國貿(mào)國際貨物運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)條例課件

1、Ocean Marine Cargo InsuranceOverviewInsurance is a contract whereby one party, in consideration of a premium paid, undertakes to indemnify(賠償) the other party against loss from certain perils or risks to which the subject matter insured may be exposed to. Ocean marine insurance covers ships and thei

2、r cargoes, both on the d waterways high seas(遠(yuǎn)海) and on inland waterways. 1. NEED FOR INSURANCEExporters and importers face all the time uncertainties of loss of their goods. Insurance is used to protect their financial interests against such risks and actual losses. 2. COVERAGE OF OCEAN MARINE INSU

3、RANCEBy purchasing insurance, the assured(被保險(xiǎn)人) protects his financial interests against three things: the risk of loss, the actual loss and the expenses incurred to avoid or reduce loss. Two types of risks are covered by ocean marine insurance. 1) Risks2) Loses Ocean marine insurance covers two typ

4、es of losses, partial loss and total loss.3) ExpensesOcean marine insurance also covers some expenses incurred in reducing the loss of the subject matter insured either by the assured himself or a party other than the insurer and/or the assured. This encourages efforts to save the subject matter ins

5、ured.Scope of Insurance Coverage 保險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)別是指保險(xiǎn)人對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和損失的承保責(zé)任范圍。在保險(xiǎn)業(yè)務(wù)中，各種險(xiǎn)別的承保責(zé)任是通過各種不同的保險(xiǎn)條款規(guī)定的。China Insurance Clauses，CIC 中國人民保險(xiǎn)公司制定的“中國保險(xiǎn)條款” Institute Cargo Clauses，ICC 英國倫敦保險(xiǎn)協(xié)會(huì)制定的“協(xié)會(huì)貨物保險(xiǎn)條款”CIC “中國保險(xiǎn)條款”1、基本險(xiǎn)別 FPA （Free from Particular Average，平安險(xiǎn) ） WA或WPA（With Particular Average，水漬險(xiǎn)） All Risks （一切險(xiǎn)） 2、附加

6、險(xiǎn)別 一般附加險(xiǎn) 特殊附加險(xiǎn)ICC 英國“協(xié)會(huì)貨物保險(xiǎn)條款” 協(xié)會(huì)貨物條款（A） 協(xié)會(huì)貨物條款（B） 協(xié)會(huì)貨物條款（C） 協(xié)會(huì)戰(zhàn)爭險(xiǎn)條款 協(xié)會(huì)罷工險(xiǎn)條款 惡意損害險(xiǎn)條款附加險(xiǎn)別3. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CARGO INSURANCE1) Insurable interest2) Utmost good faith3) Indemnity4) Proximate cause and principle of subrogation1) Insurable interest(可保利益)Insurable means the person insuring must

7、have the absolute ownership of the subject matter insured. Interest means that the person insuring must be the one who stands to bear some financial loss if the risk materializes. the concept of lost or not lost.2) Utmost good faithThis principle requires both the assured and insurer to deal with ea

8、ch other with the highest standard of honesty.Insurance is an exception. In insurance, both the assured and the insurer are placed under an obligation to deal with each other in utmost good faith. If one party fails to observe this principle, the contract can be annulled by the other party. 3) Indem

9、nityThis concept is concerned with the value of compensation. It is the principle that the assured cannot recover more than his actual loss as the objective of insurance is only to provide compensation for the loss suffered by the assured. The practical way of concluding marine insurance is on the b

10、asis of agreed value. The reason is that it is hard to arrive at the value of the lost property if the loss occurs at the sea. The figure of compensation provides an approximation but not exact indemnity for the assured depending on where the loss occurs, how market fluctuates and if the subject mat

11、ter insured is undervalued or overvalued. 4) Proximate cause and principle of subrogationProximate cause refers to the first peril in a chain of events that results in a loss. This concept concerns solely with establishing the actual cause of loss of or damage to cargo in order to reduce the underwr

12、iters liability to within tolerable limits. It depends on a courts interpretation of the facts in the case.4. MAIN CATEGORIES OF GENERAL CARGO INSURANCE1) Free from Particular Average (FPA) of China Insurance Clauses (CIC, effective January 1, 1981)2) With Average/With Particular Average (WA/WPA) of

