電大開放教育巖土力學(xué)期末復(fù)習(xí)名詞解釋及簡答考試資料小抄

1、電大巖土力學(xué)期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄名詞解釋巖石：巖石是組成地殼的基本物質(zhì)，它是由礦物或巖屑在地質(zhì)作用下按一定的規(guī)律聚集而成的自然體。地基承載力：地基所能承受荷載的能力土的滲透性：一般是指水流通過土中孔隙難易程度的性質(zhì)。土的壓縮性：土體在外荷載作用下體積減小的性質(zhì)。固結(jié)：把空隙水從土體排出的過程稱為固結(jié)。淺基礎(chǔ)、深基礎(chǔ)：一般埋置在5m以內(nèi)，直接將荷載擴(kuò)散分布于淺部地層，經(jīng)簡單施工方法筑成的稱為淺基礎(chǔ)。而深基礎(chǔ)相對(duì)埋置深度大，其主要作用是把所承受的荷載相對(duì)集中地傳遞到地基深部。剛性基礎(chǔ)、柔性基礎(chǔ)：剛性基礎(chǔ)：是指用抗壓性能好，而抗拉、抗剪性能較差的磚、毛石、素混凝土以及灰土等材料修建的基礎(chǔ)，又稱無筋擴(kuò)展基

2、礎(chǔ)。由鋼筋混凝土材料建造的基礎(chǔ)稱為柔性基礎(chǔ)，又稱擴(kuò)展基礎(chǔ)。結(jié)構(gòu)面：結(jié)構(gòu)面是具有一定方向、延展較大、厚度較小的二維狀地質(zhì)界面。圍巖：圍巖指的是隧道周圍一定范圍內(nèi)，對(duì)洞身的穩(wěn)定有影響的巖(土)體。沉井基礎(chǔ)：在深基礎(chǔ)施工中，為保證開挖邊坡穩(wěn)定，并減少開挖土方工程量，利用一井筒形結(jié)構(gòu)物，將其沉入地下并用作結(jié)構(gòu)物的基礎(chǔ)，稱為沉井基礎(chǔ)。地下連續(xù)墻：地下連續(xù)墻是利用專用的成槽機(jī)械開挖出一條狹長的深槽，槽內(nèi)置放鋼筋籠，灌注混凝土，使在地基中筑成連續(xù)的混凝土或鋼筋混凝土墻體，具有支護(hù)、防滲、承重等多重功能。填空根據(jù)地質(zhì)學(xué)的巖石成因分類可把巖石分為巖漿巖、沉積巖和變質(zhì)巖三大類。結(jié)構(gòu)面的分類：按其成因可分為：（1）

3、原生結(jié)構(gòu)面；再細(xì)分為、沉積結(jié)構(gòu)面、火成結(jié)構(gòu)面、變質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)面；（2）構(gòu)造結(jié)構(gòu)面；（3）次生結(jié)構(gòu)面。巖石的蠕變分為穩(wěn)定蠕變與不穩(wěn)定蠕變兩類。穩(wěn)定蠕變：當(dāng)巖石在較小的應(yīng)力作用下，應(yīng)變隨時(shí)間增加而增加至某一值后，趨于穩(wěn)定。不穩(wěn)定蠕變：當(dāng)巖石所受應(yīng)力超過某一值時(shí)，應(yīng)變隨時(shí)間增加而增加，直至破壞用先期固結(jié)壓力pc與現(xiàn)時(shí)的土壓力p0的比值描述土層的應(yīng)力歷史，將粘性土進(jìn)行分類1.正常固結(jié)土pcp0 2.超固結(jié)土pcp03.欠固結(jié)土 pcp0地基變形的三個(gè)階段 ：a.線性變形階段；（塑性載荷pc） b.彈塑性變形階段；（極限載荷pu） c.破壞階段影響土壓實(shí)性的主要因素：含水量、擊實(shí)功能、土的種類和級(jí)配等土中的應(yīng)

