注冊會(huì)計(jì)師審計(jì)考試英語輔導(dǎo)文件

1、更多企業(yè)學(xué)院： 中小企業(yè)治理全能版183套講座+89700份資料總經(jīng)理、高層治理49套講座+16388份資料中層治理學(xué)院46套講座+6020份資料國學(xué)智慧、易經(jīng)46套講座人力資源學(xué)院56套講座+27123份資料各時(shí)期職員培訓(xùn)學(xué)院77套講座+ 324份資料職員治理企業(yè)學(xué)院67套講座+ 8720份資料工廠生產(chǎn)治理學(xué)院52套講座+ 13920份資料財(cái)務(wù)治理學(xué)院53套講座+ 17945份資料銷售經(jīng)理學(xué)院56套講座+ 14350份資料銷售人員培訓(xùn)學(xué)院72套講座+ 4879份資料講義2008年注冊會(huì)計(jì)師審計(jì)考試英語輔導(dǎo)講義一、相關(guān)背景1、2008年注冊會(huì)計(jì)師全國統(tǒng)一考試將在會(huì)計(jì)、審計(jì)和財(cái)務(wù)成本治理三門課程

2、中增加10分的英語附加題。這一變化要緊是為了滿足中國經(jīng)濟(jì)和行業(yè)進(jìn)展對國際型人才的需要。財(cái)政部CPA考試委員會(huì)將逐步推廣英文附加題到其他考試科目中。據(jù)此看來，在CPA各科考試中加試英語將是一個(gè)趨勢。2、增加英語附加題后，會(huì)計(jì)、審計(jì)、財(cái)務(wù)成本治理的總分為110分，及格分仍為60分，總體考試時(shí)刻不變。英語附加題要求用英語回答，因此考生朋友們一定要依照本人英語水平選擇作答。有一定英語基礎(chǔ)（大學(xué)英語四、六級水平，掌握一定的財(cái)經(jīng)英語詞匯），打算選答英語附加題的考生朋友應(yīng)該合理規(guī)劃和安排時(shí)刻，在考試時(shí)認(rèn)真閱讀試卷首頁的特不提示和答題導(dǎo)語，爭取盡可能多的在英語附加題上拿分。英語基礎(chǔ)較薄弱的考生朋友不要慌亂，心

3、態(tài)要放平和，力爭前面的100分，假如時(shí)刻同意可嘗試做英語附加題。二、可能的題型因?yàn)橹挥?0分的英語題，因此可能出客觀題的可能性不大，專門有可能是主觀題，同時(shí)是專業(yè)題。題型可能包括：名詞解釋，英漢互譯，問答（理論性的或業(yè)務(wù)性的）。從2007年會(huì)計(jì)、審計(jì)兩門課的英語加試題推斷，出業(yè)務(wù)核算和以計(jì)算為主的專業(yè)題的可能性較大。三、審計(jì)英語講解Auditing一、鑒證業(yè)務(wù)與外部審計(jì)Assurance engagements and external audit An assurance engagement is one in which a practitioner expresses a conclu

4、sion designed to enhance the degree of confidence of the intended users other than the responsible party about the outcome of the evaluation or measurement of a subject matter against criteria.Assurance service: external auditPractitioner = AuditorSubject matter = Financial statementsResponsible par

5、ty = ManagementIntended users = ShareholdersCriteria = Accounting standards/lawConclusion = Truth and fairnessLevel of assurance= High (rendered as “reasonable assurance”)Two general types of assurance engagement:An assertion based engagement where the account declares that a given assertion is eith

6、er correct or not.A direct reporting engagement, where the accountant reports on issues that have come to his attention during his evaluation.An audit is an exercise to give an independent opinion on the truth and fairness of financial statements.1重要性、真實(shí)和公允反應(yīng)、合理保證Materiality, true and fair presentat

7、ion, reasonable assuranceMateriality is the magnitude of an omission or misstatement of accounting information that, in the light of surrounding circumstances, makes it probable that the judgment of a reasonable person relying on the information would have been changed or influenced by the omission

