跨文化交際(全套266P)程胡超版課件(PPT 267頁)

1、Intercultural Communication 跨文化交際實用教程A Practical Coursebook Culture is a Bridge.第1頁，共267頁。Unit 1 An Introduction 第2頁，共267頁。2012-2-163I. Why take Intercultural Communication?Discussion 第3頁，共267頁。2012-2-1641. Warm-up CasePlease discuss the case in groups and make a comment on it. A Case: Showing Conce

2、rnIn China: Xiao Li (an interpreter): You must be very tired. Youre oldCatherine (an elderly American lady): Oh, Im NOT old, and Im NOT tired. 第4頁，共267頁。2012-2-165Comment What the interpreter said is quite courteous in China. It means, “If you are tired, we can take a little rest, since you are gett

3、ing on in years.”The interpreter gave the impression that he thought the elderly lady would collapse any minute if she doesnt rest immediately. 第5頁，共267頁。2012-2-166Comment In the West, there is a value placed in being young that many people consciously, or subconsciously, are not willing to accept t

4、hat they are growing old. 第6頁，共267頁。2012-2-167The western way of showing concern is generally different from the Chinese way. In China: Xiao Li (an interpreter): You must be very tired. Youre oldCatherine (an elderly American lady): Oh, Im NOT old, and Im NOT tired. The Chinese way of showing concer

5、n is usually expressed by statement. In the West: A: How are you doing now? Would you like to rest?B: No, not a bit. The western way of showing concern is mainly displayed with question.第7頁，共267頁。2012-2-168Comment This case clearly shows that translation is an intercultural communication, which requ

6、ires the translator/ interpreter to possess both English cultural knowledge and language competence. 第8頁，共267頁。2012-2-1692. Different attitudes towards the same object When one coin was lostEnglishman: Not surprised, shrugged his shoulders, going away, without being troubled by nothing.American man:

7、 Called a policeman, gave him his telephone number, left with a chewing gum in his mouth.第9頁，共267頁。2012-2-1610German man: Made a mark within 100 meters on the ground, looking for the lost coin with a magnifying glass. Japanese man: felt sorry for his own carelessness, still blamed him at home, swear

8、ing not to make such a silly mistake again.第10頁，共267頁。2012-2-1611Agricultural Culture: worship land, love land, depend upon land, staying at one point without movingNomadic Culture: worship nature, love nature, depend upon nature, moving from one place to another, not fixed at one point.Business Cul

9、ture: ready to move farther and farther, making more profits for showing the value of life.3.People are culturally different第11頁，共267頁。2012-2-1612 If only 100 people left in the global village1. 17 speak Chinese2. 9 speak English3. 8 speak Dard4. 6 speak Spanish5. 6 speak Russian6. 4 speak Arabic. 7

10、. 50 speak Bengali Bangladesh, Japanese or French.第12頁，共267頁。2012-2-16134. People are religiously differentChristianity. About 2.14 billion Christians in the world. Bible. For philanthropy and equal for everybody. Islam. Meaning being obedient; Muslims are those who are obedient. Quran. Buddhism. Ar

11、e you a Buddhist? Buddhists are taught to live for kindness rather than evils.第13頁，共267頁。2012-2-1614If only 100 people left in the global village33 Christians18 Muslims14 Hindus16 no religion6 BuddhistsMany different religions第14頁，共267頁。2012-2-16155. People are ideologically differentChinese people

12、and Asians are a bit modest, live for harmony, trying to avoid face to face conflict. Being collectivist. Westerners are being individualist, being equal and different. It is none of my business.第15頁，共267頁。2012-2-16166. People are racially differentWe are Hopo sapiens.Generally, the people in the wo

13、rld are classified into four major races, though not universally accepted.White/Caucasian;Mongoloid/Asian;Negroid/Black;Australoid/Brown第16頁，共267頁。2012-2-1617If only 100 people left in the global village61 Asians12 Europeans8 North Americans5 South Americans13 Africans1 Australian 第17頁，共267頁。2012-2-

14、1618 People are different throughout the world, culturally, religiously, ideologically and racially, actually different in almost every aspect, therefore we are supposed to know about their differences as much as possible, just for a smooth communication among the Homo sapiens, the people in the glo

15、bal village. You will make it by coming to Intercultural Communication.Why take Intercultural Communication?第18頁，共267頁。2012-2-1619 The Purpose The general purpose of this course is to understand the ways in which culture interrelates with and effects communication processes. Intercultural learning i

