國際經(jīng)濟學(xué)-選擇題集含答案

1、ContentsChapter 3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian Model 2Chapter 4 Specific Factors and Income Distribution 13Chapter 5 Resources and Trade: The Heckscher-Ohlin Model 22Chapter 6 The Standard Trade Model 31Chapter 7 Economies of Scale, imperfect Competition, and Internati

2、onal Trade 41Chapter 8 International Factor Movements 50Chapter 9 The Instruments of Trade Policy 60Chapter 3: Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage - The Ricardian ModelMultiple Choice QuestionsCountries trade with each other because they are _ and because of _.A.different, costsB.similar, s

3、cale economiesC. different, scale economiesD.similar, costsNone of the above.Trade between two countries can benefit both countries ifeach country exports that good in which it has a comparative advantage. each country enjoys superior terms of trade.each country has a more elastic demand for the imp

4、orted goods.each country has a more elastic supply for the supplied goods.Both C and D.The Ricardian theory of comparative advantage states that a country has a comparative advantage in widgets ifoutput per worker of widgets is higher in that country.that countrys exchange rate is low.wage rates in

5、that country are high.the output per worker of widgets as compared to the output of some other product is higher in that country.Both B and C.In order to know whether a country has a comparative advantage in the production of one particular product we need information on at least _unit labor require

6、mentsonetwothreefourfiveA country engaging in trade according to the principles of comparative advantage gains from trade because itis producing exports indirectly more efficiently than it could alternatively.is producing imports indirectly more efficiently than it could domestically. is producing e

7、xports using fewer labor units.is producing imports indirectly using fewer labor units.None of the above.Given the following information: Unit Labor Requirements Cloth Widgets Home 10 20 Foreign 60 30Neither country has a comparative advantage.Home has a comparative advantage in cloth.Foreign has a

8、comparative advantage in cloth.Home has a comparative advantage in widgets.Home has a comparative advantage in both products.If it is ascertained that Foreign uses prison-slave labor to produce its exports, then home should export cloth.export widgets.export both and import nothing.export and import

9、 nothing.All of the above.If the Home economy suffered a meltdown, and the Unit Labor Requirements in each of the products quadrupled (that is, doubled to 30 for cloth and 60 for widgets) then home shouldexport cloth.export widgets.export both and import nothing.export and import nothing.All of the

10、above.If wages were to double in Home, then Home should:export cloth.export widgets.export both and import nothing.export and import nothing.All of the above.If the world equilibrium price of widgets were 4 Cloths, thenboth countries could benefit from trade with each other. neither country could be

11、nefit from trade with each other.each country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative advantage.neither country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative advantage.both countries will want to specialize in cloth.Given the following information: Number of Units P

12、roduced by one Unit of Labor Cloth WidgetsHome 10 20Foreign 60 30Neither country has a comparative advantage.Home has a comparative advantage in cloth. Foreign has a comparative advantage in cloth. Foreign has a comparative advantage in widgets.Home has a comparative advantage in both products.The o

13、pportunity cost of cloth in terms of widgets in Foreign is if it is ascertained that Foreign uses prison-slave labor to produce its exports, then home shouldexport cloth.export widgets.export both and import nothing.export and import nothing.All of the above.If wages were to double in Home ,then Hom

14、e shouldexport cloth.export widgets.export both and import nothing.export and import nothing.All of the above.If the world equilibrium price of widgets were 4 Cloths, thenboth countries could benefit from trade with each other. neither country could benefit from trade with each other.each country wi

15、ll want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative advantage.neither country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative advantage.both countries will want to specialize in cloth.If the world equilibrium price of widgets were 40 cloths, thenboth countries could benefit from tr

16、ade with each other. neither country could benefit from trade with each other.each country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative advantage.neither country will want to export the good in which it enjoys comparative advantage.both countries will want to specialize in cloth. In a

17、 two product two country world, international trade can lead to increases inconsumer welfare only if output of both products is increased.output of both products and consumer welfare in both countries.total production of both products but not consumer welfare in both countriesconsumer welfare in bot

18、h countries but not total production of both products.None of the above.As a result of trade, specialization in the Ricardian model tends to becomplete with constant costs and with increasing plete with constant costs and incomplete with increasing costs.incomplete with constant costs and complete w

19、ith increasing costs.incomplete with constant costs and incomplete with increasing costs.None of the above.A nation engaging in trade according to the Ricardian model will find its consumption bundleinside its production possibilities frontier.on its production possibilities frontier.outside its pro

20、duction possibilities frontier.inside its trade-partners production possibilities frontier.on its trade-partners production possibilities frontier.In the Ricardian model, if a countrys trade is restricted, this will cause all except which?Limit specialization and the division of labor.Reduce the vol

21、ume of trade and the gains from tradeCause nations to produce inside their production possibilities curvesMay result in a country producing some of the product of its comparative disadvantageNone of the above.If a very small country trades with a very large country according to the Ricardian model,