13、 CIC3) All Risks (AR) of CIC4) Special additional coverage5) Exclusions of insurance policy1) Free from Particular Average (FPA) of China Insurance Clauses (CIC, effective January 1, 1981)Before going to FPA(平安險(xiǎn) ), average terms need to be explained. The word average has a special meaning in cargo i

14、nsurance. It means partial loss or non-total loss to a ship or cargo, and partial loss in turn means total loss of part of the insured cargo or damage to all or part of the Insured cargo.Policy Written for FPA Conditions Loss Caused By or Resulting From:Partial Loss Coverage Total Loss Coverage 1. H

15、eavy weather, lightning, barratry of the Master or Mariners, assailing thieves except: While on deck, if a direct result of stranding, sinking, burning, fire or collision While under deck, if the vessel strands or is burnt during the insured voyage or if loss or damage can reasonably be attributable

16、 to fire or collision Not Covered Covered Covered Covered Covered Covered 2. Fire or explosion CoveredCovered 3. Vessel or craft being stranded, sunk or burnt Covered Covered 4. Collision or upset to an air or land conveyance Covered Covered 5. Collision or contact of a water borne conveyance with a

17、ny external object (ice included) other than water Covered Covered Particular average(單獨(dú)海損 ) means a loss that is borne solely by the owner of the lost property (ship or cargo)general average(共同海損 ) means a sacrifice made for the common safety of both the cargo and the ship. Partial damage of cargo

18、by sea water is2) With Average/With Particular Average (WA/WPA) of CICWA(水漬險(xiǎn)) provides cover against all loss or damage due to marine perils or perils of the sea including partial loss or damage throughout the duration of the policy. This coverage provides protection against damage from sea water ca

19、used by heavy weather.ICC (B) has the same coverage plus damage of package during loading and/or unloading.ICC (B) and (C) provide cover against specified risks only.3) All Risks (AR) of CICBesides the risks covered by FPA and WA, All Risks(一切險(xiǎn)) also provides cover against some extraneous risks of l

20、oss or damage (eg, theft, pilferage and non-delivery, fresh water rain damage, risk of shortage, risk of intermixture and contamination, leakage risk, clashing and breakage risk, hook damage, loss and/or damage by breakage of packing, rusting risk). Typical exclusions in an “ALL-RISK” Policy are: 1.

21、Improper packing 2.Abandonment of cargo 3.Rejection of goods by customs 4.Failure to pay or collect accounts 5. Inherent vice (infestation or loss due to the nature of product itself) 6.Employee conversion or dishonesty 7. Losses due to delay or loss of market 8.Losses in excess of policy limits 9.

22、Losses at port city more than 15 days after discharge of cargo 10. Losses inland more than 30 days after discharge of cargo 11. Losses in South America more than 60 days after discharge of cargo 12. Barge shipments 13. Goods subject to an on-deck bill of lading 14. Losses caused by temperature or pr

23、essure (air shipments) 15. Failure to notify air carrier of preliminary loss in timely fashion: a. Obvious damage 7 days b. Hidden damage 14 days c. Non-delivery 120 days 16. Used goods 4) Special additional coverageBesides the above categories of coverage, both CIC and ICC have some additional cove

24、rage, both CIC and ICC have some additional coverages. 除外責(zé)任 所謂除外責(zé)任（Exclusion），是指保險(xiǎn)公司明確規(guī)定不予承保的損失或費(fèi)用。按照中國保險(xiǎn)條款，對(duì)于上述三種基本險(xiǎn)別，保險(xiǎn)公司有以下除外責(zé)任： 被保險(xiǎn)人的故意行為或過失所造成的損失。 屬于發(fā)貨人責(zé)任所引起的損失。 在保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任開始前，被保險(xiǎn)貨物已存在的品質(zhì)不良或數(shù)量短差所造成的損失。 被保險(xiǎn)貨物的自然損耗、本質(zhì)缺陷、特性以及市價(jià)跌落、運(yùn)輸延遲所引起的損失或費(fèi)用。 本公司海洋運(yùn)輸貨物戰(zhàn)爭險(xiǎn)條款和貨物運(yùn)輸罷工險(xiǎn)條款規(guī)定的責(zé)任范圍和除外責(zé)任。5) Exclusions of insu

25、rance policyInsurance policies have excluded the coverage against some risks. These exclusions are the loss or damage by risks such as inherent vice or deterioration, insufficient or unsuitable packing, delay and loss of market, etc.5. CHOICE OF THE RIGHT COVERAGEExporters cannot get whatever covera

