國際商務(wù)管理知識合同分析報告

1、 . . 29/29國際商務(wù)管理知識合同分析 日期：Unit 12Restructuring the Sentence強調(diào)句規(guī)Topical Highlights單元要點Theme Presentation主題描述1.Readjustment of Elements句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)化2.Translation 0f Passive Voice被動語態(tài)的翻譯3.Translation of Subordinate Clauses 從句的翻譯Useful Words and Phrases常用詞語Reflections and Practice思考與實踐BACKTheme Presentation主題

2、描述英漢兩種語言，在句法結(jié)構(gòu)、表達方式等方面存在著很大的差異。為了獲得準確、嚴謹、規(guī)的譯文，譯者不能把自己局限在原文的語言形式中。過于遷就原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和詞序排列，會導(dǎo)致譯文層次不明，羅嗦累贅。出于英漢兩種語言表達的需要，譯者必須跳出原文的框框，對原文的句子成分、結(jié)構(gòu)形式進行必要的調(diào)整，力求達到譯文組句的規(guī)性.1. Readjustment of Elements句子成分的轉(zhuǎn)化由于英語和漢語兩種語言的句子結(jié)構(gòu)和表達方式不同，翻譯時，為了使譯文通順、規(guī)，有必要將英語的某一成分轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的另一成分或?qū)h語的某一成分轉(zhuǎn)換為英語的另一成分。這是翻譯合同文件常用的方法?，F(xiàn)將句子成分轉(zhuǎn)化的情況分述如下：1

3、) Adjusting the Subject主語的轉(zhuǎn)換(1)主語轉(zhuǎn)換為謂語的情況：主語轉(zhuǎn)換為謂語，往往是原文的主語為動作性的名詞，且采用被動語態(tài)。譯成漢語時，需將英語的被動語態(tài)調(diào)整為漢語的主動語態(tài)，進行轉(zhuǎn)換翻譯。例如：Delivery must be effected within the time stated on the purchase order, otherwise the Buyer may at its option cancel the order without cost to him, and charge the Seller for any loss incurre

4、d as a result of the latters failure to make such delivery賣方必須在購貨訂單規(guī)定的時間交貨，否則，買方可取消訂貨，而不承擔(dān)任何損失，并要求賣方賠償由不交貨所造成的一切損失。原文的名詞delivery作主語，轉(zhuǎn)換為譯文的動詞“交貨”作謂語，同時在主語的位置加譯了“賣方”二字。Payment shall be made by net cash against sight draft with Bill of Lading attached showing the shipment of the goods. Such payment sha

5、ll be made through the Bank of China, Yantai Branch. The Bill Of Lading shall not be delivered to the Buyer until such draft is paid憑即期匯票和所附表明貨物發(fā)運的提單通過中國銀行分行以現(xiàn)金支付。匯票未付之前，提單不交給買方。原句中的payment作主語，可譯為漢語的一個動詞。Partial shipments shall be permitted upon presentation of a clean set Of shipping document可以允許分批

6、發(fā)貨，但須提出一套明確的裝運單據(jù)。原文中的主語shipment轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的動詞，原文中修飾主語的partial轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語。(2)主語轉(zhuǎn)換為賓語的情況：主語轉(zhuǎn)換為賓語，原文的主語往往為普通名詞，且常為被動語態(tài)。譯成漢語時，將英語的被動語態(tài)改譯為漢語的主動語態(tài)，主語轉(zhuǎn)換為賓語。例如：Should all or part of the Contract and its appendices be unable to be fulfilled owing to the fault of one party, the breaching party shall bear the responsibili

7、ties thus caused. 由于一方過失，致使不能履行或不能完全履行本合同與附件時，由過失方承擔(dān)違約責(zé)任。lf any terms and conditions of this Contract are breached and the breach is not corrected by the breaching party within 30 days after a written notice thereof is given by the other party, then the no breaching party shall have the option to te

