國際經(jīng)濟學(xué)教學(xué)課件：ch08 Trade Restrictions Tariffs

1、International EconomicsTenth EditionTrade Restrictions: TariffsDominick SalvatoreJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.CHAPTER E I G H T8Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.In this chapter:8.1 Introduction 引言8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff 關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.3 The Theo

2、ry of Tariff Structure 關(guān)稅的結(jié)構(gòu)理論8.4 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Small Country 小國關(guān)稅的一般均衡分析Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.In this chapter:8.5 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Large Country 大國關(guān)稅的一般均衡分析8.6 The Optimum Tariff 最優(yōu)關(guān)稅

3、Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Introduction 引言While it is generally accepted that free trade maximizes world output and benefits all nations, most nations impose some restrictions on the free flow of international trade.廣泛的認為自由貿(mào)易可以使世界產(chǎn)出最大化并且對所有國家都有利，然而所有

4、國家都會給自由貿(mào)易的自由流動增設(shè)一些限制條件Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Introduction 引言Trade policies are advocated by special groups that stand to benefit from trade restrictions.通常是那些受益于貿(mào)易壁壘的的一些特殊利益群體會極力贊成貿(mào)易壁壘Import vs. export tariffs 進出口關(guān)稅An import tariff is a tax or du

5、ty levied on imported commodities. This is the most common form of tariff.進口關(guān)稅是對進口商品課征的稅收 這是最常見的稅收形式Introduction 引言An export tariff is a tax on exported commodities.Prohibited by the U.S. Constitution, but occasionally practiced in developing countries to generate government revenue出口關(guān)稅是對出口商品課征的一種稅收

6、美國憲法禁止出口關(guān)稅，但是發(fā)展中國家卻經(jīng)常對其傳統(tǒng)出口商品征收出口稅，以增加政府收入 Introduction 引言Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Ad valorem tariffA fixed percentage on the value of the traded commodity.從價關(guān)稅表示為貿(mào)易商品價值的一個固定百分比Introduction 引言Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 Jo

7、hn Wiley & Sons, Inc.Specific tariffA fixed sum per physical unit of a traded commodity.從量關(guān)稅含義是對每單位貿(mào)易商品征收某一固定稅額Introduction 引言Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.A compound tariffA combination of an ad valorem and specific tariff.混合關(guān)稅是從價和從量關(guān)稅的結(jié)合Introduction 引

8、言Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Tariffs have been sharply reduced since World War II.自二次世界大戰(zhàn)以來關(guān)稅水平有明顯下降Tariffs average 5 percent or less on industrial products in developed nations, but are much higher in developing nations.發(fā)達國家工業(yè)制成品的平均關(guān)稅大約為5%或者更低，發(fā)展中國家這

9、一比例則要高很多Introduction 引言Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2A Resulting Effects of Tariff 關(guān)稅的局部均衡效應(yīng)Consumption effect Reduction in domestic consumption關(guān)稅的消費效應(yīng)即關(guān)稅帶來的國內(nèi)消費的減少Salvatore: International Economic

10、s, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2A Resulting Effects of Tariff 關(guān)稅的局部均衡效應(yīng)Production effect Expansion of domestic production關(guān)稅的生產(chǎn)效應(yīng)即關(guān)稅帶來的國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)的增加Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Eq

11、uilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2A Resulting Effects of Tariff 關(guān)稅的局部均衡效應(yīng)Trade effect Decline in imports關(guān)稅貿(mào)易效應(yīng)關(guān)稅導(dǎo)致的進口的減少Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2A Resulting Effects of Tariff 關(guān)稅的局部均衡效應(yīng)

12、Revenue effect Revenue collected by the government關(guān)稅收入效應(yīng)即政府從關(guān)稅中取得的收入Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2A Resulting Effects of Tariff 關(guān)稅局部均衡效應(yīng)The more elastic the demand curve, the greater the consumptio