4、力分類（按引起的原因）:(1)由土本身有效自重在地基內(nèi)部引起的自重應(yīng)力;(2)由外荷(靜荷載或動(dòng)荷載)在地基內(nèi)部引起的附加應(yīng)力。地基的破壞形式 ：1.整體剪切破壞；2.局部剪切破壞；3. 沖剪破壞。建筑物荷載通過基礎(chǔ)作用于地基，對(duì)地基提出兩個(gè)方面的要求:1.變形要求：建筑物基礎(chǔ)在荷載作用下產(chǎn)生最大沉降量或沉降差，應(yīng)該在該建筑物所允許的范圍內(nèi) 2.穩(wěn)定要求：建筑物的基底壓力，應(yīng)該在地基所允許的承載能力之內(nèi)。直接剪切試驗(yàn)方法：快剪 固結(jié)快剪 慢剪三軸剪切試驗(yàn)步驟: 1.裝樣；2.施加周圍壓力；3.施加豎向壓力三軸試驗(yàn)方法：1.不固結(jié)不排水剪（UU）2. 固結(jié)不排水剪（CU）3. 固結(jié)排水剪（CD）

5、洞室加固方法錨桿支護(hù)、襯砌及噴錨支護(hù)等。沉井的基本構(gòu)造：常用的鋼筋混凝土沉井主要由：刃腳、井壁、內(nèi)隔壁、凹槽、封底及蓋板等組成。簡答Griffith 強(qiáng)度理論基本假設(shè)(1) 巖體內(nèi)的裂隙形狀是扁平的橢圓形； (2)相鄰的裂隙不會(huì)互相影響；(3) 材料特性(如強(qiáng)度)的局部變化可以忽略；(4) 橢圓裂縫及其周圍材料上的應(yīng)力系統(tǒng)可作為二維問題處理。影響邊坡穩(wěn)定性的因素：影響邊坡穩(wěn)定性的因素有內(nèi)在因素與外在因素兩個(gè)方面。（1）內(nèi)在因素有組成邊坡巖土體的性質(zhì)、地質(zhì)構(gòu)造、巖體結(jié)構(gòu)、地應(yīng)力等。它們常常起著主要的控制作用。（2）外在因素有地表水和地下水的作用、地震、風(fēng)化作用、人工挖掘、爆破以及工程荷載等。其中

6、地表水和地下水是影響邊坡穩(wěn)定最重要、最活躍的外在因素，其他大多起著觸發(fā)作用。 郎肯土壓力理論假定條件：墻體本身是剛性的；墻后填土水平并延伸到無限遠(yuǎn)；墻背豎直光滑庫倫土壓力理論假定條件：墻后填土為均勻的無粘性土（c=0），填土表面傾斜（0）；擋土墻是剛性的，墻背傾斜，傾角為； 墻面粗糙，墻背與土體之間存在摩擦力（0）；滑動(dòng)破裂面為通過墻踵的平面。 朗肯理論和庫倫理的共同點(diǎn)與不同點(diǎn)：共同點(diǎn)：朗肯理論和庫倫理論均屬于極限狀態(tài)土壓力理論。用這兩種理論計(jì)算出的土壓力均為墻后土體處于極限平衡狀態(tài)下的主動(dòng)土壓力Ea和被動(dòng)土壓力Ep。不同點(diǎn)：朗肯理論從土體中一點(diǎn)的極限平衡狀態(tài)出發(fā)，由處于極限平衡狀態(tài)時(shí)的大小主

7、應(yīng)力關(guān)系求解（極限應(yīng)力法）；庫倫理論根據(jù)墻背與滑裂面之間的土楔處于極限平衡，用靜力平衡條件求解（滑動(dòng)楔體法） 。沉井下沉過程中的主要問題及其處理方法：（1）沉井傾斜、偏移：傾斜和偏移是沉井施工過程中較為常遇見的問題，其原因有多種，如場(chǎng)地土層軟硬不均、刃腳不平整、挖土不對(duì)稱、沉井側(cè)面受力不均勻或刃腳下局部有障礙物等。當(dāng)沉井發(fā)生傾斜時(shí)可立即采取陶土法、不對(duì)稱配重法、不對(duì)稱射水法、水平向拉力扶正等措施。對(duì)于局部障礙物，應(yīng)先進(jìn)行人工排除后下沉。（2）停沉、下沉困難：導(dǎo)致停沉的原因主要有：1、開挖深度不足，阻力太大；2、發(fā)生偏斜；3、遇到障礙物或堅(jiān)硬土層；4、井壁無有效減阻力措施 解決停沉的方法可以利用