8、or misstatement. An auditor must consider materiality both in (1) planning the audit and designing audit procedures and (2) evaluating audit results.2注冊會(huì)計(jì)師的聘用，解聘和辭職Appointment, removal and resignation of auditors3審計(jì)意見類型：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)無保留意見、帶強(qiáng)調(diào)事項(xiàng)段的無保留意見、保留意見、否定意見、無法表示意見Types of opinion: standard unqualified opin

9、ion, Unqualified with emphasis of matter paragraph, qualified opinion, adverse opinion, disclaimer of opinion.4職業(yè)道德：獨(dú)立、客觀和公正，專業(yè)勝任能力，應(yīng)有的關(guān)注，保密性，職業(yè)行為Professional ethics: independence, objectivity and integrity, professional competence, due care, confidentiality, professional behavior5審計(jì)業(yè)務(wù)約定書Engagement

10、letter二、審計(jì)打算和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評估Planning and risk assessment1一般原則General principles Plan and perform audits with an attitude of professional skepticism Audit risks = inherent risk control risk detection risk(1) Inherent risk refers to the likelihood of material misstatement of an assertion, assuming no related int

11、ernal control. This risk differs by account and assertion.(2) Control risk is the likelihood that a material misstatement will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control. This risk is assessed using the results of tests of control.(3) Detection risk is the likelihood that an

12、auditors procedures lead to an improper conclusion that no material misstatement exists in an assertion when in fact such a misstatement does exist. The auditors substantive tests are primarily relied upon to restrict detection risk.審計(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)=重大錯(cuò)報(bào)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)檢查風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Audit risks = material misstatement risk detection r

13、isk練習(xí)：The auditors assessed a combined inherent risk and control risk at 0.50 and said they wanted to achieve a 0.05 risk of failing to detect misstatements in an account equal to the ￥17,000 tolerable misstatement assigned to the account. What detection risk do the auditors plan to use for planning

14、 the remainder of the audit work? Risk-based approach：audit risk-based approach, business risk-based approach2了解被審單位Understanding the entity and knowledge of the businessThe CPA should obtain a level of knowledge of the clients business that will enable effective planning and performance of the audi

15、t in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. This knowledge helps the auditor in (1) Identifying areas that may need special consideration(2) Assessing conditions under which accounting data are produced, processed, reviewed and accumulated(3) Evaluating accounting estimates for reaso

16、nableness (e.g., valuation of inventories, depreciation, allowance for doubtful accounts, percentage of completion of long-term contracts)(4) Evaluating the reasonableness of management representations(5) Making judgments about the appropriateness of the accounting principles applied and the adequac

17、y of disclosures3可能重大錯(cuò)報(bào)或舞弊的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Assessing the risks of material misstatement and fraud 重要性水平 可容忍誤差 Materiality (level) tolerable errorAuditors use materiality three ways: (1) as a guide to planning the audit programdirecting attention and audit work to the important, uncertain, or error-prone items and

18、 accounts; (2) as a guide to evaluation of the evidence; (3) as a guide for making decisions about the audit report. Materiality in auditing is perceived in terms of both potential misstatement (in a planning sense) and known or estimated misstatement (in an evaluation and reporting decision sense).

19、Auditors must examine both quantitative and qualitative factors when assessing materiality. Some of the common factors auditors use in making materiality judgments are: (1) Absolute Size; (2) Relative Size; (3) Nature of the item or issue; (4) Circumstances; (5) Uncertainty; (6) Cumulative EffectsTh

20、e tolerable misstatement is the amount by which a particular account may be misstated, yet still not cause the financial statements taken as a whole to be materially misleading.練習(xí)：(1) Explain the relationship between Materiality, Audit risk and Audit evidence.(2) Discuss the criteria which would det

21、ermine whether the following sale of an asset would be deemed to be material and require disclosure in the financial statements.AB, a public limited company, manufactures engineering parts, and is preparing its financial statements for the year ending 31 December 2007.AB has sold a building to one o

22、f its directors who retired on 31 December 2007. The selling price of the building was 500,000 and the company made profit of 200,000 on the transaction. If the building price index rises more than 50 percent in the next two years then a further 100,000 becomes payable by the director. The company d