8、rminate this Contract by giving written notice thereof to the breaching party如果一方違反本合同的任何條款，并且在接到另一方的書面通知后30日不予以補救，未違約方有權(quán)選擇向違約方書面通知終止本合同。Progress review meeting will be held al the Sellers plant with the buyers representatives as necessary during the manufacturing of the Equipment. At such meeting,

9、the Seller shall report progress and indicate completion status against schedule在設(shè)備制造期間，如有必要，將邀請買方代表參加在賣方工廠舉行的進展評定會，會上由賣方報告進展情況與按計劃完成的情況。(3)主語轉(zhuǎn)化為定語的情況：如果主語和賓語之間的關(guān)系密切，或賓語本身就是主語的一部分，譯成漢語時，為使譯文符合漢語的表達習(xí)慣，往往把原文的主語轉(zhuǎn)換為定語。例如：Each Party is liable to the Joint Venture Company only up to the limit Of the capit

10、al subscribed by it各方對合營公司的責(zé)任以各自認繳的出資額為限。The Guarantee Period shall start from the exact date on which the Purchaser receives notification in writing from the Vendor that Plant is ready for dispatch from the Works擔(dān)保期限的具體日期自買方收到賣方發(fā)出的、并告知已隨時可從工廠發(fā)運的書面通知起開始計算。The licensee shall keep books and records in

11、 sufficient detail to enable the royalties payable hereunder to be determined， and shall further permit such books and records to be examined by a certified public accountant appointed by the licensor al any reasonable time during the business hours to the extent necessary to verify the royalty repo

12、rts and payments herein被許可方應(yīng)當詳細記賬和作記錄，以使其成為決定以下提成費時的依據(jù)。為驗明提成報告和所支付的提成費，被許可方還應(yīng)準許許可方指定的注冊公共會計師在營業(yè)時間的任何適當?shù)臅r候檢查賬簿和記錄。2) Adjusting the Object賓語的轉(zhuǎn)換(1)賓語轉(zhuǎn)換為主語的情況：合同英語句中的某些動詞賓語，在邏輯上是應(yīng)說明的主體，為使其突出和醒目，翻譯時一般將其轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的主語(我們在論述主語轉(zhuǎn)換為定語時，實際上已涉與到把賓語轉(zhuǎn)換為主語的情況)。例如：Licensee shall keep true and accurate records， files and

13、book of account containing all of the data reasonably required for the full computation and verification 0f the amount to be paid here under and the information to be given in the statements herein provided for被許可方的記錄，檔案以與會計帳簿必須保持真實、準確。其中會計賬簿容包括：為計算和稽核本協(xié)議圍所付款項所必需的全部合理數(shù)據(jù)，以與為所規(guī)定的財務(wù)報表提供所需的材料。The Seller

14、 shall deliver the Equipment and Materials in accordance with the Contract from the 19 (nineteenth) month f0 the 27(twenty-seventh) month from the date of signing the Contract in 5 (five) lots依據(jù)合同，賣方的設(shè)備和材料應(yīng)當自合同簽訂之日起第19個至第27個月分五批交付。Party A shall send twice its technical personnel lo Party Bs factory

15、for training， and the total number of the participants shall not exceed 320(excluding the interpreter)。甲方的技術(shù)人員將分兩批赴乙方工廠接受培訓(xùn)，參加培訓(xùn)人員的總數(shù)不超過320人(翻譯人員除外)。(2)賓語轉(zhuǎn)換為謂語的情況：如果原文的謂語動詞不宜處理成漢語的謂語，而原文中的賓語又是含有動作意義的名詞，那么在漢譯時可以將原文中的賓語轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的謂語，或與原文動詞一起合譯為漢語的謂語。例如：The Contractor shall perform the inspection and examin

16、ation of all equipment， machinery and materials including spare parts required for the construction of the plant承包人應(yīng)進行檢驗：并稽查建設(shè)工廠所需的一切設(shè)備、機械和材料，其中包括各種備用零部件。The Licensor will， at its own cost， take such actions to eliminate infringement of the Licensed Patents as may be reasonably necessary and proper