22、thenthe small country will suffer a decrease in economic welfare.the large country will suffer a decrease in economic welfare.the small country will enjoy gains from trade.the large country will enjoy gains from trade.None of the above.If the world terms of trade for a country are somewhere between

23、the domestic cost ratio of H and that of F, thencountry H but not country F will gain from trade.country H and country F will both gain from trade.neither country H nor F will gain from trade.only the country whose government subsidizes its exports will gain.None of the above.If the world terms of t

24、rade equal those of country F, thencountry H but not country F will gain from trade.country H and country F will both gain from trade.neither country H nor F will gain from trade.only the country whose government subsidizes its exports will gain.None of the above. If the world terms of trade equal t

25、hose of country ,F thencountry H but not country F will gain from trade. country H and country F will both gain from trade. neither country H nor F will gain from trade.only the country whose government subsidizes its exports will gain.None of the above.If a production possibilities frontier is bowe

26、d out (concave to the origin), then production occurs under conditions ofconstant opportunity costs.increasing opportunity costs.decreasing opportunity costs.infinite opportunity costs.None of the above.If two countries have identical production possibility frontiers, then trade between them is not

27、likely iftheir supply curves are identical.their cost functions are identical.their demand conditions identical.their incomes are identical.None of the above.If two countries have identical production possibility frontiers, then trade between them is not likely iftheir supply curves are identical.th

28、eir cost functions are identical.their demand functions differ.their incomes are identical.None of the above.The earliest statement of the principle of comparative advantage is associated withDavid Hume.David Ricardo.Adam Smith.Eli Heckscher.Bertil Ohlin. If one countrys wage level is very high rela

29、tive to the others (the relative wage exceeding the relative productivity ratios), then if they both use the same currencyneither country has a comparative advantage.only the low wage country has a comparative advantage.only the high wage country has a comparative advantage.consumers will still find

30、 trade worth while from their perspective.E.None of the above.If one countrys wage level is very high relative to the others (the relative wage exceeding the relative productivity ratios), thenit is not possible that producers in each will find export markets profitable.it is not possible that consu

31、mers in both countries will enhance their respective welfares through imports.it is not possible that both countries will find gains from trade.it is possible that both will enjoy the conventional gains from trade.None of the above.The Ricardian model is based on all of the following exceptonly two

32、nations and two products.B.no diminishing returns.labor is the only factor of duct quality varies among nations.None of the above. Ricardos original theory of comparative advantage seemed of limited real-world value because it was founded on thelabor theory of value.B.capital theory of

33、 value.C.land theory of value.D.entrepreneur theory of value.None of the above.According to Ricardo, a country will have a comparative advantage in the product in which itslabor productivity is relatively low.labor productivity is relatively high.labor mobility is relatively low.labor mobility is re

34、latively high.None of the above.In a two-country, two-product world, the statement Germany enjoys a comparative advantage over France in autos relative to ships is equivalent toFrance having a comparative advantage over Germany in ships.France having a comparative disadvantage compared to Germany in

35、 autos and ships.Germany having a comparative advantage over France in autos and ships.France having no comparative advantage over Germany.None of the above.Assume that labor is the only factor of production and that wages in the United States equal $20 per hour while wages in Japan are $10 per hour

36、. Production costs would be lower in the United States as compared to Japan ifU.S. labor productivity equaled 40 units per hour and Japans 15 units per hour. U.S. productivity equaled 30 units per hour whereas Japans was 20.U.S. labor productivity equaled 20 and Japans 30.U.S. labor productivity equ

37、aled 15 and Japans 25 units per hour.None of the above.If the United States production possibility frontier was flatter to the widget axis, whereas Germanys was flatter to the butter axis, we know thatthe United States has no comparative advantageGermany has a comparative advantage in butter.the U.S

38、. has a comparative advantage in butter.Not enough information is given.None of the above.Suppose the United States production possibility frontier was flatter to the widget axis, whereas Germanys was flatter to the butter axis. We now learn that the German mark is sharply depreciated against the U.

39、S. dollar. We now know thatthe United States has no comparative advantageGermany has a comparative advantage in butter.the United States has a comparative advantage in butter.Not enough information is given.None of the above.Suppose the United States production possibility frontier was flatter to th

40、e widget axis, whereas Germanys was flatter to the butter axis. We now learn that the German wage doubles, but U.S. wages do not change at all. We now know thatthe United States has no comparative advantage.Germany has a comparative advantage in butter.the United States has a comparative advantage i

41、n butter.Not enough information is given.None of the above.Essay QuestionsMany countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have very low labor productivities in many sectors, in manufacturing and agriculture. They often despair of even trying to attempt to build their industries unless it is done in an autarkic

42、 context, behind protectionist walls because they do not believe they can compete with more productive industries abroad. Discuss this issue in the context of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage.In 1975, wage levels in South Korea were roughly 5% of those in the United States. It is obvious

43、 that if the United States had allowed Korean goods to be freely imported into the United States at that time, this would have caused devastation to the standard of living in the United States.,because no producer in this country could possibly compete with such low wages. Discuss this assertion in