23、oes not normally sell building and this transaction is the first of its kind in the company records. The director was earning 400,000 per annum at the time of her retirement.The company normally makes profits of between 40 million and 50 million but the current years operating profits have dropped t

24、o 3 million. The net assets of the company are 400 million and the carrying value of building in the balance sheet is 100 million.Answer:(a) Nature and incidence of the transactionThe company does not normally sell building and this transaction is the first of its kind. Also the transaction is with

25、a related party. Although the profit on the transaction of 200,000 is unlikely to be material from the companys point of view, it is likely to be material to the director, as the cost to the director exceeds her annual salary. When considering materiality, the auditor has also to consider the needs

26、of users and so it is likely that this transaction would be considered material by users.(b) SizeThe size of the profit (200,000) is material based on the operating profit, as it accounts for 6.7% of operating profit. But the size of net assets makes the sale of building immaterial.(c) DisclosureUnd

27、er CAS, the profit on sale of tangible non-current assets may be disclosed separately depending on size. As discussed above, the net profit on sale is 6.7% of operating profit and so could be deemed to be significant; particularly as this is the first transaction of its type carried out by the compa

28、ny.(d) ContingencyUnder CAS, the auditors also need to consider whether a provision needs to be made for the additional 100,000 that could become payable by the director, within the next two years. The contingency is likely to occur, otherwise the provision would not be included in the contract. How

29、ever, is the contingent asset of 100,000 immaterial? Once again, it is down to professional judgment as to whether the contingency is material.Taking all the above items together, it is likely that the sale of the asset is material taking particular note of the nature and incidence of the transactio

30、n. Therefore it is likely to be disclosed in the accounts, probably in accordance with CAS Related Party Disclosures.4分析性復(fù)核程序Analytical proceduresAnalytical procedures are normally used at three stages of the audit: (1) planning, (2) substantive testing, and (3) overall review at the conclusion of a

31、n audit. They are required during the planning and overall review stages.Analytical procedures are used for 3 purposes:(1) Planning nature, timing, and extent of other auditing procedures(2) Substantive tests about particular assertions(3) Overall review in the final stage of audit5制定審計(jì)打算Planning an

32、 audit6審計(jì)記錄：工作底稿Audit documentation: working papers7利用其他人的工作Using the work of others Rely on the work of experts Rely on the work of internal audit三、內(nèi)部操縱Internal controlInternal control is a process effected by an entitys board of directors, management, and other personneldesigned to provide reasona

33、ble assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories: (1) reliability of financial reporting, (2) effectiveness and efficiency of operations, and (3) compliance with applicable laws and regulations.Five components of internal control(1) control environment(2) risk assess

34、ment(3) control activities(4) information and communication(5) monitoring 1內(nèi)部操縱系統(tǒng)評價(jià)內(nèi)部操縱系統(tǒng)評價(jià)The evaluation of internal control systems Tests of control Substantive procedures (time, nature, extent)交易循環(huán)：收入循環(huán)、采購循環(huán)、生產(chǎn)循環(huán)、融資與投資循環(huán)，等等Transaction cyclesRevenue and collection cycle, Purchase and expenditure c

35、ycle, Production and payroll cycle, Finance and investment cycle.2審計(jì)證據(jù)Audit evidence獵取充分、適當(dāng)?shù)膶徲?jì)證據(jù)Obtain sufficient, appropriate audit evidence財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表所包含的認(rèn)定：完整性，發(fā)生，存在，計(jì)價(jià)，表達(dá)和披露，權(quán)利和義務(wù)，估價(jià)Assertions contained in the financial statements: completeness, occurrence, existence, measurement, presentation and disc

36、losure, rights and obligations, valuation具體項(xiàng)目的審計(jì)The audit of specific items Receivables: confirmation Inventory: counting, cut-off, confirmation of inventory held by third parties Payables: supplier statement reconciliation, confirmation Bank and cash: bank confirmation審計(jì)抽樣Auditing sampling: is the