8、配重法、清障法等方法。（3）突然下沉：產(chǎn)生突然下沉的主要原因有：1、出現(xiàn)流塑土；2、挖土太深；3、排水迫沉?？梢酝ㄟ^控制挖土深度，或臨時(shí)增設(shè)底面支承裝置解決。地下連續(xù)墻的適用范圍：1、用作基坑支護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)， 可以與預(yù)應(yīng)力錨桿或內(nèi)支撐結(jié)構(gòu)聯(lián)合使用，也可以單獨(dú)形成懸臂式地下連續(xù)墻。2、用作豎向承重結(jié)構(gòu)，如地下室外墻、地鐵站臺(tái)、地下防滲墻等。地下連續(xù)墻的特點(diǎn)：1.墻體剛度大，可用作剛性基礎(chǔ)；2.用于基坑維護(hù)工程，可以兼做擋土與止水，防滲效果好；3.施工過程振動(dòng)小，噪音低，對(duì)環(huán)境影響?。?.適用于多種地基條件，可用于逆運(yùn)作法施工；5.占地少、工效高。地下連續(xù)墻的施工過程： 施工前的準(zhǔn)備： 有關(guān)作業(yè)面積、作

9、業(yè)空間、場(chǎng)地地基的加固等內(nèi)容。施工程序：地下連續(xù)墻的施工內(nèi)容包括：準(zhǔn)備工作、成槽工作、成墻工作、按工藝要求設(shè)置臨時(shí)設(shè)施、修筑道路；在施工區(qū)域設(shè)置導(dǎo)墻；安裝挖槽、泥漿制配、處理等機(jī)具設(shè)備；安裝水電線路；進(jìn)行試通水、通電、試運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)、試挖槽、混凝土澆筑。現(xiàn)澆鋼筋混凝土地下連續(xù)墻的施工工藝過程：（一）導(dǎo)墻施工(二)泥漿護(hù)壁(三)槽段開挖(四)鋼筋籠加工和吊放（五）水下混凝土澆筑降水對(duì)周圍地面的影響及預(yù)防措施：影響：降低地下水位時(shí)，由于土顆粒流失或土體壓縮固結(jié)，易引起周圍地面沉降。由于土層的不均勻性和形成的水位呈漏斗狀，地面沉降多為不均勻沉降，可能導(dǎo)致周圍的建筑物傾斜、下沉、道路開裂或管線斷裂，因此，井點(diǎn)

10、降水時(shí)，必須采取相應(yīng)措施，以防造成危害。預(yù)防措施：1回灌井點(diǎn)法：該方法是在降水井點(diǎn)與需保護(hù)的建筑物、構(gòu)筑物間設(shè)置一排回灌井點(diǎn)。在降水的同時(shí)，通過回灌井點(diǎn)向土層內(nèi)灌入適量的水，使原建筑物下仍保持較高的地下水位，以減小其沉降程度。2設(shè)置止水帷幕法：在降水井點(diǎn)區(qū)域與原建筑之間設(shè)置一道止水帷幕使基坑外地下水的滲流路線延長，從而使原建筑物的地下水位基本保持不變。止水帷幕可結(jié)合擋土支護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)置也可單獨(dú)設(shè)置。常用的止水帷幕的做法有深層攪拌法、壓密注漿法、凍結(jié)法等。3減緩降水速度法：減緩井點(diǎn)的降水速度，可防止土顆粒隨水帶出。具體措施包括：加長井點(diǎn)，調(diào)小離心泵閥門，根據(jù)土顆粒的粒徑選擇適當(dāng)?shù)臑V網(wǎng)，加大砂濾層厚度

11、等。基坑邊坡穩(wěn)定：基坑邊坡的穩(wěn)定，主要是靠土體的內(nèi)摩阻力和粘結(jié)力來保持平衡的。一旦土體失去平衡，邊坡就會(huì)塌方。邊坡塌方會(huì)引起人身事故，同時(shí)會(huì)妨礙基坑開挖或基礎(chǔ)施工，有時(shí)還會(huì)危及附近的建筑物。防止邊坡塌方的措施：（1）放足邊坡（2）設(shè)置支撐：常用的水平支撐方法：1）橫撐式支撐：2）錨拉支撐：3）短柱橫隔支撐4）鋼板樁支撐：5）大型鋼構(gòu)架橫撐：6）鋼筋混凝土灌注樁支撐：7）土層錨桿支護(hù)：8）地下連續(xù)墻加錨桿支護(hù)： 請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！2016年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄Basketball can make a true claim to b