26、ge they want from the insurance company. Even if they can, subject matters should be insured in the appropriate category. Experienced exporters know the losses they expect. The insurance should be both economical and effective.6. INSTITUTE OF LONDON UNDERWRITERS AND INSTITUTE TRANSIT CLAUSEInstitute

27、 of London Underwriters(承保人) is a professional organization founded in 1884 representing the interests of underwriters. Its Technical and Clause Committee has produced and will continue to produce special clauses, institute clauses, which are widely used. Institute Transit Clause covers the goods fr

28、om the time they leave the warehouse named in the policy, continues while goods are in transit and terminates either when the goods reach their final warehouse or on the expiry of 60 days after discharge overside from the overseas vessel whichever is earlier. 國際貨物買賣合同中的保險(xiǎn)條款包括： 保險(xiǎn)投保人的約定 保險(xiǎn)公司和保險(xiǎn)條款的約定

29、保險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)別的約定 保險(xiǎn)金額的約定 保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)的計(jì)算例，CIF合同保險(xiǎn)條款： 保險(xiǎn)：“保險(xiǎn)由賣方按照發(fā)票金額的110投保一切險(xiǎn)、戰(zhàn)爭險(xiǎn)，以中國人民保險(xiǎn)公司1981年1月1日的有關(guān)海洋運(yùn)輸貨物保險(xiǎn)條款為準(zhǔn)。”Insurance: To be covered by the seller for 110% of total invoice value against All Risks and War Risks, as per and subject to the relevant ocean marine cargo clause of Peoples Insurance Company of Chin

30、a edited 1981.1.1.保險(xiǎn)投保人的約定：根據(jù)買賣雙方約定的交貨條件和所使用的貿(mào)易術(shù)語 由買方投保的合同有： EXW FCA FAS FOB CFR CPT由賣方投保的合同有： CIF CIP DAF DES DEQ DDU DDP保險(xiǎn)公司和保險(xiǎn)條款的約定： 在按CIF或CIP條件成交時(shí)，因投保由賣方辦理，但保險(xiǎn)公司資信情況卻與買方有著重大關(guān)系，因此，保險(xiǎn)公司和所采用的保險(xiǎn)條款一般由買方在合同中限定。 目前，我國通常采用中國人民保險(xiǎn)公司1981年1月1日生效的貨物運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)條款為依據(jù)。但有時(shí)國外客戶要求按照英國倫敦保險(xiǎn)業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)貨物保險(xiǎn)條款（ICC Clause）為準(zhǔn)，我方也可以通融接受

31、。7. MAJOR TYPES OF POLICY1) Time policy2) Voyage policy3) Mixed policy4) Floating policy5) Open policy1) Time policyA time policy is one that runs for a period of time usually not exceeding 12 months. 2) Voyage policyThis is a policy that operates for the period of the voyage. For cargo, the cover i

32、s from warehouse to warehouse. The policy will not apply if the actual voyage and/or ports are different from those in the policy.3) Mixed policyThis is a policy that covers the subject matter for the voyage within a time period. It is used to cover the cargo from warehouse to warehouse with a time

33、limit. The cargo has to be warehoused within 60 days after discharge or the policy will no longer cover the cargo.4) Floating policyThis is an arrangement by which a large initial sum of insurance is granted. Each time a shipment is made, the assured declares this and the value of the shipment is de

34、ducted from the outstanding sum insured. The premium is paid in advance.This arrangement provides the policy holder with a large reserve of cover for cargo. It is often used by a dealer with several consignments of goods to insure. Floating policy is the total of several voyage policies. 5) Open pol

35、icyThis is an arrangement in which terms such as types of risks to be covered, validity of the insurance contract, rate, premium, maximum value of each shipment and geographical limits, etc are worked out when the contract is signed. The following ocean marine forms are those that are generally avai

36、lable. Manuscripted policies, to cover unusual situations or special risks are also possible. Marine Cargo PolicyCargo War Risk PolicyHull InsuranceYacht Policy Marine Cargo Policy Ocean Marine Insurance is designed to cover various hazards related to the movement of goods. The first and obvious pro

