海洋法-課件(高教版)[精]

1、第五章 海洋法The law of the sea第一節(jié) 海洋法的發(fā)展史海洋約占地球的71%之面積。由于科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和陸地資源的減少，人類開(kāi)發(fā)和利用海洋資源越來(lái)越顯得迫切和重要，因此國(guó)際海洋法亦有很大的發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了各種海域的劃分并且確定了各國(guó)在其內(nèi)的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。它對(duì)各國(guó)及其人民的利益是至關(guān)重要的，所以要求了解和掌握內(nèi)水、領(lǐng)海、毗連區(qū)，用于國(guó)際航行的海峽、群島水域、專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)、大陸架、公海、國(guó)際海底區(qū)域等海域的國(guó)際法律地位和其他有關(guān)的原則、規(guī)則和制度等國(guó)際海洋的基本知識(shí)。 一、海洋法概念二、歷次海洋法會(huì)議三、聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約 海洋區(qū)域示意圖第二節(jié) 內(nèi) 水（Internal waters） 一、

2、內(nèi)水的概念內(nèi)水是指除群島國(guó)的情形外，領(lǐng)?；€向陸一面的海域，亦稱內(nèi)海。包括領(lǐng)?；€內(nèi)的海灣、海峽、海港及其他領(lǐng)海基線與海岸之間的海域。waters on the landward side of the baseline of the territorial sea form part of the internal waters of the State. 二、內(nèi)水的法律地位內(nèi)水的法律地位內(nèi)水是國(guó)家領(lǐng)土組成部分，國(guó)家對(duì)它具有領(lǐng)土主權(quán)。未經(jīng)許可，外國(guó)船舶不得進(jìn)入其內(nèi)從事航行、捕魚(yú)，或其他海洋活動(dòng)。但以下兩種情形不在此限：一種是不可抗力情況發(fā)生；另一種是由于沿海國(guó)采用直線基線法確定其領(lǐng)?；€的效

3、果使原來(lái)未被認(rèn)為是內(nèi)水的區(qū)域被包圍在內(nèi)而成為內(nèi)水，則在此種水域內(nèi)外國(guó)船舶享有與領(lǐng)海中相同的無(wú)害通過(guò)權(quán)。Where the establishment of a straight baseline in accordance with the method set forth in article7 has the effect of enclosing as internal waters areas which had not previously been considered as such, a right of innocent passage as provided in this

4、 Convention shall exist in those waters. 第三節(jié) 領(lǐng)海及毗連區(qū) 一、領(lǐng)海（ the territorial sea ）的概念和范圍領(lǐng)海是沿海國(guó)的主權(quán)及于其陸地領(lǐng)土及其內(nèi)水以外鄰接的一帶海域，在群島國(guó)的情形下則及于群島水域以外鄰接的一帶海域。此項(xiàng)主權(quán)及于領(lǐng)海的上空及其海床和底土。The sovereignty of a coastal State extends, beyond its land territory and internal waters and, in the case of an archipelagic State, its arch

5、ipelagic waters, to an adjacent belt of sea, described as the territorial sea.This sovereignty extends to the air space over the territorial sea as well as to its bed and subsoil.領(lǐng)海寬度從測(cè)算領(lǐng)海寬度的基線起不得超過(guò)12海里。測(cè)量領(lǐng)海寬度的基線可采用正?；€法和直線基線法確定。第三節(jié) 領(lǐng)海及毗連區(qū)Meaning of passage1. Passage means navigation through the ter

6、ritorial sea for the purpose of:(a) traversing that sea without entering internal waters or calling at a roadstead or port facility outside internal waters; or(b) proceeding to or from internal waters or a call at such roadstead or port facility.2. Passage shall be continuous and expeditious. Howeve

7、r, passage includes stopping and anchoring, but only in so far as the same are incidental to ordinary navigation or are rendered necessary by forcemajeure or distress or for the purpose of rendering assistance to persons, ships or aircraft in danger or distress. Meaning of innocent passage1. Passage

8、 is innocent so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of the coastal State. Such passage shall take place in conformity with this Convention and with other rules of international law.第三節(jié) 領(lǐng)海及毗連區(qū)（三）沿海國(guó)在領(lǐng)海中的司法管轄權(quán)沿海國(guó)對(duì)領(lǐng)海中的人和物有領(lǐng)土管轄權(quán)，對(duì)違反該國(guó)法律者有權(quán)行使管轄，但不應(yīng)在通過(guò)領(lǐng)海的外國(guó)船上行使刑事管轄權(quán)，逮捕通過(guò)期間與船

