職稱英語(yǔ)考試?yán)砉ゎ怉級(jí)閱讀理解必考題字典版直接打印正反打印

1、紅色為重點(diǎn) 藍(lán)色為次要 黑色為最次，但三篇都要求會(huì)背+第十五篇 “Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake DamageThe massive subduction zone1 earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soilliquefaction2 that has surprised researchers with its 1 severity, a new analysis shows.Weve seen localized3 examples of soil liqu

2、efaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and 2 of damage in Japan were unusually severe, said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering4 at Oregon State University5. Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments, Ashford said. The shifts in soil destroyed wate

3、r, drain and gas pipelines6, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to 3 . We saw some places that sank as much as four feet.Some degree of soil liquefaction7 is common in almost any major earthquake. Its a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent s

4、ediments or sand, can lose much of their 4 and flow during an earthquake. This can allow structures to shift or sink or 5 . But most earthquakes are much 6 than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said. The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconside

5、r the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this8.With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw 7 structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes, he said. And it was clear that you

6、nger sediments, and especially areas built on 8 filled ground, are much more vulnerable.The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil 9 and better prepare for it in the future. Ashford said it was critical

7、for the team to collect the information quickly, 10 damage was removed in the recovery efforts9.Theres no doubt that well learn things from what happened in Japan10 that11 will help us to reduce risks in other similar 11 , Ashford said. Future construction in some places may make more use of techniq

8、ues known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns.Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction -on the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground. The young sediments, in g

9、eologic terms, may be those 12 within the past 10,000 years or more. In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities.Anything 13 a river and old flood plains is a suspect12, and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already

10、 concluded that 1,100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake. Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to 14 collapse. Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction 15 helped prevent many buildings from collapse -even as they tilted

11、 and sank into the ground.詞匯：subduction /sbdkn/ n俯沖 sediment /sedimnt/ n沉積；沉淀物liquefaction /likwifkn/ n液化 infrastructure /Infr,strkt/ n基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施geotecnical /diuteknikl adj巖土技術(shù) compaction /kmpkn/ n壓緊的vulnerable /vlnrbl/ ad易受傷害的注釋：1. subduction zone：俯沖帶。亦稱下降帶、潛沒(méi)帶、消亡帶。板塊構(gòu)造說(shuō)認(rèn)為，當(dāng)大洋板塊移動(dòng)并與大陸板塊相遇時(shí)，由于大洋板塊巖石密度較大，地

12、位也低，便俯沖到大陸板塊之下，這一俯沖部分叫做俯沖帶。俯沖帶兩側(cè)板塊會(huì)聚邊界稱會(huì)聚邊緣（convergent boundary)。俯沖帶上面反映震源活動(dòng)的地帶稱“貝尼奧夫地震帶（Benioff seismic zone)。2. soil liquefaction：土壤液化。土壤液化現(xiàn)象是指由于孔隙水壓力上升，有效應(yīng)力減小所導(dǎo)致的土壤從固態(tài)到液態(tài)的變化，飽水的疏松的粉、細(xì)砂土在振動(dòng)作用下突然破壞而呈現(xiàn)液態(tài)的現(xiàn)象。3. localized：小范圍的4. geotechnical engineering：巖土工程。5. Oregon State University：俄勒岡州立大學(xué)，建校于1858年

13、，位于美國(guó)俄勒岡州科瓦利斯，全校設(shè)11個(gè)學(xué)院，80多個(gè)專業(yè)，尤以農(nóng)科和工程最為突出。2008年俄勒岡州立大學(xué)的核能工程專業(yè)在全美大學(xué)中排名第9名。6. water, drain and gas pipelines：自來(lái)水管道、排水管道和煤氣管道。water, drain and gaspipelines” 即“water pipelines, drain pipelines and gas pipelines。7. some degree of soil liquefaction：某種程度的土壤液化8. to reconsider the extent of liquefaction dama

14、ge possibly occurring in situations such as this：本句的意思是：重新審視類似這次（持續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)的）地震中因土壤液化而可能造成的毀壞的規(guī)模。9. recovery efforts：重建工作10. that well learn things from what happened in Japan：我們將從日本的地震中學(xué)到很多東西。該句是同位語(yǔ)從句，說(shuō)出前半句no doubt的內(nèi)容。11. that：that引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，修辭前半句中的things。12.suspect：被懷疑對(duì)象。文中指的是那些疑似危險(xiǎn)的土壤。練習(xí)：1.Ainternal B.