17、in its own opinion許可方應(yīng)在其認為有必要的時候，以適當?shù)姆绞?，自費采取行動，消除對特許產(chǎn)品的侵權(quán)。The Seller shall make delivery of the goods strictly within the period stipulated herein。 In the event of delay in delivery, the Buyer may cancel the Contract and claim damages for breach of the Contract賣方應(yīng)當嚴格按規(guī)定的期限交貨，若遲交，買方有權(quán)撤銷本合同，并向賣方提出由此所造

18、成的損失賠償。3) Adjusting the Predicative表語的轉(zhuǎn)換(1)表語轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的主語：在英語中，當用名詞作表語時，主語和表語所表達的容往往是一致的。在譯成漢語時，為使上下文連貫，或突出表語所述的容，可將原句中的表語轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的主語。例如：Agent oriented toward a single geographic market searching for products to import and market in the home Country is an import agent.進口代理商是面向某一個地區(qū)市場，尋找能進口到本國銷售的產(chǎn)品的代理人。The

19、date of registration of the Joint Venture Company shall be the date of the establishment of the board of directors of the Joint Venture Company合資公司董事會成立日期，以合資公司注冊登記之日為準。This is the final arbitration award and binding on both Contracting Parties這一仲裁裁決是終局性的，對雙方均有約束力。(2)表語轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的謂語：當用介詞短語作表語時，一般都應(yīng)選擇一個適當

20、的漢語動詞作謂語，這樣有利于處理譯文。In the course of arbitration, the Contract shall be continuously executed by both parties except the part of the Contract which is under arbitration在仲裁過程中，除了正在仲裁的部分條款外，合同的其他條款應(yīng)繼續(xù)執(zhí)行。WHEREAS Party B is in the real estate business, and the two Parties are in consideration of the mutu

21、al conveyances and agree to enter into this Contract under the terms and conditions set forth as follows：鑒于乙方經(jīng)營房地產(chǎn)業(yè)務(wù)，雙方考慮相互的慣例，同意按下列條款簽訂本合同：The Buyer is of the opinion that if the result of packing in cartons turns out to the satisfaction of the buyers clients. the Seller may continue using this pac

22、king in the future買方認為，如果紙板箱包裝的效果使買方用戶滿意，則賣方在今后的業(yè)務(wù)中可繼續(xù)使用這種包裝。4) Adjusting the Attributive定語的轉(zhuǎn)換(1)定語轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的謂語：在漢語里，形容詞是可以作謂語的。因此，當英語的形容詞作前置定語時，很難將其譯成通順的漢語。此時，如果把定語轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的謂語，使之和所修飾的名詞一起構(gòu)成漢語的主謂詞組，則可以使譯文流暢規(guī)。例如：The sample of the machine submitted by the Seller is featured by novel shape, easy operation, hi

23、gh calorific efficiency and low fuel consumption賣方提交的樣機的特點是造型新穎、操作簡便、熱效率高、油耗低。We look forward to an ever increasing volume of business with your glass factories我方盼望與你方玻璃廠的交易額日漸增高。We claim for shortage in weight and low quality on the consignment of wheat shipped per s. s “Princess Victoria”“維多利亞公主”號

24、輪裝運的小麥短重和質(zhì)量低劣，我方對此提出索賠。(2)定語轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的狀語：在英語中，如果將某一含有動作意義的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為漢語的動詞，那么，原來名詞前的形容詞或分詞作定語，即可轉(zhuǎn)為漢語的狀語。例如：Any disputes arising from the execution of, or in connection with the Contract shall be settled through friendly consultations between both Parties I n case n settlement can be reached through consultati

25、ons. the disputes shall be submitted for arbitration凡由執(zhí)行本合同所發(fā)生的或與本合同有關(guān)的一切爭議，雙方應(yīng)友好協(xié)商解決，如果協(xié)商不能解決，應(yīng)提交仲裁。The Joint Ventures products to be sold in China may be handled by the Chinese Materials and Commercial Departments by means of agency or exclusive sales, or direct sale by the Joint Venture Company合資