37、application of an audit procedure to less than 100% of the items within an account balance or class of transactions for the purpose of evaluating some characteristic of the balance or class.Audit procedure: refers to actions described as general audit procedures (recalculation, physical observation,

38、 confirmation, verbal inquiry, document examination, scanning, and analytical procedures).An account balance: refers to a control account made up of many constituent items (for example, an account receivable control account representing the sum of customersaccounts, an inventory control account repr

39、esenting the sum of various goods in inventory, a sales account control account representing the sum of many sales invoices, or a long-term debt account representing the sum of several issues of outstanding bonds).A class of transactions: refers to a group of transactions having common characteristi

40、cs, such as cash receipts or cash disbursements, but which are not simply added together and presented as an account balance in financial statements.Population（總體） is the set of all items that constitute an account balance or class of transactions.A sample（樣本） is a set of sampling units.抽樣風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(samplin

41、g risk)和非抽樣風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(nonsampling risk)Sampling risk is defined as the probability that an auditors conclusion based on a sample might be different from the conclusion based on an audit of the entire population.操縱測試中的抽樣風(fēng)險(xiǎn)：信賴過度風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和信賴不足風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Sampling risk in test of controls includes overdependence risk and underd

42、ependence risk.細(xì)節(jié)測試中的抽樣風(fēng)險(xiǎn)：誤受風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和誤拒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Sampling risk in substantive test comprises the risk of incorrect acceptance and the risk of incorrect rejection.信賴過度風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和誤受風(fēng)險(xiǎn)阻礙審計(jì)的效果,信賴不足風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和誤拒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)阻礙審計(jì)的效率。Overdependence risk and the risk of incorrect acceptance are related to the effectiveness of audit, while underdep

43、endence risk and the risk of incorrect rejection affects the efficiency of audit.Nonsampling risk is all risk other than sampling risk.統(tǒng)計(jì)抽樣(statistical sampling)和非統(tǒng)計(jì)抽樣(nonstatistical sampling)Statistical sampling is defined as audit sampling that uses the laws of probability for selecting and evalua

44、ting a sample from a population for the purpose of reaching a conclusion about the population. Nonstatistical sampling is audit sampling in which auditors do not utilize statistical calculations to express the results.審計(jì)抽樣的步驟：steps of audit sampling（一）樣本設(shè)計(jì)：確定測試目標(biāo)定義總體與抽樣單元（總體、抽樣單元、分層）定義誤差構(gòu)成條件Designin

45、g the sample: specify the test objectivesdefine population and sampling unit(population, sampling unit, stratification)define the deviation conditions (e.g. “Select a sample of recorded sales invoices, vouch them to supporting shipping orders, and document cases where the shipping order is missing”

46、is a well defined deviation condition in test of controls )（二）選取樣本：確定樣本規(guī)模選取樣本對樣本實(shí)施審計(jì)程序Select the sample: determine the sample sizeselect the sampleperform audit procedures on the sample1阻礙樣本規(guī)模的因素：（1）可同意的抽樣風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；（2）可容忍誤差；（3）可能總體誤差；（4）總體變異性；（5）總體規(guī)模 Five influences on sample size: (1)acceptable sampling r

47、isk(sample size varies inversely with the amount of sampling risk an auditor is willing to take);(2)tolerable error rate （sample size varies inversely with the tolerable error rate）；when being used in test of controls, tolerable error rate is tolerable deviation rate(可容忍操縱偏差率); when used in substant

48、ive test, tolerable error rate refers to tolerable misstatement rate（可容忍錯(cuò)報(bào)率）(3)Expected population error rate (sample size varies directly with the Expected population error rate) ；Expected misstatement has the effect of reducing the allowable tolerable misstatement. The more misstatement expected,

49、the less “tolerable misstatement cushion” remains. (4)Variability within the population (Generally, this factor is only taken into account in substantive test. Sample size should vary directly with the magnitude of the variability of population. Populations with high variability should be stratified

50、)；(5) Population size (unless the population is very small, generally population size has no effect on sample size)2選取樣本的方法：（1）使用隨機(jī)數(shù)表或計(jì)算機(jī)輔助審計(jì)技術(shù)選樣；（2）系統(tǒng)選樣：也稱等距選樣，選樣間距=總體規(guī)模樣本規(guī)模；（3）隨意選樣Methods of selecting the sample: (1) using random number table or computer-assisted auditing technique; (2) systematic