15、different C. difficult D. widespread2.Avolume B. length C. extent D. width3.Afunction B. repair C. build D. remove4.Adurability B. strength C. ability D. property5.Aascend B. compact C. collapse D. recover6.Ashorter B. longer C. simpler D. stranger7.Awhen B. what C. how D. which8.Aoccasionally B. fr

16、equently C. specially D. recently9.Adevelopment B. phenomenon C. formation D. composition10.Aunless B. until C. after D. before11.Afindings B. locations C. events D. sources12.Adelivered B. deposited C. destroyed D. detached13.Anear B. from C. inside D. over 14.Aprevent B. accelerate C. predict D. d

17、etect15.Astyles B. sites C. costs D. standards答案與題解：1.D前文說(shuō)到日本的俯沖帶地震是massive（巨大的），而且砂土液化到達(dá)一個(gè)significant level。根據(jù)上述描述，選widespread（分布廣泛的）修飾severity是正確的。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)與severity搭配后，意思接不上。2.C 本句由but連接并列的兩個(gè)分句組成。第一個(gè)分句說(shuō)以前也發(fā)生過(guò)地震引發(fā)的砂土液化的現(xiàn)象，但涉及范圍較小。第二個(gè)分句通過(guò)but語(yǔ)氣一轉(zhuǎn)，說(shuō)這次地震造成的破壞是罕見(jiàn)的。很顯然，選extent(程度)與distance（距離，范圍）合用說(shuō)明破壞的程度和

18、范圍是符合上下文的意思的。3.A 在“The shifts in soil destroyed water, sewer and gas pipelines, crippling the utilities and infrastructure these communities need to”中，these communities need to.”是定語(yǔ)從句，指代utilities和infrastructure的關(guān)系代詞which在定語(yǔ)從句中起賓語(yǔ)作用，被省略了。need后面的動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)是which，也就是utilities and infrastructure。從意思上看，這

19、些社區(qū)需要這些公用事業(yè)設(shè)備和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施起功能作用（function)。選function是對(duì)的。其他選項(xiàng)都不合適。4.B 浸了水的砂土，特別是新近的沉積土、沙土等失去的不會(huì)是durability（耐用性）和ability（能力），也不會(huì)是泛泛的property（性質(zhì)），而是strength（強(qiáng)度）。5.C 浸了水的砂土強(qiáng)度降低或消失。砂土隨水流動(dòng)，就會(huì)引發(fā)建筑物移位（shift）或下沉(sink)。再發(fā)展下去，建筑物就會(huì)倒塌（collapse)。collapse是答案。若選擇ascend（上升）、compact(壓實(shí))或recover（復(fù)原），意思與上文接不上。6.A 地震持續(xù)的時(shí)間一般為數(shù)十秒

20、。這次日本地震的時(shí)間長(zhǎng)達(dá)5分鐘。所以本題要填入的詞應(yīng)該是shorter，說(shuō)明大多數(shù)地震的持續(xù)時(shí)間比它短。7.C 從意思上看，選how是正確的。when structures、what structures或which structures意思明顯不通。8.D 第三段第二句出現(xiàn)“particularly recent sediment。recent sediment浸水后就失去了強(qiáng)度。這提示了本題要選recently，因?yàn)榻⒃谛陆罹偷耐寥郎系慕ㄖ锸亲钜资艿絺Φ摹?.B 分析日本大地震得出的數(shù)據(jù)不會(huì)令科學(xué)家獲得有關(guān)soil development（土壤發(fā)展）、soilformation（土

21、壤形成）soil composition（土壤構(gòu)成）這些方面的知識(shí)。若選phenomenon，意思就是科學(xué)家的研究分析有助于他們了解到土壤浸水后的這類現(xiàn)象，以便做好防備，對(duì)付未來(lái)可能發(fā)生的同類現(xiàn)象。上下文意思很連貫，因此phenomenon是正確的選項(xiàng)。1O.D 選unless、until或after都不合邏輯。本題句子的意思是：重建工作首先要清理廢墟，這樣地震現(xiàn)場(chǎng)就被破壞了。所以科學(xué)家要趕在重建工作開(kāi)始之前收集好地震資料。before是答案。11.C 本句的意思是：科學(xué)家無(wú)疑會(huì)從日本大地震中學(xué)到不少東西，從而有助于減低今后發(fā)生類似的地震時(shí)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有events合適。similar