16、nvolves affective and behavioral processes, as well as cognitive ones. Throughout this course, you will have the opportunity to gain knowledge, skills and attitudes that will increase your intercultural communication competence. 第19頁，共267頁。2012-2-1620 The Objectives 1) To explore cultural self-aware

17、ness, other culture awareness and the dynamics that arise in interactions between the two. 2) To understand how communication processes differ among cultures. 3) To identify challenges that arise from these differences in intercultural interactions and learn ways to creatively address them. 4) To ac

18、quire knowledge and develop skills that increase intercultural competence. 5) To have an understanding of the meaning of the cultures understood by the westerners and the easterners or the Chinese and Americans.第20頁，共267頁。2012-2-1621 The Reasons 1) Development of Science &Technology 2) Globalization

19、 of Economy 3)Widespread Immigration 4) Development of Multiculturalism 5) International Communication 6) Interracial Communication 7) Interethnic Communication or minority communication 第21頁，共267頁。2012-2-1622II. What Is Culture? 第22頁，共267頁。2012-2-16231. Define cultures yourselfPlease write down wha

20、tever comes to your mind when you hear or think of culture. Next, try to figure out how they are related to culture.第23頁，共267頁。2012-2-16242. Definition Final 1) Culture is the total way of life that a group of people shares. 2) Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and a

21、rtifacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning. 第24頁，共267頁。2012-2-1625 3) Culture is an Integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a socie

22、ty and which are not the result of biological inheritance.4) Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the

23、course of generations through individual and group striving. 第25頁，共267頁。2012-2-16265) Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.

24、第26頁，共267頁。2012-2-16273. Elements of Culture第27頁，共267頁。2012-2-16284. Culture Three Ingredients:artifactsconcepts (beliefs, values, world views)behavior e.g. Whereas the money is considered an artifact, then value placed on it is a concept, the actual spending and saving of the money is behavior. 第28

25、頁，共267頁。2012-2-16295. What is culture like? 第29頁，共267頁。2012-2-1630 Culture Like an Iceberga. Objective culture: history, literature, and customs. ( visible, small part)b. Subjective culture: feelings and attitudes about things. (invisible, large part )第30頁，共267頁。2012-2-1631culture 第31頁，共267頁。2012-2-

26、1632 The Cultural Iceberg 第32頁，共267頁。2012-2-1633The Iceberg of Culture第33頁，共267頁。2012-2-1634Objective Culture & Subjective Culture 1) notions of modesty, conception of beauty, ideal of childrearing, relationships to animals 2) patterns of superior/subordinate relations, definition of sin, courtship

27、practices, conception of justice, incentives to work, notions of leadership, tempo of work, group decision-making(3)conception of cleanliness, attitudes towards dependents, theory of disease, approaches to problem-solving, conception of status mobility, status designations based on age, sex, class,

28、occupation, kinship, etc.(4)nature of friendship, ordering of time, concept of “self”, preference for competition or cooperation, body language, notions about logic and validity, patterns of handling emotions客觀、主觀文化 1) fine arts, literature, drama, classical music, popular music, folk dancing, games

29、, cooking, dress 2) eye behavior, contextual conversation patterns, social interaction rite, facial expressions第34頁，共267頁。2012-2-1635Cultural Iceberg1）美術、文學、戲劇、古典音樂、流行隱喻、民間舞蹈、飲食、服飾2）目光、語境談話方式、社交頻率、面部表情1）謙虛觀念、美的概念、子女撫養(yǎng)標準、與動物的關系2）上下級關系模式、罪惡的定義、求愛方式、工作的積極性、友誼的性質、 對領導的看法、工作節(jié)奏、集體決策3）整潔的概念、對依賴的態(tài)度、疾病理論、解決問

30、題方法、地位變化看法、 因年齡（性別、階級、職業(yè)、親屬關系等）社會地位的稱謂4）朋友的意義、時間觀念、對“個人”的看法、對競爭和合作的偏愛、 肢體語言、對邏輯和信度的概念、控制情感的模式第35頁，共267頁。2012-2-1636 6. Characteristics of CultureCulture is shared. 2) Culture is learned. 3) Culture is based on symbols. 符號4) Culture is integrated.集成 5) Culture is subjective to change. 6) Culture is e