9、上所犯罪行相關(guān)的人員，或進(jìn)行調(diào)查，除非罪行后果及于沿海國(guó)，或?qū)贁_亂當(dāng)?shù)匕矊幓蜓睾?guó)的良好秩序，或經(jīng)船長(zhǎng)請(qǐng)求或?yàn)榇驌舴欠ㄘ湺镜男枰?。關(guān)于民事管轄，沿海國(guó)不得因?qū)ν鈬?guó)船上的人行使民事管轄而停止其航行或改變它的航向，也不得為民事訴訟目的而對(duì)外國(guó)船實(shí)行執(zhí)行或逮捕。軍艦和其他用于非商業(yè)目的的政府船舶在領(lǐng)海享有豁免權(quán)（Immunities of warships and other government ships operated for non-commercial purposes ） 。第三節(jié) 領(lǐng)海及毗連區(qū)Contiguous zone1. In a zone contiguous to its

10、territorial sea, described as the contiguous zone, the coastal State may exercise the control necessary to:(a) prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial sea;(b) punish infringement of the above laws and regulations c

11、ommitted within its territory or territorial sea.2. The contiguous zone may not extend beyond 24nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured. 第三節(jié) 領(lǐng)海及毗連區(qū)三、毗連區(qū)（Contiguous zone）的概念和地位毗連區(qū)是毗連連領(lǐng)海并在領(lǐng)海之外，由沿海國(guó)對(duì)海關(guān)、財(cái)政、移民和衛(wèi)生等特定事項(xiàng)行使管制權(quán)的一帶海域。其寬度從測(cè)算領(lǐng)海寬度的基線量起不得超過(guò)24海里。沿

12、海國(guó)為行使特定的管制權(quán)可采取：防止在其領(lǐng)土或領(lǐng)海內(nèi)違反其海關(guān)、財(cái)政、移民或衛(wèi)生的法律和規(guī)章的措施。懲治在其領(lǐng)土或領(lǐng)海內(nèi)違反上述法律和規(guī)章的行為。在沿海國(guó)不設(shè)定專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)的情形，沿海國(guó)的上述管制權(quán)不影響公海的地位，因此毗連區(qū)仍屬公海。在沿海國(guó)劃定專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)情形，毗連區(qū)屬專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)范圍。 第四節(jié) 用于國(guó)際航行的海峽一、用于國(guó)際航行的海峽的概念straits used for international navigation 用于國(guó)際航行的海峽，一般指構(gòu)成世界性航道從而經(jīng)常用于國(guó)際航行的海峽。The regime of passage through straits used for interna

13、tional navigation established in this Part shall not in other respects affect the legal status of the waters forming such straits or the exercise by the States bordering the straits of their sovereignty or jurisdiction over such waters and their air space, bed and subsoil. 第四節(jié) 用于國(guó)際航行的海峽二、用于國(guó)際航行的海峽的航

14、行制度用于國(guó)際航行的海峽很多，但它們的情況不盡相同，因此所適用的航行制度也不同。有的因兩端連接公海或?qū)俳?jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)，且其中有穿過(guò)公?；?qū)俳?jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)的航道而自由航行和飛越制度。有的海峽適用無(wú)害通過(guò)制度，還有一些適用專門的國(guó)際條約規(guī)定的制度。聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約規(guī)定適用過(guò)境通行制的海峽，即兩端連接公?；?qū)俳?jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)的特定的沿海國(guó)的海峽。過(guò)境通行是指所有國(guó)家的船舶和飛機(jī)都在公海或?qū)俳?jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)的一個(gè)部分和公?；?qū)俳?jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)的另一個(gè)部分之間的用于國(guó)際航行的海峽中進(jìn)行繼續(xù)不停和迅速的自由航行和飛越。這種通過(guò)是不受阻礙的。但是，對(duì)繼續(xù)不停和迅速過(guò)境的要求并不排除在一個(gè)海峽沿岸國(guó)入境條件的限制下，為駛?cè)?、駛離該國(guó)或自由該國(guó)返

15、回的目的而通過(guò)海峽。行使過(guò)境通行權(quán)的船舶和飛機(jī)應(yīng)遵守聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約第39條規(guī)定的義務(wù)。 第四節(jié) 用于國(guó)際航行的海峽Article38 Right of transit passage2. Transit passage means the exercise in accordance with this Part of the freedom of navigation and overflight solely for the purpose of continuous and expeditious transit of the strait between one part of th

16、e high seas or an exclusive economic zone and another part of the high seas or an exclusive economic zone. However, the requirement of continuous and expeditious transit does not preclude passage through the strait for the purpose of entering, leaving or returning from a State bordering the strait,

17、subject to the conditions of entry to that State.第四節(jié) 用于國(guó)際航行的海峽Article39 Duties of ships and aircraft during transit passage1. Ships and aircraft, while exercising the right of transit passage, shall:(a) proceed without delay through or over the strait;(b) refrain from any threat or use of force agai