12、eing the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball As

13、sociation (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the e

14、quipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) i

15、n circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rub

16、ber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls bounce. Inside the

17、covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of t

18、he ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable attention. Basketball is

19、 one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young M

20、ens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach bas

21、kets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they

22、were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the

23、 ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the his

24、tory of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as f

25、ive in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. Thi

26、s led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played in France by 1893;

27、England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicat

28、ed basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges

29、 and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA

30、 was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rule-making respo

31、nsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity

32、grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players li

33、ke Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resembl

34、e the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corpo

35、rate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professi

36、onal mens basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL wa

37、s organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was organized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Associ

38、ation (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time for major television

39、support. Several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Womens Professional Basketball League (WBL) and the Womens World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Al-monte, Ontario, invented bask

40、etball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Nai

41、smiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first five-man teams playe

42、d at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first pr

43、ofessional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules still differed, depending upon

44、where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from develop

45、ing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for b

46、asketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the

47、late 1930s, all players used the two-hand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more organized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no

48、 college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics; the Cleveland Rosenblums, owned by Max Rosenblum; Eddie Gottliebs Philadelphia SPHAs (South Philadelphia Hebrew Association); and two great black teams, the New York Renaissance Five and Abe Sapersteins Harlem Globetrotters, which was actu

49、ally from Chicago. While these teams had some notable players, no superstars, such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Grange, emerged to capture the publics attention as they did in other sports of the period. The same was true in college basketball up until the late 1930s, with coaches dominating t

50、he game and its development. Walter Doc Meanwell at Wisconsin, Forrest Phog Allen at Kansas, Ward Piggy Lambert at Purdue, and Henry Doc Carlson at Pittsburgh all made significant contributions to the games development: zone defenses, the weave, the passing game, and the fast break. In the decade pr

51、eceding World War II, five events changed college basketball and allowed it to become a major spectator sport. In 1929, the rules committee reversed a decision that would have outlawed dribbling and slowed the game considerably. Five years later, promoter Edward Ned Irish staged the first intersecti

52、onal twin bill in Madison Square Garden in New York City and attracted more than 16,000 fans. He demonstrated the appeal of major college ball and made New York its center. In December 1936, Hank Luisetti of Stanford revealed the virtues of the one-handed shot to an amazed Garden audience and became

53、 the first major collegiate star. Soon thereafter, Luisetti scored an incredible fifty points against Duquesne, thus ending the Easts devotion to the set shot and encouraging a more open game. In consecutive years the center jump was eliminated after free throws and then after field goals, thus spee

54、ding up the game and allowing for more scoring. In 1938, Irish created the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in the Garden to determine a national champion. Although postseason tournaments had occurred before, the NIT was the first with major colleges from different regions and proved to be a gre

55、at financial success. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) created its own postseason tournament in 1939 but did not rival the NIT in prestige for some time. The 1940s saw significant changes for college basketball. Players began using the jump shot after Kenny Sailors of Wyoming wowe

56、d the East with it in 1943. The behind-the-back dribble and pass also appeared, as did exceptional big men. Bob Kurland at Oklahoma A&M was almost seven feet tall and George Mikan at DePaul was six feet ten inches. While Kurland had perhaps the better college career and played in two Olympics, he ch

57、ose not to play professional ball, whereas Mikan became the first dominant star in the pros. Their defensive play inspired the rule against goal tending (blocking a shot on its downward flight). Adolph Rupp, who played under Phog Allen, also coached the first of his many talented teams at Kentucky i

58、n that decade. However, in 1951, Rupp and six other coaches suffered through a point-shaving scandal that involved thirty-two players at seven colleges and seriously injured college basketball, particularly in New York, where four of the seven schools were located. While the game survived, the NCAA

59、moved its tournament away from Madison Square Garden to different cities each year and the NITs prestige began to decline. Professional basketball remained a disorganized and stodgy sport up until the late 1940s, with barnstorming still central to the game and most players still using the set shot.

60、In 1946, however, hockey owners, led by Maurice Podoloff, created the Basketball Association of America (BAA) in the East to fill their arenas, but few fans came, even after Joe Fulks of Philadelphia introduced the jump shot. The BAAs rival, the National Basketball League, had existed since the 1930