51、 random selection: selection interval=population sizesample size; (3) haphazard selection（三）評價(jià)樣本結(jié)果：分析樣本誤差推斷總體誤差形成審計(jì)結(jié)論Evaluate the auditing results on the sample: analyze the sample errorproject the population errorform audit conclusion練習(xí)題：1請看2008年審計(jì)輔導(dǎo)教材P272-273Suppose an auditor determines that the

52、acceptable overdependence risk is 10%, the tolerable deviation rate is 7%, and the expected population deviation rate is 1.75%.According to the statistical sampling size table, what is the sample size should be?2. 請看2008年審計(jì)輔導(dǎo)教材P275Suppose an auditor has performed audit procedures on 56 selected item

53、s, and no deviation has been found. If the acceptable overdependence risk is 10%, determine the maximum population deviation rate based on the following risk factor table.Maximum population deviation rate (MDR)= risk factorsample size= 2.356=4.1%The result shows that there is a 10% risk that the eff

54、ective population deviation rate would exceed 4.1%, i.e. you have a 90% confidence level to ensure that the effective population deviation rate do not exceed 4.1%. Given a 7% tolerable deviation rate, it is concluded that the probability that the effective population deviation rate exceeds the toler

55、able deviation rate is very low, and the population can be accepted.3請看2008年審計(jì)輔導(dǎo)教材P281表12-9樣本規(guī)模表 sample size table可同意誤受風(fēng)險(xiǎn) acceptable risk of incorrect acceptance可能錯(cuò)報(bào)占可容忍錯(cuò)報(bào)的百分比 percentage of estimated misstatement over tolerable misstatement可容忍錯(cuò)報(bào)占總體的百分比 percentage of tolerable misstatement over popul

56、ation4. 樣本規(guī)模=保證系數(shù)總體賬面金額/可容忍錯(cuò)報(bào)Sample size = assurance factorpopulation recorded amount/tolerable misstatementP282表12-10評估的重大錯(cuò)報(bào)風(fēng)險(xiǎn) evaluated risk of significant misstatement其他實(shí)質(zhì)性程序未能發(fā)覺重大錯(cuò)報(bào)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) the risk that other substantive procedures fail to detect significant misstatement最高、高、中、低 highest/high/moderat

57、e/low5. 請看2008年審計(jì)輔導(dǎo)教材P283推斷總體錯(cuò)報(bào) project population misstatement比率法和差額法 ratio method/average difference methodNote: a negative misstatement indicates overstatement of the book value, and a positive misstatement indicates understatement.(1) Applying the difference method:For stratum 1, projected popul

58、ation misstatement (PPM) =-600For stratum 2, PPM = 80(-274)/23 = -953For stratum 3, PPM = 168(-66)/22 = -504For stratum 4, PPM = 342(-88)/22 = -1,368For stratum 5, PPM = 91023/23 = 910Total PPM = -600-953-504-1368+910 = -2,515(1) Applying the ratio method:For stratum 1, projected population misstate

59、ment (PPM) =-600For stratum 2, PPM = (-274)(21700/75068) = -948For stratum 3, PPM = (-66) (9476/75008) = -522For stratum 4, PPM = (-88) (4692/75412) = -1,414For stratum 5, PPM = 23(1973/74512) = 869Total PPM = -600-948-522-1414+869 = -2,615在細(xì)節(jié)測試中使用統(tǒng)計(jì)抽樣Statistical sampling in substantive test方法：傳統(tǒng)變量抽

60、樣和概率比例規(guī)模抽樣法(PPS)Classical variables sampling/probability proportionate to size sampling變量抽樣包括：均值可能抽樣、差額可能抽樣和比率可能抽樣Mean estimate sampling/difference estimate sampling/ratio estimate sampling2008年審計(jì)輔導(dǎo)教材P287(1) Mean estimate samplingGiven the following information, determine the projected population mi