22、 events指的是“類似的地震事件”。若選findings（調(diào)查結(jié)果）、locations（地點(diǎn)）或sources（來(lái)源），句子的意思就不對(duì)。12.B 本句解釋“young”這個(gè)詞在地質(zhì)學(xué)中的含義。句中的those指代sediments。young sediments指那些年代少于或略超過(guò)一萬(wàn)年的sediments。deposit是“沉積”，與句子意思匹配，是答案。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，詞義離題很遠(yuǎn)，只是詞形與deposit有點(diǎn)相似，起干擾作用而已，它們不是答案。13.A 上一段說(shuō)，younger soils是非常脆弱的。本句的anything指的是soils。哪些地方的soils是疑似高危對(duì)象呢？

23、如果指soils from/inside/over river and old flood plains是不合常理的。正確的選擇應(yīng)該是near，靠近河流和原洪泛區(qū)的土壤才是危險(xiǎn)地區(qū)。因此near是答案。14.A 加固危橋的目的是為了防止坍塌。選項(xiàng)prevent是答案。15.D 在3月11日的日本大地震中，震區(qū)的建筑物傾斜、下沉，但沒(méi)有倒塌。建筑上的什么因素起到了防塌的作用呢？當(dāng)然不會(huì)是construction styles（建筑風(fēng)格）、construction sites（建筑工地）或construction facilities（建筑設(shè)備）。日本的construction standards

24、（建筑標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）才是防塌的關(guān)鍵因素。因此standards是答案。*Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs fret of l so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London2 2 in a new study. Statins reduce the 3 of unhea

25、lthy LDL chotesterol3l in the blood. A wealth of trial data4 has proven them LO be highly effective at lowering a persons heart attack 4 . In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology5. Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a stat

26、in is 5_ to offset the increase in heart attack risk from 6 a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake Dr Francis,from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London, who is the senior author of the study, said: Statins dont cut out all of the 7 _effects of cheeseburgers and French fr

27、ies. Its better to avoid fatty food altogether But weve worked out that in terms of your 8 of having a heart attack, taking a stalin can reduce your risk to more or less the same 9 as a fast food meal increases it .“Its ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthy condiments in fast food ou

28、tlets as they 10 ,but statins, which are beneficial to heart health have to be prescribed. It makes sense7 to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are 11 free of charge .It would cost less than 5 pence per 12 -not much different to a sachet of sugar8 ,

29、 Dr Francis said.When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking ,they re encouraged to take 13 that lower their risk ,like 14 a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters . Taking a statin is a rational way of 15 some of the risk of eating a fatty meal. 詞匯：statin/stzetin/n降膽固醇藥物out

30、let/lautlit/n銷售點(diǎn)cholesterol/kaIestraul/n膽固醇 offset/ofset，v抵消，補(bǔ)償cheeseburger/tli:ziba:g/n芝士漢堡包milkshake/milkeik/n奶昔condiment/1kDndimant/n調(diào)味品sachet/lszetlit/n小袋，小包rational/reranl/ odj合理的注釋：1 Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs:句中的could是一種委婉表達(dá)建議的用詞，意為“可以”2 Imperial College London:帝國(guó)理工學(xué)院。該學(xué)院于19

31、07年由城市和行會(huì)學(xué)校、皇家礦業(yè)學(xué)校 以及皇家科學(xué)學(xué)院合并組成。學(xué)院于2007年7月正式脫離倫敦大學(xué)成為一所獨(dú)立大學(xué)。提供本科和研究生教育，共有四個(gè)學(xué)院，工程學(xué)院、醫(yī)學(xué)院、自然科學(xué)院和生命科學(xué)院3 LDL cholesterol.低密度脂蛋白膽固醇。LDL是low density lipoprotein（低密度脂蛋白）的縮寫形式。4 a wealth of trial data：大量的試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)。a wealth of意為“大量的，許多”。5 American journal of cardiology：美國(guó)心臟病學(xué)雜志6 French fries：炸薯?xiàng)l7 It makes sense.：ma

32、ke sense意為“說(shuō)得通，合情合理”。8 a sachet of sugar:-小袋糖?？觳偷臧銈溆写牵╋嬁Х然驘崮痰念櫩兔赓M(fèi)取用。練習(xí)：1 A change B charge C chain D chance2 A trust B decideC suggestD calculate3 A number B amount C volume D product4 A frequency B treatment C diagnosis D risk5 A severe B enough C weak D active6 A buying B preparing C eating D co

33、oking7 A unhealthy B strong C different D doubtful8 A examination B suffering C determination D possobiity9 A degree B dimension C angle D range10 A use B hate C reject D like11 A transported B provided C preserved D converted12 A cook B patient C customer D visitor13 A measures B care C advantages

