish g

6、ot cleaned, packaged and frozen righsea.S:ts amazing! As a matter oct, Im sort oferested in food packaging.P: Well, for chemistry.t, youll need a strong background in physics, mandS: Those are my best subjects. For a long time, I was leading towards getting my degree in engineering.P: Well, then you

7、 shoulde a problem. And fortunay, at this university, thedepartment of food science offers a program in food packaging. Elsewhere,you mighve to hammer courses together on your own.S: I guess I like it a lot then. I am so since my appoment today is todiscuss my term pr topic, I wanted to ask, could I

8、 write about foodpackaging? I realize were suped to research food-born bacteria, but foodpackaging must play a role in all oft, right?P: Absoluy! Maybe you should do some preliminary research ont.S: Ie!ts the problem. Im overwhelmed.P: Well, in your reading, did anything something youd like to inves

9、tigate.erest you in particular? I meanS: well, I warprised about the different types of packaging used for milk.You know, clear plastic bottles, opaque bottles, carton board containers.P: True! In fact, the type of packaging has something to do with the way milks treated against bacteria.S: Yeah, an

10、d I read a studyt showed how light can give milk a funny flavorand decrease the nutritional value. And yet most milk bottles are unclear.Whats up aboutt?P: Well consumers like being able to visually examine the color of the milk.t might be one reasont opaque bottlesent really called on. Buttstudy. I

11、m sure there is more study on the subject. You shouldnt base yourpr on only one study.S: Maybe I should write about those opaque plastic bottles. Find out if there are any scientific reasons they arent used more widely? Maybe opaquebottles arent as good at keng bacteria from growingilk after the bot

12、tlehas been opened for something but where to begin researching this? I dont e a.P: You know, there is a dairy not far from here in Chelsea. It was one of the diaries to bottle milk in opaque plastic, but now theyre using clear plasticbegan. And theyre always very supportive of the university and ou

13、r students, and if you want it.S: Yeah, I liket idea.TPO9_Listening_1_2n to part of a lecture in a theater classPro: As wee seen, the second half of the 18th century was an excitingtime in Europe: it was not only an age of great invention, but sol changesalso led to a rise in all sorts of entertaent

14、, from reading to museums, totravel. And finding himselfhe middle of this excitement was anplished French paer named Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg.Loutherbourg arrived in England in 1771, and immediay went to work as asite designer at the famous Drury Lane Theater in London. From hisshows, Louthe

15、rbourg showed a knack for imagination and stage design, all intheerest of creating illust allowed the audience to suspend disbefcompley. Heplished this by giving the stage a greater feeling of depth,which he did by cutting up some of the rigid background scenery, and placing itat various angles and

16、distanfrom the audience. Another realistic touch wasusing three-dimenal objects on the set, like rocks and bushes as opedto two-dimenal paed scenery. He also paid muore attention tolighting and soundn had been done before.Now, these sets were so elaboratet many people attended the theatermore for th

17、emn for the actors or the stories. At the time, people were wildfor travel and for experiencing new pla; but not everyone could afford it.Loutherbourg outdid himself however, wi home. He called it the Eidophusikon.showt he set up in his ownEidophusikon means something like represenion of nature, and

18、tsexactly what heended to do: create realistic moving scenest changebefore the audien eyes.his, he synthesized all his tricks from DruryLane: mechanical motions, sound, light, other spe will, an early multimedia production.l effects to create, if youThe Eidophusikon was Loutherbourgs attempt to rele

19、ase paing from theconstras of thcture frame. After all, even the most action field excitingpaing can represent only one momentime; and any illuof movementis gone after theglance. But Loutherbourg, like other contemporarypaers, wanted to add the dimenof time to his paings. You know, thepopular thinki

20、ng is But why cant we say At the very least wet Loutherbourg was influenced by landscpaing.ers?t the Eidophusikon actually influenced the pae to considert it was more . it was more of a t the important English landscmutual thing. We know, for example,paer Thomas Gainsborough attended almost all of t

21、he yearly performan,and his lataings are notable for their increased color and dynamic use oflight. Loutherbourgs influence on the theater though, he was incredibly influential: the way he brought together design and lighting and sound as aunified feature of the stage, can easily be seen in English

22、theater emphasis on lighting and motion.bsequentNow, the Eidophusikon stage waually a box: a few meters wide, acouple meters tall and a couple meters deep.t is, the action took placewithhis box. This was much smaller of coursen the usual stage. But, italso allowed Loutherbourg to concentrate the lig

23、hting to better effect. Also, theaudience washe dark, which wouldnt be a common feature of the theateruntil adred years later. The show consisted of a series of scenes, forexample, a view of London from sunriset changes as the day moves on;mechanical figures, such as cattle, moved across the scene,

24、and ships sailedalong the river. But what really got people was the attention to, much likehis work in Drury Lane. So, for example, he paed very realistic ships, andvaried their size depending on their distance from the audience. Small boatsmoved more quickly across the foregroundn larger ones didt

