auxiliary-助動(dòng)詞

1、Auxiliary and Modal Verbs助動(dòng)詞auxiliary助動(dòng)詞包括以下幾種：behavedoWill, shall, would, shouldCompany Logo1.助動(dòng)詞be的用法(1)與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)He is singing.They were having a meeting at ten yesterday morning.(2)與過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)This kind of car is made in Beijing.Were the kids taken good care of?Company Logo(3)“be +不定式”表示未來(lái)的計(jì)劃或安排

2、，還可表示命令或約定。The train is to leave at ten.You are to explain this.Company Logo2.助動(dòng)詞have 的基本用法(1)與過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)I have finished my homework.The train had left before he got to the station.(2)與“been + 現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)It has been raining the whole morning.Company Logo(3)與“been +過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成完成時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)The story has bee

3、n told in China for many years.Company Logo3.助動(dòng)詞do 的基本用法(1)在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)中構(gòu)成疑問(wèn)式及其回答。Do you usually go to school on foot? Yes, I do.What did he do yesterday ?(2)在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和一般過(guò)去時(shí)中構(gòu)成否定。He doesnt like playing football.They didnt come here this morning.Company Logo(3)在肯定句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。Do come here tomorrow.Do be

4、quiet! 請(qǐng)安靜！(4)在so, neither, nor開(kāi)頭的句子中構(gòu)成倒裝句。He didnt go to the party. Neither did I.She likes pop music. So do I .Company Logo4.助動(dòng)詞shall (should) 和will (would) 的基本用法(1)will 和shall 作為助動(dòng)詞可以和動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。I shall go home .Will they have anything to do this evening?Company Logo(2)should 和would分別是shall和wil

5、l 的過(guò)去式，通常用來(lái)構(gòu)成過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)。I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do the next day.She said she would come .Company Logo幾乎所有的助動(dòng)詞都可用于反意疑問(wèn)句的附加問(wèn)句中。You often write to her, dont you?He is reading a book, isnt he?They have been to Hainan, havent they?Lets go home，shall we?Company LogoExercise 確定下列句子中劃線(xiàn)部分是

6、不是助動(dòng)詞：1. I had a boring afternoon yesterday.2. I had my watch stolen last night.3. He said he would return, and he did return.4. Its odd that you should mention that.5. Shall I open the window?6. She was criticised by the teacher.7. He will do anything for money.Company Logo情態(tài)動(dòng)詞Modal auxiliary情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有四

7、類(lèi)：只做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：must, can(could), may(might), 可做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞又可做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞：need, dare可做情態(tài)動(dòng)詞又可做助動(dòng)詞：shall(should), will(would)具有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞特征：have(had) to, used to, ought toCompany Logo情態(tài)動(dòng)詞無(wú)人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化, 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面跟的動(dòng)詞需用原形,否定式構(gòu)成是在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加 “not”。 He could be here soon. We cant carry the heavy box. 個(gè)別情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有現(xiàn)在式和過(guò)去式兩種形式, 過(guò)去式用來(lái)表達(dá)更加客氣, 委婉的語(yǔ)氣, 時(shí)態(tài)性

8、不強(qiáng), 可用于過(guò)去，現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)。 Company Logocan和could的用法 1. 表示能力或客觀(guān)可能性，還可以表示請(qǐng)求和允許。如： Can you finish this work tonight? Man cannot live without air. Can I go now? Yes, you can. 注意：could也可表示請(qǐng)求，語(yǔ)氣委婉，主要用于疑問(wèn)句，不可用于肯定句，Could I come to see you tomorrow? Company Logo答語(yǔ)應(yīng)用can 如：Yes, you can. （否定答語(yǔ)可用No, Im afraid not.）can表示能力

9、時(shí)，還可用be able to代替。如： Ill not be able to come this afternoon.Company Logo2. 表示驚異、懷疑、不相信的態(tài)度。（主要用在否定句、疑問(wèn)句或驚嘆句中） Can this be true? How can you be so careless! 3. “can(could) + have + 過(guò)去分詞”的疑問(wèn)或否定形式表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為懷疑或不肯定。如： He cannot have been to that town. Company Logomay和might的用法 1. 表示許可。 表示請(qǐng)求、允許時(shí)，might比may的語(yǔ)

10、氣更委婉一些，否定回答時(shí)要用Im afraid not表示委婉謝絕。如： You may drive the car. Might I use your pen? No, Im afraid not. 2. 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。如： May you succeed! Company Logo3. 表示推測(cè)、可能（疑問(wèn)句不能用于此意）。 He may be very busy now. 4. “may(might) + have + 過(guò)去分詞”表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為的推測(cè)。如： He may not have finished the work. Company Logomust和have to

11、的用法 1. 表示必須、必要。（must表示主觀(guān)多一些而have to則表示客觀(guān)多一些）如： You must come in time. 回答must引出的問(wèn)句時(shí)，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustnt，而要用neednt或dont have to。 Must we hand in our exercise books today? Yes, you must. (No, you dont have to.) Company Logo2. “must be + 表語(yǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示推測(cè)，它的否定或疑問(wèn)式用can代替must。 This must be your pen. 3. “must + ha