37、tection that can be provided is for the cargoes themselves. Cargo War Risk Policy The Cargo War Risk Policy is designed to provide coverage where the standard cargo policy ends, in times or places of war or similar (excluded) upheaval. The War Risk Policy covers almost all of the war risk perils exc

38、luded under the former policy. Hull Insurance The basic Marine Policy is used to cover either the shipowner or the shipper (or buyer) of goods. When coverage is for goods it is termed a Cargo Policy; when the ship is covered, it is termed Hull Insurance. The shipowner is provided legal liability pro

39、tection to others, for instance in the event of a collision. Yacht Policy The Yacht Policy covers pleasure craft, such as yachts, motorboats and sailboats. It is written to cover both the property (boat, and contents) and its liability for collisions or injuries. There are two Yacht Hull Policies. T

40、he Limited Hull Policy will only cover the specified perils of fire, lightning and theft. The Full Marine Policy additionally covers explosions, perils of the sea, theft, collision and conversion. 8. ENDORSEMENT OF THE INSURANCE POLICYWhen one person is responsible for procuring insurance, the expor

41、ter often makes himself the beneficiary. A blank endorsement would then be needed in order to transfer the policy. However, if the importer or his bank has-been made the beneficiary of the insurance policy, no endorsement is necessary for the transfer 9.Warranties A warranty is an assurance by one p

42、arty to a contract of the existence of a fact upon which the other party may rely. Express Warranties Implied Warranties1)Express WarrantiesAn express warranty is one, which is expressly stated in the policy of insurance it must be included in or written upon the policy. There is no limit to the num

43、ber of express warranties, but those generally included in a marine policy are that the ship is seaworthy on a particular day, that the ship will sail on a specified day, that the ship will proceed to its destination without any deviation and that the ship is neutral and will remain so during the vo

44、yage.2)Implied Warranties Implied warranties are conditions not incorporated in a policy but assumed to have been included in the policy by law, custom or general agreement. These warranties are: Seaworthiness; Legality of the voyage; Non-deviation海運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)單樣本3)保險(xiǎn)單的填寫 (一)貨物運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)單的填寫要求 被保險(xiǎn)人名稱。如果買方為被保險(xiǎn)人, 一般

45、說來, 保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任從貨物裝上運(yùn)輸工具開始; 如果賣方為被保險(xiǎn)人, 一般說來, 保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任則從保險(xiǎn)單載明的起運(yùn)地運(yùn)出時(shí)開始。 貨物名稱、數(shù)量。 包裝及標(biāo)志。 保險(xiǎn)金額。這是指保險(xiǎn)核定的金額。如果以 CIP 價(jià)格成交的貨物, 投保金額可加成 10。如以 FOB 或 CFR 價(jià)格成交, 必須先換算成 CIF 價(jià)格, 然后加上 10確定保險(xiǎn)金額。 FOB 價(jià)格或 CFR 價(jià)格換算成 CIF 價(jià)格的公式如下：CIF = CFR 價(jià)格換算成 CIF 價(jià)格的公式如下：CIF = 裝運(yùn)工具。如果是用船舶運(yùn)輸, 就應(yīng)寫明船名; 噸位、建造年份, 船籍、是否需要轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。 開航日期。如果知道確切開航日期, 則填上確切的日

46、期; 如不知道確切開航月期, 則可填待定。 航程或路程。寫明某某港 某某港。如果到達(dá)目的地的路線有兩條或兩條以上, 則要寫上自某某港經(jīng)某某港至某某港。 提單或運(yùn)單號(hào)碼。提單是一種重要的海上貨物運(yùn)輸合同的證明, 它證明海上貨物運(yùn)輸合同的成立, 并表明貨物已由承運(yùn)人收受或裝上船并據(jù)以把貨物交付給收貨人。 保險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)別及條件。按國際慣例, 承保的險(xiǎn)別必須和信用證的要求一致, 必須與貿(mào)易合同上所列的保險(xiǎn)條件相符。比如說, 平安險(xiǎn)、水漬險(xiǎn)、或一切險(xiǎn)。 賠款支付地點(diǎn)。以進(jìn)口貨物的貨物運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)索賠在國內(nèi), 出口貨物保險(xiǎn)以國外進(jìn)口商所在地為原則。 承保日期。承保日期應(yīng)該在船舶開航或運(yùn)輸工具出發(fā)之前, 比如說, 兩