25、werecloser to the horizon. Other effects, like waves, were also very convincing. They reflected sunlight or moonlight depending on the time of day or night. Even the colors changed as they would in nature. Sound and light wereimportantaking his productions realistic. He used a great number of lights

26、,and he was able to change colors of light by using variously colored pieofglass, to create effects like passing cloudst suddenly change in color.Furthermore, he used effects to make patterns of shadow and light, rathernusing the uniform lightingt was common at the time. And many of thesound effects

27、 honeered are still in use today, like creating tder bypulling on one of the corners of a thin copper sheet. One of his most popularscenes was of a storm. And there is a storyt on one occa, an actualstorm passed over head during the show. And some people went outside, andthey claimed Loutherbourgs t

28、der waually bettern the real tder.TPO9_Listening_1_3n to a part of lecture in an environmentals.Lecturer: So since were around the topic of global climate change and itseffects, in Alaska,he northern Arctic part of Alaska, over the last thirty yearsor so, temperature has increased aboulf a degree Ce

29、lsius per decade, andscientistse noticedt thereve been changes in surface vegeionand withduring this time. Shrubs are increasinghe tundra. Tundra is flvery little vegeion. Just a few species of plants grow there because thetemperature is very cold, and theres not much precipiion. And because ofthe c

30、old temperatures, the tundra has two layers: top layer, which is called theactive layer, is frozenhe wer and spring, butwshe summer.Beneath thiive layer is the second layer called permafrost, which isfrozen all year around, and is impermeable to water.Female Student: So because of the permafrost, no

31、ne of the plantst growthere cane deep roots, can they?Lecturer: No, andts one of the reasonst shrubrvivehe Arctic.Shrubs are littushes. Theyre not tall and being lowhe ground protectthem from the cold and wind. And their roots dont grow very deep, so thepermafrost doesnterfere with their growth. OK?

32、 Now since thetemperaturese been increasing in Arctic Alaska, the growth of shrubs hasincreased. And this is presented to climate scientists wipuzzle.Male Student: Im sorry, when you say the growth of shrubs has increased, doyou mean the shrubs are bigger, ort there are more shrubs?Lecturer: Good qu

33、estion! And the answer is both. The size of the shrubs has increased and shrub cover has spread to what was previously shrub-free tundra. Ok, so whats the puzzle? Warmer temperatures should lead toincreased vegeion growth, right? Well, the connections are not so simple.The temperature increase has o

34、ccurred during the wer and spring, notduring the summer. But the increase in shrubs has occurredhe summer. Sohow can increase temperatureshe wer and spring result in increasedshrub growthhe summer? Well, it may be biological prosest occur inthe soilhe wer,t cause increased shrub growthhe summer, and

35、heres how: there are microbes, microscopicanismst livehe soil.These microbes enable the soil toe more nitrogen, which plants need tolive and they remain quite active during the wer. Therere two reasons forthis:, they livehe active layer, which, remember, contains watertdoesnt penetrate the permafros

36、t. Second, most of the precipiionheArctic ishe form oow. And the snow, which blets the groundhewer, actually has an insulating effect on the soil beneath it. And it allows thetemperature of the soil to remain warm enough for microbemain active. ts whatsSo theres been increase in nutrient productionh

37、e wer. Andresponsible for the growth of shrubshe summer and their spread tareas of the tundra. Areas with more new nutrients are the areas with the largest increase in shrubs.Female student: But, what about run-offhe spring, when the snow finallymelts?t the nutrients get washed away? Springw always

38、washesaway soil, doesnt it?Lecturer: Well, much of the soil is usually still frozen during peak run-off. Andthe nutrients are deep downhe active layer anyway, not high up near thesurface, which is the part of the active layer most affected by run-off. But as I was about to say, theres more to the st

39、ory. The tundra is windy, and the snow is blown across the tundra, its caught by shrubs. And deep snow drifts often form around shrubs. And weve already mentioned the insulating effect ofsnow. Sot extra warmth means even more microbial activity, whieanseven more food for the shrubs, whieans even mor

40、e shrubs and moresnow around etc. Its a circle, a loop. And because of this loop, which ispromoted by warmer temperatures in wer and spring, well, it looks like thetundra may be turningo shrub land.Female student: But will it be long term? I mean maybe the shrubs will be abundant for a few years, an

41、d then itll change back to tundra.Lecturer: Well, shrub expanhas occurred in other environments, likesemiarid grassland, and tall grass prairies. And shrub expanheseenvironments does seem to persist, almost to the poof causing a shift. Onceis established, shrub land thrives, particularlyhe Arctic, b

42、ecause Arcticshrubs are good at taking advantage of increased nutrients n other Arctic plants.he soil, betterADBCCBCDDC 10.BD 11.A 12.A13.CD14.B15.B16.A17.CSECTION 2TPO9_Listening_2_1n to a conversation betn a student and a librarian employee.S: Excuse me. Can you help me with something?L: Ill do my