26、公司銷產(chǎn)品可由中國物資部門和商業(yè)部門代銷或包銷，或由合資公司直接銷售。Payment for the goods specified herein shall not mean a full acceptance thereof by the Buyer with regard to its quality. All goods shall be accepted only after the Buyers close inspection對合同規(guī)定的貨物付款不意味著買方已完全接受貨物的質(zhì)量，所有貨物要經(jīng)過買方仔細檢驗后方可接受.5) Adjusting the Adverbial狀語的轉(zhuǎn)換(

27、1)狀語轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的主語：合同英語中有些介詞短語在句中作狀語時，往往在意義上和主語有密切的聯(lián)系。為了強調(diào)其在句中的地位，翻譯時常將這類狀語轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的主語。例如：The conditions for establishment of the Joint Venture Company and the total amount of investment and registered capital are stipulated in this Contract. 本合同規(guī)定了設(shè)立合資公司的條件以與投資總額與注冊資本。For the purpose of this Contract, the P

28、arty B desires to introduce the Patent and engage; n production cooperation in accordance with the technical know-how specified in the Patent本合同的目的在于乙方希望引進專利，按專利提供的技術(shù)訣竅進行合作生產(chǎn)。The products fair will be held at the Standard Electrical Co. , Madrid, Spain with the Buyers representatives買方代表將參加在西班牙馬德里標準

29、電氣公司舉行的產(chǎn)品博覽會。(2)狀語轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的定語：英語中某些介詞短語在形式上是狀語，但實際上與句中的某個名詞有密切的聯(lián)系，這類狀語在譯成漢語時，處理成定語似乎更確切些。例如：In this Contract, the Packing Clause stipulates for one gross to a polythene bag, covered with paper box，50 paper boxes to an inner carton to a wooden case合同中的包裝條款規(guī)定為：每一聚乙烯袋裝一羅，然后裝入紙盒。五十盒裝一紙箱，兩紙箱裝一木箱。2. Translat

30、ion 0f Passive Voice被動語態(tài)的翻譯合同英語中被動語態(tài)的使用比較廣泛。凡是在不必說出合同所涉與的當事人的場合，或為了突出和強調(diào)行為動作的承受者以與便于行文上的連貫等原因，往往使用被動語態(tài)。合同英語中被動語態(tài)所表達的概念，譯成漢語時大多采用主動語態(tài)表示。但在具體翻譯的處理上，應(yīng)采用較靈活的翻譯技巧，做到在容上忠實于原文，在語言形式上規(guī)通順。以下就被動語態(tài)的翻譯方法分述如下：1) Transforming the Passive Voice被動語態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換翻譯在進行合同文件的英漢翻譯時，為使譯文成為規(guī)的漢語，一般應(yīng)對原句中某一成分進行轉(zhuǎn)換。運用轉(zhuǎn)換法翻譯被動語態(tài)時，應(yīng)注意以下幾點：

31、(1)把動作的發(fā)出者轉(zhuǎn)換為主語：在合同英語中的一些被動句子中，往往出現(xiàn)由by或between引起的短語，在句中作狀語，其中名詞是本句涉與的行為當事人，為突出句中動作的發(fā)出者，可將它轉(zhuǎn)換為主語。例如：If any terms and conditions to this Contract are breached and the breach is not corrected by any party within 15 days after a written notice thereof is given by the other party, then the no breaching p

32、arty shall have the option 10 terminate this Contract by giving written notice thereof to the breaching party如果一方違背本合同的任何條款，并且在另一方發(fā)出書面通知后15日不予以補救，未違約方有權(quán)選擇向違約方書面通知終止本合同。This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller, whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the und

33、er-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below買賣雙方同意按下列條款購買、出售下述商品，并簽訂本合同。All the payments shall be made in the U. S. Currency by the Buyer to the Seller by telegraphic transfer to the Sellers designated account with the Bank of China, Beijing, China買方應(yīng)以美元支付買方貨款，并以電匯的方