18、nst the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of States bordering the strait, or in any other manner in violation of the principles of international law embodied in the Charter of the United Nations;(c) refrain from any activities other than those incident to their normal mode

19、s of continuous and expeditious transit unless rendered necessary by forcemajeure or by distress;(d) comply with other relevant provisions of this Part.第四節(jié) 用于國(guó)際航行的海峽Article39 Duties of ships and aircraft during transit passage2. Ships in transit passage shall:(a) comply with generally accepted inter

20、national regulations, procedures and practices for safety at sea, including the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea;(b) comply with generally accepted international regulations, procedures and practices for the prevention, reduction and control of pollution from ships.第四節(jié) 用于國(guó)際

21、航行的海峽Article39 Duties of ships and aircraft during transit passage3. Aircraft in transit passage shall:(a) observe the Rules of the Air established by the International Civil Aviation Organization as they apply to civil aircraft; state aircraft will normally comply with such safety measures and will

22、 at all times operate with due regard for the safety of navigation;(b) at all times monitor the radio frequency assigned by the competent internationally designated air traffic control authority or the appropriate international distress radio frequency.第五節(jié) 群島水域一、群島水域（archipelagic waters ）的概念及其法律地位群島

23、水域是群島國(guó)的群島基線所包圍的水域。群島國(guó)可以劃定連接其群島最外緣各島和各干礁的最外緣各點(diǎn)的直線群島基線，以確定其群島水域。但群島國(guó)劃定群島基線島水域內(nèi)用封閉線劃定內(nèi)水的界限。群島國(guó)對(duì)其群島水域具有主權(quán)，此項(xiàng)主權(quán)及于群島水域的上空、海床和底土以及其中包含的資源；群島海道的通過(guò)制度不影響包括海道在內(nèi)的群島水域的地位。但在不影響群島國(guó)上述主權(quán)情形下，群島國(guó)應(yīng)尊重與其他國(guó)家間的現(xiàn)有協(xié)定，并應(yīng)承認(rèn)直接相鄰國(guó)家在群島水域范圍內(nèi)某些區(qū)域的傳統(tǒng)捕魚(yú)權(quán)和其他合法活動(dòng)，尊重他國(guó)鋪設(shè)的現(xiàn)有海底電纜，尊重他國(guó)在群島水域的無(wú)害通過(guò)權(quán)和在群島海道的通過(guò)權(quán)。 第五節(jié) 群島水域二、群島水域的航行制度在群島水域中適用兩種航行

24、制度，即無(wú)害通過(guò)制和群島海道通過(guò)制（archipelagic sea lanes passage ）。無(wú)害通過(guò)制度是指所有國(guó)家的船舶均有無(wú)害通過(guò)群島水域的權(quán)利。 群島國(guó)為了安全的必要可在無(wú)歧視條件下，于特定區(qū)域內(nèi)暫時(shí)停止這種無(wú)害通過(guò)。群島海道的通過(guò)制度是指外國(guó)船舶和航空器有權(quán)通過(guò)和飛越群島國(guó)指定的群島海道，該通過(guò)應(yīng)繼續(xù)不停和迅速進(jìn)行。在群島國(guó)沒(méi)有指定海道或空中航道的情形，外國(guó)船舶和航空器可通過(guò)正常用于國(guó)際航行的航道，行使群島海道通過(guò)權(quán)。關(guān)于船舶和航空器通過(guò)群島海道時(shí)的義務(wù)、研究和測(cè)量活動(dòng)、群島國(guó)的義務(wù)以及該國(guó)關(guān)于群島海道通過(guò)的法律規(guī)章，應(yīng)按照用于國(guó)際航行的海峽的過(guò)境通行的規(guī)定比照的規(guī)定比照適用

25、。第六節(jié) 專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū) 一、專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)的概念專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)是領(lǐng)海之外并鄰接領(lǐng)海的一個(gè)區(qū)域，其寬度從測(cè)算領(lǐng)海寬度的基線量起，不應(yīng)超過(guò)200海里。在該區(qū)域內(nèi)沿海國(guó)享有專屬的經(jīng)濟(jì)主權(quán)權(quán)利和特定的管轄權(quán)。其他國(guó)家享有一定的自由權(quán)和其他權(quán)利。第六節(jié) 專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū) Breadth of the exclusive economic zoneThe exclusive economic zone shall not extend beyond 200nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is m

26、easured.Specific legal regime of the exclusive economic zoneThe exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea, subject to the specific legal regime established in this Part, under which the rights and jurisdiction of the coastal State and the rights and freedoms of ot