34、D turns14 A buying B wearing C cleaning D changing15 A increasing B finding C lowering D taking答案與題解：1、B 本文介紹說(shuō)，吃漢蝸包等快餐食品容易引發(fā)心臟病，而服用statin能降低心臟病發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，一正一負(fù)正好抵消。statln價(jià)格便宜，文章建議陜餐店像免費(fèi)供應(yīng)調(diào)味品那樣免費(fèi)供 應(yīng)statlnfree of charge是同定搭配，意為“免費(fèi)”選擇charge是對(duì)的。2、C 本題要選suggest，因?yàn)槠渌齻€(gè)選項(xiàng)在意思上都不合適、此外，本句主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用了could( provide)，委婉

35、地含有“建議”的意思。所以suggest是個(gè)不一的選擇二3、 B 與降低unhealthy “LDL” cholesterol搭配的一定是amount（量），而不可能是number （數(shù)字）、volume（體積）或product（乘積）4、D從上下文判斷，要降低(lower)的當(dāng)然是risk，lower frequency（降低頻率）、lower treatment（降低治療）或lower diagnosis（降低診斷）與上下文的意思都不匹配。5、B 本句表達(dá)的意思是：Dr Darrel Francis在他的論文中說(shuō)，經(jīng)過(guò)計(jì)算一粒stain降低心臟病發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)足以抵消吃一個(gè)奶酪漢堡包和喝一杯奶

36、昔所增加的患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)一所以本題的答案是enough。6、 C 顧客不可能在快餐店里preparing cheeseburger或cooking cheeseburger，而buying cheeseburger不會(huì)增加心臟病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)：所以，只有eating cheeseburger才合乎上下文的意思。7、A 從上下文判斷，被cut out（去除）的effects -定是unhealthy effects，所以，unhealthy effects是本題的答案。8、D 本句中的in terms of意為“就而言”，要與后半句“一正一負(fù)相互抵消”的意思相匹配，所以只能是“就患心臟病的可能性而言”。p

37、ossibiliry是答案。9、 A 本句的意思與第五題的意思相同，即statin降低心臟病發(fā)作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與快餐增加的心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在程度(degree)上大致相當(dāng)。如果選擇其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)，意思變成了，“尺寸 ( dimension)f、角度(angle)上或范圍（range)上大致相當(dāng)”，就說(shuō)不通了。10、D 填詞所在的句子的意思告訴我們，具有諷刺意味的一點(diǎn)是：順客可以隨心所欲地免費(fèi)享用不健康的調(diào)味品。as one likes是固定用法，意為“隨某人所愿，隨某人所喜歡”。所以，like是答案。其余二個(gè)選項(xiàng)用在本句中都不合適。11、 B transported（運(yùn)輸）、preserved（保存）或co

38、nverted（轉(zhuǎn)換）填于句子中，意思都不順。只有填入provided（提供）符合句意。provided是答案。12.、C 到快餐店去就餐的人當(dāng)然是customer。13、 A為了降低開(kāi)車和吸煙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，人們被鼓勵(lì)要采取一些安全措施。作者借此說(shuō)明為了降低食用快餐的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，我們也要采取措施。根據(jù)這層意思，選擇measures是正確的。take measure的意思是采取措施”。其他三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都不合適：take care是“注意，小心”take advantage是“利用”，Lake turns是“輪流，依次”。14、 B本題很明顯要選Wearing，因?yàn)樯舷挛牡囊馑际恰跋瞪习踩珟А眀uying a s

39、eatbelt. cleaning a seatbelt 和I changing a seatbelt都與上下文的意思相去太遠(yuǎn)。15、 C通篇文章都在闡述Statin能降低患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn).所以，lowering(降低)是答案。*Chicken Soup for the Soul：Comfort Food Fights Loneliness Mashed potatoes, macaroni and cheese, may be bad for your arteries 1 according to a study in Psychological Science, theyre good f

40、or your heart and 2 The study focuses on “comfort food” and how it makes people feel For me 3 ,food has always played a big role in my family,” says Jordan Troisi, a graduate student at the University of Buffalo, and lead author on the studyThe study came out of the research program of his coauthor

41、Shira GabrielIt has 4 non-human things that may affect human emotionsSome people reduce loneliness by bonding with their 5 TV show, building virtual relationships with a pop song singer or looking at pictures of loved onesTroisi and Gabriel wondered if comfort food could have the same effect 6 makin