43、 best. What do you need?S: Well, Ive received a letterybox sayingt Im suped to return l Problems.a bookt I checked out back in January, its call Modern SoBut because Im writing my senior thesis, Im sup book all semester.ed to be able to keep theL: So you signed up for extended borrowing privileges?S

44、: Yeah.L: But we are still asking you to bring the book back?S: En-hen.L: Well, let me take a look and see what the computer says. The title wasModern Sol Problems?S: Yeah.L: OK. Oh, I see, its been recalled. You c one elseet all semester as long as norequests it. But, someone else has. It looks lik

45、e one of the professors sociologyhedepartment requested it. So youe to bring it back, even though youve gotextended borrowing privileges. You can check out the book again when itsreturned in a couple ofks.S: But I really need this book right now.L: Do you need all of it or is there a certain section

46、 or chapter youre working with?S: I guess there is one particular chapter Ive been using la my thesis. Why?y for a section ofL: Well, you can photocopy up to one chapter of the book. Why dont you dot for the chapter youre working on right now? And by the time you need therest of the book, maybe it w

47、ille been returned. We can even do thephotocopy for you because of the circumstan.S: Oh, well,t would be great.L: I see youve got some books there. Ist the one you were asked to return?S: No, I left it Ok if I bringy dorm room. These are books I need to check out today. Is it t one by in a couple of

48、 days?L: Actually, you need to return it today.t is if you want to check out thosebooks today.ts our policy.S: Oh, I didnt knowt.L: Yeah, not a lot of people realizet. In fact, every semester we get a fewstudents whoe their borrowing privilegespended compley because he library.theyent returned books

49、. Theyre allowed to use books onlyTheyre not allowed to check anything out because of unreturned books.S:ts not good. I guess I should hand back onto the dorm right now then.L: But, before you go, what you shoulds fill out a form requesting the bookbackwoks. You dont want to waste any time getting i

50、t back.S:nks a lot. Now I dont feel quite so bad abouving to return the book.TPO9_Listening_2_2n to part of a lecture in a geology class.Lecturer: So, continuing our discusof desert lakes, now I want to focus onwhats known as the Empty Quarter. The Empty Quarter is a huge area ofsandt covers about a

51、 quarter of the Arabian Peninsula. Today its prettydesolate, barren and extremely hot. But thereve been timeshe past whenmonsoon rains soaked the Empty Quarter and turned it from a desertograsslandt was dotted with lakes and home to various animals. There wereactually two periods of rain and lake fo

52、rmation: theone began about35000 years ago; and the second one dates from about 10000 years ago.Female Student: Excuse me, Professor. But Im confused. Why would lakesformhe desert? Its just sand, after all.Lecturer: Good question! We know from modern day desert lakes, like LakeEyre, Souustralia,t un

53、der the right conditions, lakes do formhedesert. But the Empty Quarter lakes disappeared thousands of years ago.They left behind their beds or basins as limestone formationst we can stillsee today. They look like low-lying, whiterey builds, long, narrow hills withflat tops, barely a meter high. A re

54、cent study of some of the formationspresents some new theories about the areas past. Ken mind thoughtthis study only looked at 19 formations. And abouhousand ed. So theres a lot more work to be done.e beenAccording to the study, two factors were important for lake formationheEmpty Quarter:the rainst

55、 fell there were torrential. So it wouldve beenimsible for all the water to soako the ground. Second, as you know,sand dunes contain other types of particles, besides sand, including clay and silt. Now, when the rain fell, water ran down the sides of the dunes, carrying clay and silt particles with

56、it. And wherever these particles settled, they formeda pan, a layert water couldnt penetrate. Once this pan formed, furtherrun-off collected, and formed a lake.Now, the older lakes, aboulf the formations, the ones started forming35000 years ago, the limestone formation we see, theyre up to a kilomet

57、er long, but only a few meters wide, and theyre scattered along the desert floor, in valleys betn the dunes. So, the theory is, the lakes formed there, alongthe desert floor,hese long narrow valleys. And we know, because of whatwe know about similar ancient desert lakes, we knowt the lakes didnt las

58、tvery long, from a few months to a few years oage. As for the morerecent lakes, the ones from 10000 years ago, well, they seemed toe beensmaller, and so maye dried up more quickly. Another difference, veryimportant today for distinguishing betn older lake beds and newer ones, isthe location of the l

59、imestone formations. The more recent beds are high up inthe dunes. Why these differen? Well, there are some ideas abouts of the sand dunes, when the lakes weret, andtheye to do with the shformed. 37000 years ago, the dunes were probably nicely rounded at the top, so the water just ran right down the

60、ir sides to the desert floor. But there werethousands of years of wind betn the two rainy periods, reshathedunes. So, during the second rainy period, the dunes were kind of chopped up at the top, full of hollows and ridges, and these hollows wouldve captured the rain right there on the top.Now, in g