31、thnocentric種族優(yōu)越感 .7) Culture is adaptive自適應 .第36頁，共267頁。2012-2-16371) Culture is shared. The members of a culture share a set of ideals, values, and standards of behaviors, and this set of ideals is what gives meaning to their lives, and what bonds them together as a culture. 第37頁，共267頁。2012-2-1638

32、Actually, culture is not innate（ 先天）sensibility, but a learned characteristic. Children begin learning about their own culture at home with their immediate family and how they interact each other, how they dress, and the rituals（儀式） they perform. When the children are growing in the community（社區(qū)）, t

33、heir cultural education is advanced（先進）by watching social interactions, taking part in cultural activities and rituals in the community, forming their own relationships and taking their place in the culture.2)Culture is learned.第38頁，共267頁。2012-2-1639In order for the culture to be transmitted from on

34、e person to the next, and from one generation to the next, a system of symbols needs to be created that translates the ideals of the culture（文化理想 ） to its members. This is accomplished through language, art, religion and money. 3) Culture is symbolic. 第39頁，共267頁。2012-2-1640For the sake of（為求 ） keepi

35、ng the culture, functioning all aspects of the culture must be integrated. For example, the language must be able to describe all the functions within the culture in order for ideas and ideals to be transmitted from one person to another. Without the integration of language into the fabric （布，品質）of

36、the culture, confusion and dysfunction （功能障礙 ）would reign （統(tǒng)治 ）and the culture would fail.4) Culture is integrated.第40頁，共267頁。2012-2-1641It is necessary to recognize that cultures are dynamic rather than static（靜態(tài)）. They are constantly（經(jīng)常） changing and evolving（演變 ） under the impact of events and th

37、rough contact with other cultures. Cultures change through three most common mechanisms（機制 ）: innovation, diffusion and acculturation (calamity).創(chuàng)新，傳播和涵化（災難）5) Culture is dynamic（動態(tài) ）第41頁，共267頁。2012-2-1642Ethnocentrism is the belief that your own cultural background, including ways of analyzing prob

38、lems, values, beliefs, language, and verbal and nonverbal communication（語言和非語言溝通） , is correct. Ethnocentrists believe their culture is the central culture and other cultures are incorrect, ineffective, or quaint（無效，或古樸 ）.6) Culture is ethnocentric.第42頁，共267頁。2012-2-1643 III. Communication Can you g

39、ive some examples to explain the word communication? What is communication? 第43頁，共267頁。2012-2-16441.Definition of Communication Generally speaking, communication can be defined as a dynamic, symbolic, transactional and contextual process（事務性和上下文的過程 ）in which people create shared meanings or messages

40、. 第44頁，共267頁。2012-2-16452.Eight Ingredients of Communicationbehavioral sourceEncoding（編碼 ）messagechannelresponderDecoding（解碼 ）responseFeedback（反饋 ）第45頁，共267頁。2012-2-1646IV. What is Intercultural Communication?跨文化 第46頁，共267頁。2012-2-16471. Intercultural Communication DefinedIntercultural Communication

41、 means the exchange or communication between people who have different cultural backgrounds. 加開機鍵第47頁，共267頁。2012-2-16482.Model of Intercultural Communication 第48頁，共267頁。2012-2-16493.Comment The more similarities two cultures share, the less influence culture will have on communication. Therefore, th

42、e less messages will be changed during communication.The less the cultures are alike, the greater the influence of culture on communication will be, and the more likely the messages will be changed. Misunderstanding in intercultural communication often arises here. 第49頁，共267頁。2012-2-16504. Model of

43、Intercultural Communication Suppose Culture A : Chinese culture Culture B: Japanese culture Culture C: American culture 第50頁，共267頁。2012-2-1651 If people from Chinese culture go to Japan, due to the similarities between Chinese and Japanese cultures, they can communicate with Japanese people without

44、causing much misunderstanding. Or, people of the Japanese culture could understand most of what they say without their messages being altered too much. However, when Chinese people communicate with American people, problems often occur because Chinese culture and American culture differ from each ot

45、her greatly.第51頁，共267頁。2012-2-16525. Barriers in Intercultural Communication Language differencesNonverbal communicationStereotypesCultural bias on judgmentsHigh level of stress第52頁，共267頁。2012-2-1653V. The Difference between Chinese and Western Cultures第53頁，共267頁。2012-2-16541. The attitudes by forei

46、gners towards Chinese PeopleSaving Face Hardworking Formal第54頁，共267頁。2012-2-1655The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese PeopleInsensitive to time Tending to misunderstand Beating about the bush第55頁，共267頁。2012-2-1656The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese PeopleObey but not Follow Being doubt