44、the context of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage.The evidence cited in the chapter using the examples of the East Asia New Industrializing Countries suggests that as international productivities converge, so do international wage levels. Why do you suppose this happened for the East Asian

45、 NICs? In light of your answer, what do you think is likely to happen to the relative wages (relative to those in the United States) of China in the coming decade? Explain your reasoning.When we examine the 2 Good 2 Country version of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, we note that compar

46、ative advantage is totally determined by physical productivity ratios. Changes in wage rates in either country cannot affect these physically determined comparative advantages, and hence cannot affect, which product will be exported by which country. However, when more than 2 goods are added to the

47、model (still with 2 countries), changes in wage rates in one or the other country can in fact determine which good or goods each of the countries will export. How can you explain this anomaly?An examination of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage yields the clear result that trade is (potent

48、ially) beneficial for each of the two trading partners since it allows for an expanded consumption choice for each. However, for the world as a whole the expansion of production of one product must involve a decrease in the availability of the other, so that it is not clear that trade is better for

49、the world as a whole as compared to an initial situation of non-trade (but efficient production in each country). Are there in fact gains from trade for the world as a whole? Explain.Quantitative/Graphing Problems1.Given the following information: Unit Labor Requirements Cloth WidgetsHome 100 200For

50、eign 60 30What is the opportunity cost of Cloth in terms of Widgets in Foreign?2.Given the following information: Unit Labor Requirements Cloth WidgetsHome 100 200Foreign 60 30If these two countries trade these two goods in the context of the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, then what is th

51、e lower limit of the world equilibrium price of widgets?3.Given the following information: Unit Labor Requirements Cloth WidgetsHome 100 200Foreign 60 30If these two countries trade these two goods with each other in according to the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, what is the lower limit

52、for the price of cloth?4.Given the following information: Units Produced by One Worker/Hour Cloth WidgetsHome 100 200Foreign 60 30What is the opportunity cost of cloth in terms of Wwdgets in Foreign?5.Given the following information: Units Produced by One Worker/Hour Cloth WidgetsHome 100 200Foreign

53、 60 30If these two countries trade these two goods with each other in the following the Ricardian model of comparative advantage, then what is the lower limit for the world equilibrium price of cloth?1. Home has 1200 units of labor available. It can produce two goods, apples and bananas. The unit la

54、bor requirement in apple production is 3, while in banana production it is 2.a. Graph Homes production possibility frontier.b. What is the opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas?c. In the absence of trade, what would the price of apples in terms of bananas be? Why?2. Home is as described in

55、problem 1. There is now also another country, Foreign, with a labor force of 800. Foreigns unit labor requirement in apple production is 5, while in banana production it is 1.a. Graph Foreigns production possibility frontier.b. Construct the world relative supply curve.3. Now suppose world relative

56、demand takes the following form: Demand for apples / demand for bananas = price of bananas / price of applesa. Graph the relative demand curve along with the relative supply curve.b. What is the equilibrium relative price of apples?c. Describe the pattern of trade.d. Show that both Home and Foreign

57、gain from trade.4. Suppose that instead of 1200 workers, Home had 2400. Find the equilibrium relative price. What can you say about the efficiency of world production and the division of the gains from trade between Home and Foreign in this case? 5. Suppose that Home has 2400 workers, but they are o

58、nly half as productive in both industries as we have been assuming. Construct the world relative supply curve and determine the equilibrium relative price. How do the gains from trade compare with those in the case described in problem 4?6. “ Korean workers earn only $2.50 an hour; if we allow Korea

59、 to export as much as it likes to the United States, our workers will be forced down to the same level. You cant import a $5 shirt without importing the $2.50 wage that goes with it.” Discuss.7. 請對下列觀點加以評價：（1）只有當(dāng)一個國家的生產(chǎn)率達(dá)到足以在國際競爭中立足的水平時，它才能從自由貿(mào)易中獲益；（2）如果來自外國的競爭是建立在低工資的基礎(chǔ)上，那么這種競爭是不公平的，而且會損害其他參與競爭的國家；

60、（3）如果一個國家的工人比其他國家工人的工資低，那么貿(mào)易就會使這個國家受到剝削并使福利惡化。用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的李嘉圖假設(shè)，分析如下模型： 表1 單位產(chǎn)品勞動投入奶酪葡萄酒本國aLC = 10小時/磅aLW = 15小時/加侖外國aLC * = 4小時/磅aLW * = 10小時/加侖假設(shè)本國共擁有3000萬工時的勞動量，而外國共有2000萬工時的勞動量。哪個國家在葡萄酒的生產(chǎn)上具有絕對優(yōu)勢？哪個國家在奶酪的生產(chǎn)上具有絕對優(yōu)勢？哪個國家在葡萄酒的生產(chǎn)上具有比較優(yōu)勢？哪個國家在奶酪的生產(chǎn)上具有比較優(yōu)勢？在開放貿(mào)易后，兩個國家各出口何種商品？如果均衡國際價格比率是每磅奶酪 1/2 瓶葡萄酒，各國的生產(chǎn)會發(fā)生什