42、g people think of their nearest and dearest. In one experiment, in order to make 7 feel lonely, the researchers had them write for six minutes about a fight with someone close to themOthers were given an emotionally neutral writing assignment. Then, some people in each 8 wrote about the experience o

43、f eating a comfort food and others wrote about eating a new food 9 ,the researchers had participants 10 questions about their levels of loneliness Writing about a fight with a close person made people feel lonelyBut people who were generally 11 in their relationships would feel less lonely by writin

44、g about a comfort foodWe have found that comfort foods are consistently associated with those close to ussays TroisiThinking about or consuming these foods later then serves as a reminder of those close othersIn 12 essays on comfort food, many people wrote about the 13 of eating food with family and

45、 friends. In another experiment, 14 chicken soup in the lab made people think more about relationships, but only if they considered chicken soup to be a comfort foodThis was a question they had been asked long before the experiment, along with many other questions, so they wouldnt remember it. Throu

46、ghout everyones daily lives they experience stress, often associated with our 15 with others, Troisi saysComfort food Can be an easy remedy for loneliness 詞匯： mashed /mt/ adj被搗成糊漿的 macaroni/ macaroni/ n通心粉 cheese / ti:z / n奶酪 artery/ artery / n動(dòng)脈 assignment / sainmnt / n指定作業(yè) reminder / reminder/ n起提

47、醒作用的東西 remedy /remedy/ n治療方法，藥物 virtual/v:tul/ adj虛擬的注釋： comfort food：爽心食品 graduate student：研究生 The University of Buffalo：布法羅大學(xué)，建校于1846 年，位于水牛城（ Buffalo City) ，屬于紐約州立大學(xué)，因此稱為紐約州立大學(xué)水牛城分校。lead author：首席作者 their nearest and dearest：他們最接近和最親愛(ài)的人 levels of loneliness：孤獨(dú)程度 only if: 只有（在情況下）Throughout everyo

48、nes daily lives：在每一個(gè)人的日常生活中。through 有“貫穿”的意思。練習(xí)： 1A but B if C though D while A personality B movement C emotions D will A privately B usefully C awfully D personally A looked for B looked at C looked after D looked up A favorite B trustful C boring D annoying A with B on C by D at A professors B pa

49、rticipants C assistants D scientists A group B class C section D part A Previously B Formally C Initially D Finally A remember B explain C rewrite D complete A sad B secure C shy D angry A your B our C his D their A accident B harm C experience D model A eating B exchanging C buying D keeping l 5A e

50、xpressions B estimation C cooperation D connections 答案與題解： l. A本句前半句說(shuō)土豆泥、通心粉等對(duì)血管有害（ bad) ，后半句說(shuō)這些食物對(duì)心臟有利 (good) 。很明顯，前半句與后半句意思相反，所以要選轉(zhuǎn)折連接詞but加以連接。 2. C 根據(jù)常識(shí)判斷，吃土豆泥不會(huì)對(duì)personality （性格） .movement （移動(dòng)）或will （意志力）產(chǎn)生有利影響。隨后的文章，多處提到吃爽心食品（ favorite food ）有助于排解孤獨(dú)感。所以選emotions 是正確的。 3.D本題的答案是personally0 For me

51、 personally （就我個(gè)人而言）與下文的意思很連貫。 privately （私下地）、usefully （有用地）或awfully （可怕地）與下文的意思搭不上，所以不會(huì)是答案。 4. B 本題的答案是looked at0。“l(fā)ooked at non-human things” 相當(dāng)于“studied （研究） nonhuman things”，與上下文的意思很匹配。looked for（尋找）、looked after （照顧）和looked up（查找）與下文的意思搭配不上。 5.A本句的意思是：人們?yōu)榱伺沤夤陋?dú)感，常常把自己和電視劇、流行歌曲歌手等等聯(lián)系起來(lái)。選項(xiàng)中有四個(gè)形容詞，應(yīng)該選哪一個(gè)形容詞去修飾TV shows 呢？應(yīng)該選褒義的形容詞： favorite （喜愛(ài)的）或trustful ( 可信任的）。但對(duì)電視劇來(lái)說(shuō)談不上信任的問(wèn)題。favorite 最合理，是本題答案。 6. C 上一句說(shuō)到，人們?yōu)榱伺沤夤陋?dú)感，常常把自己和喜愛(ài)的電視劇、流行歌曲歌手等等聯(lián)系起來(lái)。于是Troisi 和Gabriel 想，通過(guò)吃爽