47、fulBeing content第56頁，共267頁。2012-2-1657The attitudes by foreigners towards Chinese PeopleNever kissed parents Shanzai everywhere第57頁，共267頁。2012-2-16582. The attitudes by Chinese towards WesternersKiss and hug anytime and anywhere Going Dutch第58頁，共267頁。2012-2-1659The attitudes by Chinese towards Weste

48、rnersBeing punctual Mind your own business Too frank第59頁，共267頁。2012-2-1660 CC: Man is an integral part of nature, comply with the wishes of nature. (天人合一，順天應物) WC: Man is separate from nature, try to conquer the nature. (天人相分，征服自然)Man and Nation第60頁，共267頁。2012-2-1661 CC: Family ethnics first (家族倫理本位

49、) WC: Individuals first （個人本位） Conception of Family第61頁，共267頁。2012-2-1662 CC: Believe in harmony and the Doctrine of the Mean. 貴和尚中。 WC: Trust in the spirit of reasons. 理性精神。 Man and Man第62頁，共267頁。2012-2-1663The way of lifeIndividual vs Group第63頁，共267頁。2012-2-1664The way of making commentsDirect vs

50、Indirect第64頁，共267頁。2012-2-1665 PunctualityOn time vs Late第65頁，共267頁。2012-2-1666Personal RelationshipSimple vs Complex第66頁，共267頁。2012-2-1667Standing in a queue Line vs Fan第67頁，共267頁。2012-2-1668Walking in a street on weekendsA few vs a crowd第68頁，共267頁。2012-2-1669Time for a showerIn the morning vs in t

51、he evening第69頁，共267頁。2012-2-1670Daily life of old peopleWith a dog vs with a child第70頁，共267頁。2012-2-1671Voice of talking in publicLow vs high第71頁，共267頁。2012-2-1672Idea of oneselfIndividual-centered vs group-centered第72頁，共267頁。2012-2-1673LeadershipEqual vs power第73頁，共267頁。2012-2-1674 Western: small,

52、intimate family, retirement home, the old are separated, children leave early; being independent and look after themselves. Parents never interfere with their children affairs when they are old enough. Family第74頁，共267頁。2012-2-1675Old separated Young independent第75頁，共267頁。2012-2-1676Washington left h

53、is office and remained on his farm till his death, refusing to go back frequently to White House for advice. The county needs the civil officers rather than the military officer when it is in peace.Washington and his Country第76頁，共267頁。2012-2-1677 Eastern: extended (relatives included), aged stay wit

54、h family, the old are respected, children stay until married; children can never be completely independent and are children with their parents around. 第77頁，共267頁。2012-2-1678A photo of a farm familyA photo of Ba Jins Family第78頁，共267頁。2012-2-1679 western: performance oriented, little rote memory, abil

55、ity to solve problems; practical competence of running a business is more important. Education第79頁，共267頁。2012-2-1680Eastern: experience oriented, much memorization, the more experienced you are, the more popular you will be; you will be regarded well-educated if you can recite some ancient poems.第80

56、頁，共267頁。2012-2-1681In 1979, one Chinese educational delegation went to the United States and one US educational delegation came to China and both of them made a report after their visits.Two Educational Reports第81頁，共267頁。2012-2-1682 The Chinese report said The American students were much self-confid

57、ent and independent. Their teachers encouraged them to do so instead of correcting them. The pupils knew limited vocabulary and solved mathematics problems with their fingers, but they all had a strong desire for great inventions. In class, students were free to walk from seat to seat, talking witho

58、ut being controlled.第82頁，共267頁。2012-2-1683The US students in class第83頁，共267頁。2012-2-1684 The American report saidThe students sat on seats with their hands on the back. The teachers just talked and talked for several periods having no time for water. The students had much assignment called homework.

59、 Those who had the highest score would be prized as “Three Good Students” with certificates.第84頁，共267頁。2012-2-1685The Chinese students in class第85頁，共267頁。2012-2-1686Western:, time oriented relationships (work, free time), make an appointment before you go to see anyone, no appointment, no business.

60、Law superior to friendship and kinsfolk.Attitudes and Ideas Eastern: person oriented relationships (hospitality), friendship is everything, superior to law第86頁，共267頁。2012-2-1687Colors No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as reprinting the same social reality. The worlds in