13、n effect.需求曲線彈性越大，消費效應(yīng)越大Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2A Resulting Effects of Tariff 關(guān)稅局部均衡效應(yīng)The more elastic the domestic supply curve, the greater the production effect.供給曲線越大，生產(chǎn)效應(yīng)就越大Salvatore: In

14、ternational Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2A Resulting Effects of Tariff 關(guān)稅局部均衡效應(yīng)The more elastic the demand and domestic supply curves, the greater the trade effect, and the smaller the revenue effect.供給曲線和需求曲線彈性越大，關(guān)稅的貿(mào)易效應(yīng)

15、就越大，并且關(guān)稅的收入效應(yīng)就越小Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2B Effect of Tariff on Consumer and Producer Surplus 消費者和生產(chǎn)者剩余的關(guān)稅效應(yīng)Consumer surplus is the difference between what consumers would be willing to pay and

16、 what they actually pay.Imposition of a tariff reduces consumer surplus.消費者剩余是消費者對每一單位商品所愿意支付的價格與實際價格的差征收關(guān)稅會導(dǎo)致消費者剩余的減少Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2B Effect of Tariff on Consumer and Producer Surpl

17、us 消費者和生產(chǎn)者剩余的關(guān)稅效應(yīng)Increase in producer surplus, or rent, is the payment that need not be made in the long run to induce domestic producers to supply additional goods with the tariff.Also called subsidy effect of tariff.生產(chǎn)者剩余增加量或者租金在長期看，是國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)者提供由于關(guān)稅所增加的額外商品而不必兌現(xiàn)的支出有時也被稱為關(guān)稅的補貼效應(yīng)Salvatore: International

18、 Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2C Partial Equilibrium Costs and Benefits of a Tariff 關(guān)稅的成本與利益Tariff redistributes income -From domestic consumers (who pay higher price for the commodity) to domestic producers (who receive t

19、he higher price)關(guān)稅對收入進行了再分配從國內(nèi)消費者（支付更高價格者）轉(zhuǎn)移到國內(nèi)商品生產(chǎn)者（獲得更高價格者）Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff關(guān)稅的局部均衡分析8.2C Partial Equilibrium Costs and Benefits of a Tariff 關(guān)稅的成本與利益Tariff redistributes income -From nations abu

20、ndant factor (producing exports) to the scarce factor (producing imports).關(guān)稅對收入進行了再分配從國家富有要素部門（生產(chǎn)出口商品部門）轉(zhuǎn)移到國內(nèi)稀缺要素生產(chǎn)部門（生產(chǎn)進口商品部門）FIGURE 8-1 Partial Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff.FIGURE 8-2 Effect of Tariff on Consumer and Producer Surplus.FIGURE 8-3 Partial Equilibrium Costs and Benefits of a Tariff

21、.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.3 The Theory of Tariff Structure關(guān)稅結(jié)構(gòu)理論8.3A The Rate of Effective Protection 有效保護率When a nation imposes a lower tariff on imported inputs than on the final commodity produced with the inputs, the rate of effective protect

22、ion exceeds the nominal tariff rate.當一國征收進口要素的關(guān)稅比用進口要素生產(chǎn)的最終產(chǎn)品的關(guān)稅低時，有效關(guān)稅保護率會超過名義關(guān)稅稅率Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.3 The Theory of Tariff Structure關(guān)稅結(jié)構(gòu)理論Calculated as follows:計算公式如下：g = t - aiti1 - aig = rate of effective protection 最終產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)者的有效保護率 t = no

23、minal tariff rate on final commodity 最終商品消費者的名義關(guān)稅稅率ai = ratio of cost of imported input to price of final commodity with no tariff 無關(guān)稅時進口要素的名義關(guān)稅稅率 ti = nominal tariff rate on imported input 進口要素的名義利率Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.3 The Theory of Tariff