34、式匯至賣方指定的在中國銀行分行的賬戶。(2)把英語句中的某一狀語轉(zhuǎn)換為主語：在被動語態(tài)的狀語與主語之間有包容關(guān)系時，為了使譯文通順，可將狀語部分譯成漢語的主語。例如： The cost of the nonreturnable containers of the goods sold under this Contract is included in the prices herein specified所定價格包括依照本合同所售裝貨用的一次性容器費。The production design, technology of manufacturing, means of testing, m

35、aterials prescription, standard of quality and training of personnel shall be stipulated in Chapter 4 in this contract.本合同第四章規(guī)定了產(chǎn)設(shè)計、制造工藝、測試方法、材料配方、質(zhì)量標準以與人員培訓(xùn)。The establishment, remuneration and the expenses of the staff of the preparation and construction office, when agreed by both parties, shall b

36、e covered in the project budget經(jīng)甲乙雙方同意后，工程預(yù)算應(yīng)包括籌建工作人員的編制、報酬與費用。(3)把英語句中的主語轉(zhuǎn)換為賓語：如果原句中沒有涉與合同的當事人，可將這樣的英語被動句處理成漢語的無主語句，原句的主語被轉(zhuǎn)換為賓語。例如：In case the quality, quantity or weight of the goods is found not in conformity to those stipulated in this Contract after reinsertion by the China Import and Export Co

37、mmodity Inspection Bureau within 15 days after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination, the Buyer shall return the goods to, or lodge claim against the Seller for compensation of losses upon the strength of Inspection Certificate issued by the said Bureau, with the exception of those cla

38、ims for which the insurers or the carriers are liable貨到目的港后15天由中國進出口商品檢驗局復(fù)檢，如發(fā)現(xiàn)貨物的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量或重量與本合同規(guī)定不符時，除保險公司和船運公司負責(zé)賠償?shù)牟糠滞?，買方憑中國進出口商品檢驗局出具的檢驗證明書，向賣方提出退貨或索賠。If a foreign auditor registered in other country is necessary to be employed to undertake annual financial checking and examination. Party A shall g

39、ive consent. All the expenses thereof shall be borne by Party B如果需要聘請其他國家的審計師對年度的財務(wù)進行審查，甲方應(yīng)予以同意。其所需費用乙方負擔(dān)。Upon the expiration of the duration or termination before the date of expiration of the joint venture, liquidation shall be carried out according relevant law. The liquidated assets shall be dis

40、tributed in accordance with the proportion of investment contributed by Party A and Party B合同期滿或提前終止合營時，應(yīng)依照有關(guān)法律進行結(jié)算，并根據(jù)甲、乙各方投資的比例分配結(jié)算后的財產(chǎn)。2) Translation of Passive Voices被動語態(tài)的順序翻譯在翻譯國際商務(wù)合同時，為了使譯文符合合同文體的漢語表達方式，可將原文中的某些被動語態(tài)，按原句的語序順譯。(1)譯成漢語的主動語態(tài)：合同英文的某些被動語態(tài)，可在不改變原文主語的情況下，翻譯時將被動語態(tài)改成主動語態(tài)，不須添加任何詞。例如：The

41、Seller shall not be held responsible for late delivery or non-delivery Of the goods owing to generally recognized Force Majeure causes由于一般公認的人力不可抗拒的原因所造成遲延交貨或不交貨，賣方不負責(zé)任。As soon as the Goods are shipped, the Seller shall send to the Buyer the following documents through special courier, preferably DH

42、L, so as to, reach the Buyer as far as possible 10 days before expected date Of arrival Of the vessel at the Import Countrys Port一旦貨物交運，賣方應(yīng)通過專門的信使，最好是通過DHL向買方寄送下列文件，以便盡可能在貨船預(yù)期抵達進口國港口的日期前10天送達買方手中。The Seller shall be entitled to terminate this Contract in the event of failure by the Buyer to comply w