47、天之前。一般說來, 保險(xiǎn)公司與投保人或被保險(xiǎn)人確定一個(gè)起保日期, 以避免產(chǎn)生糾紛。 簽名蓋章。 (二)船舶保險(xiǎn)單的填寫要求 船舶被保險(xiǎn)人名稱(Name of the Shipowner); 船舶名稱(Name of the ship or Vessel); 船舶注冊(cè)地(Place of Registry); 保險(xiǎn)金額(Sum Insured); 保險(xiǎn)險(xiǎn)別及條件(Insurance Conditions); 絕對(duì)免賠額(Deductible); 航行范圍(Trading Limit); 保險(xiǎn)期限或航程(Period of Insurance); 保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)(Premium); 付費(fèi)辦法(Paymen

48、t of Premium); 簽訂日期(Date); 簽名蓋章(Underwriting Signatory)。2)海洋貨物運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)條款的英文表達(dá) 平安險(xiǎn)加保艙面險(xiǎn)。 Covering Free from Particular Average(F.P.A) as per Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses of the Peoples Insurance Company of China dated(1/1/1981), INCLUDING risks ON DECK 水漬險(xiǎn)加保戰(zhàn)爭險(xiǎn)。 Covering With Average(W.A) and War Risks as

49、per Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses and Ocean Marine Cargo War Risks Clauses of the Peoples Insurance Company of China dated(1/1/1981). 一切險(xiǎn)加保戰(zhàn)爭險(xiǎn)。 Covering All Risks and War Risks as per Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses and Ocean Marine Cargo War Risks Clauses of the Peoples Insurance Company of China dated(1/1

50、/1981). 散裝桐油險(xiǎn)加保戰(zhàn)爭險(xiǎn)。 Covering loss or damage arising from shortage, leakage, contamination and isomerization as per Clauses for Wood Oil in bulk attached, Including War Risks as per Ocean Marine Cargo War Risks Clauses of the Peoples Insurance Company of China dated(1/1/1981). 冷藏貨物水漬險(xiǎn)。 Covering With

51、Average(W.A) including damage arising from Breakdown of refrigerating machinery as per Clauses for Frozen Products(W.A) Of the Peoples Insurance Company of China dated(1/1/1981). 5. 船舶保險(xiǎn)條款英表達(dá)。 為了避免產(chǎn)生對(duì)條款內(nèi)容的誤解, 保險(xiǎn)公司已經(jīng)制定了英文格式表達(dá)方式。但是對(duì)于投保人的一些特殊承保要求項(xiàng)目, 需要重新商定, 以下是中國人民保險(xiǎn)公司 1986 年 1 月 1 日制定的保險(xiǎn)條款, 保單英文措詞如下：

52、船舶全損險(xiǎn)。 COVERING tOTAL LOSS subject to hULL insurance CLAUSES of Peoples insurance company of China 1/1/1986 船舶全損加保罷工險(xiǎn), 對(duì)于小額共同海損, 每次事故最高賠償限額為 50, 000 美元。 COVERING total loss SUBJECT TO piCCS HULL insurance CLAUSES 1/1/1986, INCLUDING STRIKES risks AS per PICCS STRIKES CLAUSES DATED 1/1/1986, SUBJECT

53、TO SMALL general AVERAGE UP TO USD50, 000 FOR ANY ACCIDENT OR OCCURRENCE ARISING. 船舶一切險(xiǎn)。 COVERING all risks SUBJECT TO piCCS HULL insurance CLAUSES 1/1/1986 . 船舶一切險(xiǎn)加保戰(zhàn)爭險(xiǎn)和罷工險(xiǎn), 對(duì)于小額共同海損, 每次事故最高賠償限額為 30, 000 美元。 COVERING all risks SUBJECT TO piCCS HULL insurance CLAUSES 1/1/1986, INCLUDING all risks an

54、d STRIKES risks AS per PICCS war and STRIKES CLAUSES DATED 1/1/1986, SUBJECT TO SMALL general AVERAGE UP TO USD30, 000 FOR ANY ACCIDENT OR OCCURRENCE ARISING.10. PREMIUMPremium is generally based on the value of goods covered and the statistical probability of loss. Insurance underwriters take a number of specific factors into consideration when they decide on the rate of insurance premium. The first factor is the nature of packing used. The stronger the packing, the lower the premium.The second is the type and the value of the merchandise to be insured. Thirdly, the natures of transit