24、 Structure關(guān)稅結(jié)構(gòu)理論8.3 B 有效保護理論的一般化Calculated as follows:g = t - aiti1 - aiConclusions 結(jié)論If ai = 0, g = t 如果ai = 0,則g = t For given values of ai and ti, g is larger the greater is t對于給定的ai和ti值，t越大，g越大For given values of t and ti, g is larger the greater is ai對于給定的ai和ti值，ai越大，g越大Salvatore: International

25、 Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.3 The Theory of Tariff Structure關(guān)稅結(jié)構(gòu)理論8.3 B 有效保護理論的一般化Calculated as follows:g = t - aiti1 - aiConclusions 結(jié)論The value of g is , = or t, as ti t當ti小于等于或者大于t時，g值大于等于或者小于t When aiti t, the rate of effective protection is negative當aiti值大于t時，有效保護率是負的

26、FIGURE 8-4 Pre- and Post-Uruguay Round Cascading Tariff Structure in Industrial Countries.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.4 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Small Country小國關(guān)稅的一般均衡分析A small nation will not affect prices on the world market w

27、hen imposing a tariff.一個小國征收關(guān)稅時，不會影響世界市場的價格Domestic price of importable commodity will rise by the full amount of the tariff for individual producers and consumers in the small nation.對單個生產(chǎn)者和消費者來說，可進口商品的國內(nèi)價格會增加與關(guān)稅相同的金額Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.4 G

28、eneral Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Small Country小國關(guān)稅的一般均衡分析Price remains constant for nation as a whole because the nation collects the tariff.小國作為一個整體來說，價格是不變的，因為是這個國家自己征收關(guān)稅Volume of trade for small nation declines, but terms of trade do not change, so welfare always falls.國家的貿(mào)易量會下降，但是貿(mào)易條

29、件沒有改變，所以福利會下降FIGURE 8-5 General Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff in a Small Country.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.4 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Small Country小國關(guān)稅的一般均衡分析8.4 C Stolper-Samuelson Theorem 斯托爾怕薩繆爾森定理An increase in the relat

30、ive price of a commodity (for example, as the result of a tariff) raises the return of the factor used intensively in production of the commodity.當商品相對價格上升時（如由于無關(guān)稅造成價格上升）會增加商品生產(chǎn)中密集使用的要素的回報率或收益率Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.4 General Equilibrium Analys

31、is of a Tariff in a Small Country小國關(guān)稅的一般均衡分析8.4 C Stolper-Samuelson Theorem 斯托爾怕薩繆爾森定理Thus, the real return to the nations scarce factor of production will rise with the imposition of a tariff.因此，該國生產(chǎn)所使用的稀缺要素的真實回報率會隨著關(guān)稅而上升Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8

32、.5 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Large Country大國關(guān)稅的一般均衡分析A tariff causes the imposing nations offer curve to shift or rotate toward the axis measuring the importable commodity by the amount of the tariff.當一大國征收關(guān)稅時，其提供曲線沿著衡量其可進口商品的軸的方向轉(zhuǎn)變或旋轉(zhuǎn)一個大小等于進口關(guān)稅的量Salvatore: International Economic

33、s, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.5 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Large Country大國關(guān)稅的一般均衡分析Under these circumstances, for a large nation:A reduction in trade volume will reduce welfareAn improvement in terms of trade will increase welfare在這種大國征收稅收的情況下：貿(mào)易量的減少使其國家財富減少貿(mào)易條件的改善

34、使得國家財富增加Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.5 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Large Country大國關(guān)稅的一般均衡分析Whether welfare actually rises or falls depends on net effect.國家財富的增減實際上取決于這兩種反作用的凈效應(yīng)FIGURE 8-6 General Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff in a Large Country.Salvatore: International Economics, 10th Edition 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.8.6 The Optimum Tariff最優(yōu)關(guān)稅An optimum tariff maximizes the net benefit resulting from the improvement in the nations terms of trade against the negative effect from declining trade volume.最優(yōu)關(guān)稅是指這樣一種