43、ith any terms or conditions stated in this Article如果買方違反本條所規(guī)定的條件，賣方有權(quán)終止此合同。(2)譯成漢語的被動句：英語的被動句是由“be+ v + ed構(gòu)成的。因漢語的動詞無詞形變化，所以譯成漢語被動語態(tài)時，只能通過添加一定的詞匯手段來表示。例如：The term for the technology transfer agreement is signed Joint Venture Company and Party B and it shall be approved the approval authority技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓協(xié)議的期

44、限由合資公司與乙方簽訂并經(jīng)審批機關(guān)批準。All taxes, customs duties and other excises arising in connection with the performance of the Contract outside the territory of Party As Country shall be borne by Party B凡因履行本合同而在甲方國家以外發(fā)生的一切稅費，均由 乙方負擔(dān)。All the equipment and materials supplied the Seller shall be inspected the Buye

45、r and the quality certificates and inspection and test records shall be issued the manufacturer賣方所提供的全部設(shè)備和材料將由買方負責(zé)檢驗；質(zhì)量合格證、檢驗和試驗記錄應(yīng)由制造廠出具。(3)It is+ p. p. 結(jié)構(gòu)的翻譯：合同英語中有時還常用一些特殊的被動型，其結(jié)構(gòu)為“It is+ p. p. +that clause。這種句型已基本形成了固定的譯法，例如：It is mutually agreed that the certificate of quality and quantity or w

46、eight issued by the manufacturer shall be part of the document for payment with the adopted Letter of Credit雙方同意制造廠出具的質(zhì)量、數(shù)量或重量檢驗證明書作為有關(guān)信用證項下付款的單據(jù)之一。It is strictly understood that the Sellers can not be held responsible for non-delivery or delayed delivery of the goods ordered if the situation is cau

47、sed by Force Majeure, such as war, rebellion, fire, strike, new levies imposed by government, mistakes in telegrams, inability of, or refusal by the manufacturers to fulfill this Contract or any other causes beyond Sellers control嚴格明確賣方對于自己無法控制的不可抗力，如戰(zhàn)爭、造反、火災(zāi)、罷工、政府新征稅、電報錯誤、生產(chǎn)廠商無能力或拒絕按合同生產(chǎn)致使已定貨物不能發(fā)貨或

48、遲延發(fā)貨概不負責(zé)。It is essentially stressed that the Buyers are requested 10 sign and return the duplicate of this Contract within 3 days from the date of receipt. In the event of failure to do this, the Sellers reserve the right to cancel the Contract必須強調(diào)：買方應(yīng)于收到本合同之日起3天簽字并退還合同的副本，如買方不這樣做，賣方保留取消合同的權(quán)利。3. Tra

49、nslation of Subordinate從句的翻譯英語的從句可分為名詞性從句、副詞性從句、形容詞性從句三大類。這三類從句的構(gòu)成和用法，在英語語法書中均有詳細論述，這里不再重復(fù)。我們在此要討論的主要是其翻譯方法。由于合同英語要求具有準確嚴謹?shù)奶攸c，因此，合同英語中從句的翻譯方法，除具有與其他文體從句翻譯的共同點外，也有其不同點。合同英語中主要出現(xiàn)的從句是狀語從句，其次是定語從句。現(xiàn)就合同英語中出現(xiàn)的主要從句的翻譯方法例述如下：1) Translation of Subordinate狀語從句的譯法(1)由where引出的狀語從句，一般譯成“如果”，“若”等條件從句。例如：All dispu

50、tes in connection with or in the execution of this Contract shall be settled through friendly negotiations. Where settlement can be reached, the disputes shall be submitted for arbitration所有與合同有關(guān)的或在履行合同中發(fā)生的爭議，均應(yīng)通過友好協(xié)商的方式解決。如果得不到解決，應(yīng)將爭議提交仲裁。Where the period of any Excusable Delay caused or introduced

51、 by the Buyer is at least one hundred and twenty days and the Parties have not agreed within a further thirty day period upon a revised basis for performing the obligations under this Agreement, including the adjustment of the Total Purchase Price, then the Seller may the upon by written notice canc