12、ve + 過(guò)去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)常用在肯定句中，表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生的行為的推測(cè)。它的否定或疑問(wèn)式用can代替must。 He must have been to Shanghai. Company Logo4. have to的含義與must相似，兩者往往可以互換使用，但have to有各種形式，隨have的變化而定。must與have to有下列幾點(diǎn)不同： must表示的是說(shuō)話(huà)人的主觀(guān)看法，而have to則往往強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀(guān)需要。如： The play is not interesting. I really must go now. I had to work when I was your age.

13、Company Logo must一般只表現(xiàn)在，have則有更多的時(shí)態(tài)形式。 二者的否定意義不大相同。如： You mustnt go. 你可不要去。 You dont have to go. 你不必去。 詢(xún)問(wèn)對(duì)方的意愿時(shí)應(yīng)用must。如： Must I clean all the room? Company Logodare和need的用法 1. need表示“需要”或“必須”，作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，僅用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中，在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to,或should代替。 You neednt come so early. Need I finish the wo

14、rk today? Yes, you must. 注意：neednt + 完成式“表示本來(lái)不必做某事而實(shí)際上做了某事”。如： You neednt have waited for me. Company Logo2. Dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，主要用于疑問(wèn)句、否定句和條件從句中，一般不用在肯定句中。如： How dare you say Im unfair. He darent speak English before such a crowd, dare he? 3. Dare和need常用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化，作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)，dare后面通常接帶to的不定式如： I dare to

15、 swim across this river. He does not dare to answer. Company Logoshall和should的用法 1. Shall用于第一、第三人稱(chēng)疑問(wèn)句中，表示說(shuō)話(huà)人征求對(duì)方的意見(jiàn)或向?qū)Ψ秸?qǐng)示。如： Shall we begin our lesson? When shall he be able to leave the hospital? Company Logo2. Shall用于第二、第三人稱(chēng)，表示說(shuō)話(huà)人給對(duì)方命令、警告、允諾或威脅。如： You shall fail if you dont work harder. （警告） He sh

16、all have the book when I finish reading. （允諾） He shall be punished. （威脅） Company Logo3. Should表示勸告、建議、命令，其同義詞是ought to；在疑問(wèn)句中，通常用should代替ought to。如： You should go to class right away.Should I open the window? Company LogoShould的三種特殊用法 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should用于第一人稱(chēng)時(shí)可以表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的一種謙遜、客氣、委婉的語(yǔ)氣。 I should think it would be

17、 better to try it again. I should advise you not to do that. Company LogoShould還可以用在if引導(dǎo)的條件從句，表示一件事聽(tīng)起來(lái)可能性很小，但也不是完全沒(méi)有可能。相當(dāng)于“萬(wàn)一”的意思。從句謂語(yǔ)由should加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，主句謂語(yǔ)卻不一定用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如： Ask her to ring me up if you should see her. If you should change your mind, please let us know. Company LogoWhy(or How) + should結(jié)構(gòu)表示說(shuō)

18、話(huà)人對(duì)某事不能理解，感到意外、驚異等意思。意為“竟會(huì)”。如： Why should you be so late today? Where is Betty living? How should I know? Company Logo4. “should + have + 過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)一般表示義務(wù)，表示應(yīng)該做到而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有做到，并包含一種埋怨、責(zé)備的口氣。如： She should have finished it. I should have helped her, but I never could. You should have started earlier. Company L

19、ogowill和would的用法 1. 表示請(qǐng)求、建議等，would比will委婉客氣。如： Would you pass me the book? 2. 表示意志、愿望和決心。如： I will never do that again. They asked if we would do that again. Company Logo3. 用“will be”和“will(would) + have + 過(guò)去分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示推測(cè)，主要用于第二、三人稱(chēng)。前者表示對(duì)目前情況的推測(cè)，后者表示對(duì)已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或事態(tài)的推測(cè)。如： This will be the book you want.The

20、guests would have arrived by that time. Company Logo4. Would可表示過(guò)去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或某種傾向。Would表過(guò)去習(xí)慣時(shí)比used to正式，并沒(méi)有“現(xiàn)已無(wú)此習(xí)慣”的含義。The wound would not heal. During the vacation he would visit me every week. Company Logoought to的用法 1. Ought to表示應(yīng)該。如： You ought to take care of him. 2. 表示推測(cè)。注意與must表示推測(cè)時(shí)的區(qū)別： He must be at home by now. （斷定他已到家） He ought to be home by now. （不十分肯定） Company Logo3. “ought to + have + 過(guò)去分詞”表示過(guò)去應(yīng)做某事而實(shí)際未做。如： You ought to have asked him (but you didnt). 這時(shí)，ought to和should可以互相換用。 注