國際貿易理論雙語課件7

1、There are various types of tariffs:An ad valorem tariffs is a set percentage of the value of the good that is being imported. Sometimes these are problematic, as when the international price of a good falls, so does the tariff, and domestic industries become more vulnerable to competition. Conversel

2、y, when the price of a good rises on the international market so does the tariff, but a country is often less interested in protection when the price is high. They also face the problem of inappropriate transfer pricing where a company declares a value for goods being traded which differs from the m

3、arket price, aimed at reducing overall taxes due.There are various types of tariffs:A SPECIFIC tariff, is an important duty that assigns a fixed monetary tax per physical unit of the good imported. Thus, a specific duty might be $xx per ton imported. The total import tax bill is levied in accordance

4、 with the number of units coming into the importing country and not according to the price or value of the imports. Tax authorities can collect specific tariffs with ease because they need to know only the physical quantity of imports coming to the country,not their monetary value. However, the spec

5、ific tariff has a fundamental disavantage as an instrument of protection for domestic producers because its protective value varies inversely with the price of the import.There are various types of tariffs:A REVENUE tariff is a set of rates designed primarily to raise money for the government. A tar

6、iff on coffee imports imposed by countries where coffee cannot be grown, for example raises a steady flow of revenue. Revenue tariff is an important source for the government to calculate to the revenue.But if the tariff is too high, maybe it has some effects against the governments wishes.There are

7、 various types of tariffs:A RETALIATORY tariff is one placed against a country who already charges tariffs against the country charging the retaliatory tariff. e.g. If the United States were to charge tariffs on Chinese goods, China would probably charge a tariff on American goods, also. These are u

8、sually used in an attempt to get other tariffs rescinded. There are various types of tariffs:A PROTECTIVE tariff is intended to artificially inflate prices of imports and protect domestic industries from foreign competition especially from competitors whose host nations allow them to operate under c

9、onditions that are illegal in the protected nation, or who subsidize their exports. An environmental tariff, similar to a protective tariff, is also known as a green tariff or eco-tariff, and is placed on products being imported from, and also being sent to countries with substandard environmental p

10、ollution controls. There are various types of tariffs:Preferential duties are tariff rates applied to an import according to its geographical source; a country that is given preferential treatment pays a lower tariff. Eg. Preferential duties in the European Union enable a good coming into one EU cou

11、ntry from another EU country to pay zero tariff. The same good usually would pay a positive tariff if arriving from a country outside the EU unless some other special arrangement were in effect. There are various types of tariffs:A PROHIBITIVE tariff is one so high that nearly no one imports any of

12、that item. A prohibitive tariff would exist if a good had a tariff rate of 200%, but there are zero imports of this good because of this rate.Measurement of TariffsA prominent issue in tariff discussions concerns the height of a countrys average tariff or, in other words, how much price interference

13、 exists in a countrys tariff schedule. The problem arises because all countries have a large number of different rates on imported goods. How do we determine the average tariff rate from this great variety?Unweighted-average tariff rateSuppose that we have only three imported goods with the followin

14、g tariff rates: A: 10%;B: 15%;C: 20%.The unweighted-average of these rates is,(10%+15%+20%)/3Unweighted-average tariff rateThe problem with this technique is that it does not take into account the relative importance of the imports: if the country imports mostly good A, this unweighted average would

15、 tend to overstate the height of the countrys average tariff.Weighted-average tariff rateSuppose that we have only three imported goods with the following tariff rates: A: 10%, worth 5 billion;B: 15%,worth 2 billion;C: 20%,worth 1 billion.The weighted-average of these rates is, (10%*5+15%*2+20%*1)/(

16、5+2+1)=0.125Weighted-average tariff rateThe weighted rate of 12.5 percent is lower than the unweighted rate of 15 percent, indicating that relatively more low-tariff imports than high-tariff imports are coming into the country. But it also has some disadvantages. The weighting problem can be illustr

17、ated in an extreme from the prohibitive tariff. Eg, another good D with 200% tariff rate with zero imports of D.Nominal tariff rate and effective tariff rateThe nominal rate is simply the rate listed in a countrys tariff schedule, whether it is an ad valorem tariff or a specific tariff that can be converted to an ad valorem equivalent by dividing the specific tariff amount per unit by the price of the good.Economists employing the nominal rate are concerned with the extent to which the price of the good to domestic consum