52、el this Agreement and such cancellation shall be deemed to have occurred pursuant to the provisions of paragraphs (b) through (e) of Article 23 hereof (Termination and Cancellation 0f the Contract)如果買方引起的可諒解遲延最少達120天，在其后的30天，雙方未能按照修改的基礎(chǔ)就執(zhí)行本協(xié)議的義務(wù)(包括總購買價的調(diào)整)達成協(xié)議時，賣方可就此書面通知買方撤銷本協(xié)議。這種撤銷應(yīng)視為履行本協(xié)議第23條b款至e款

53、有關(guān)的條文(合同的終止與撤銷)。(2)由after引出的狀語從句，一般處理成“之日起”較為嚴謹。例如：The first technical service shall start in the sixth day after the contract comes into effect. Party B shall send a specialist to Party As factory to provide technical service for 12 working dayman第一次技術(shù)服務(wù)應(yīng)始于本合同生效之日起第六天。乙方應(yīng)派遣一名技術(shù)人員赴甲方工廠，提供12工作人目的技術(shù)指導(dǎo)

54、。In case the Buyer finds any document incorrect. the buyer is obliged to cable the Seller indicating the incorrect items. The cable shall be sent within 20(twenty)days after the Bank of China, Beijing Branch has received the Sellers documents買方如發(fā)現(xiàn)文件有錯誤時，應(yīng)在中國銀行市分行收到賣方文件之日起20天電告賣方，并指出錯誤項目。After the Se

55、ller receives the relative documents issued by the Shipping Company, the Seller shall pay the Buyer within 20 (twenty) days賣方應(yīng)在收到船舶公司出具的有關(guān)單據(jù)之日起，20天向買方支付款項。(3)由when引出的狀語從句，一般也處理成含有條件意義的從句，譯成“如果”、“倘若”。例如：When one party to the Joint Venture Company assigns all or part of his investment, the other party

56、 has preemptive right如果合資公司一方擬轉(zhuǎn)讓其全部或部分出資額，另一方有優(yōu)先購買權(quán)。When either party contributes his capital goods or industrial property as investment, Party A and Party B shall conclude a separate contract to be a part of this main contract如果任何一方以實物或工業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)作出資，甲、乙雙方應(yīng)另行訂立合同，作為本主合同的組成部分。When the time for delivery men

57、tioned in the Contract is an estimate only, either party may after the expiration of two thirds of such estimated time require the other party in writing to agree a fixed time倘若合同中的交貨時間只是估計的時間，任何一方可在距估計日期尚有三分之一的時間時，用書面要求另一方同意一個確定的時間。(4)由before引出的狀語從句，一般譯成“后，才能”，這樣的翻譯方法，可強調(diào)一方應(yīng)盡的義務(wù)。例如：The manufacturer

58、s shall，before the goods is delivered over, make a precise and comprehensive inspection of the goods with regard to its quality, specifications, performance and quantity, weight, and Issue inspection certificates certifying the technical data and conclusion of the inspection制造商應(yīng)對貨物的質(zhì)量、規(guī)格、性能和數(shù)量、重量進行一

59、絲不茍和全面的檢驗，出具檢驗證明書，證實檢驗的技術(shù)數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)論后，才能發(fā)貨。Both Parties shall apply to their respective government authorities for approval before the Contract is officially signed合同雙方應(yīng)分別向本國的政府當局申請，經(jīng)批準后，才能簽訂正式合同。A written notice by the Buyer shall be sent the Seller before the Seller shall dispatch their experienced and

60、competent technical personnel to the Contract Plant for technical instructions with respect to Erection, Mechanical Tests, commissioning and Performance Test of the Contract Plant賣方在接到買方的書面通知后，才能派遣有經(jīng)驗并能勝任的技術(shù)人員赴合同工廠，對合同工廠的安裝、機械試車、投料試生產(chǎn)與性能考核進行技術(shù)指導(dǎo)。以上列舉的狀語從句的翻譯，僅為一般意義上的翻譯，而且出現(xiàn)的頻率也較低。實際上，合同英語中使用最廣泛的狀語從句