27、her States are governed by the relevant provisions of this Convention.第六節(jié) 專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū) 二、專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)的地位專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)是自成一類的特殊海域，因?yàn)槌睾?guó)在其內(nèi)享有的專屬權(quán)利外，其他國(guó)家也享有一定的權(quán)利。沿海國(guó)的權(quán)利：勘探和開(kāi)發(fā)、養(yǎng)護(hù)和管理自然資源的專屬權(quán)利；對(duì)專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)的人工島嶼、設(shè)施和結(jié)構(gòu)的建造和使用，海洋科學(xué)研究和海洋環(huán)境的保護(hù)及保全有專屬管轄權(quán)；海洋法公約規(guī)定的其他權(quán)利，如航行、飛越、鋪設(shè)海底電纜和管道、拿捕海盜、臨檢和緊追權(quán)等。沿海國(guó)行使上述權(quán)利時(shí)要承擔(dān)聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋公約規(guī)定的義務(wù)。第六節(jié) 專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)Rights, j

28、urisdiction and duties of the coastal State in the exclusive economic zone1. In the exclusive economic zone, the coastal State has:(a) sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring and exploiting, conserving and managing the natural resources, whether living or non-living, of the waters superjacent

29、to the seabed and of the seabed and its subsoil, and with regard to other activities for the economic exploitation and exploration of the zone, such as the production of energy from the water, currents and winds;第六節(jié) 專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)(b) jurisdiction as provided for in the relevant provisions of this Convention

30、with regard to:(i) the establishment and use of artificial islands, installations and structures;(ii) marine scientific research;(iii) the protection and preservation of the marine environment;(c) other rights and duties provided for in this Convention.第六節(jié) 專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)2. In exercising its rights and perfor

31、ming its duties under this Convention in the exclusive economic zone, the coastal State shall have due regard to the rights and duties of other States and shall act in a manner compatible with the provisions of this Convention.3. The rights set out in this article with respect to the seabed and subs

32、oil shall be exercised in accordance with PartVI.第六節(jié) 專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)其他國(guó)家不論是沿海國(guó)或內(nèi)陸國(guó)，在專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)內(nèi)享有公海中的航行自由、飛越自由、鋪設(shè)海底電纜和管道自由以及與這些自由相關(guān)的海洋其他國(guó)際合法用途，同時(shí)要承擔(dān)相應(yīng)的法律義務(wù)。內(nèi)陸國(guó)（ land-locked States ）和地理位置不利（ geographically disadvantaged States ）的國(guó)家有權(quán)在公平的基礎(chǔ)上參與開(kāi)發(fā)合同一分區(qū)域的沿海國(guó)專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)的生物資源的剩余部分。但應(yīng)符合聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋公約的規(guī)定。Rights and duties of other Stat

33、es in the exclusive economic zone1. In the exclusive economic zone, all States, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy, subject to the relevant provisions of this Convention, the freedoms referred to in article87 of navigation and overflight and of the laying of submarine cables and pipelines, and ot

34、her internationally lawful uses of the sea related to these freedoms, such as those associated with the operation of ships, aircraft and submarine cables and pipelines, and compatible with the other provisions of this Convention.第七節(jié) 大陸架 一、大陸架的概念大陸架是指沿海國(guó)陸地領(lǐng)土在其領(lǐng)海之外的全部自然延伸，擴(kuò)展到大陸邊外緣的海底區(qū)域的海床和底土。大陸架寬度的限定有

35、兩種情形：一種情形是從測(cè)算領(lǐng)海寬度的基線量起到大陸邊的外緣的距離如果不到200海里，則可擴(kuò)展到200海里。另一種情形是從測(cè)算領(lǐng)海寬度的基線量起到大陸邊的外緣超過(guò)200海里的可劃到200海里之外，但不得超過(guò)350海里或2500公尺等深線的100海里。第七節(jié) 大陸架 Definition of the continental shelf1. The continental shelf of a coastal State comprises the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territoria

36、l sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the continental margin, or to a distance of 200nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured where the outer edge of the continental margin does not extend up to that di

37、stance.2. The continental shelf of a coastal State shall not extend beyond the limits provided for in paragraphs4 to6.第七節(jié) 大陸架二、大陸架的地位大陸架屬沿海國(guó)管轄范圍內(nèi)的海底區(qū)域，沿海國(guó)對(duì)大陸架的礦產(chǎn)資源和定居種的生物資源具有專屬的勘探和開(kāi)發(fā)之主權(quán)權(quán)利；沿海國(guó)對(duì)大陸架的權(quán)利不取決于有效占領(lǐng)、象征占領(lǐng)或明文公告；沿海國(guó)對(duì)大陸架上的人工島嶼、設(shè)施和結(jié)構(gòu)的建造和使用有專屬的管轄權(quán)；沿海國(guó)對(duì)大陸架的權(quán)利不影響上覆水域及水域上空的地位。所有國(guó)家在大陸架上都有鋪設(shè)海底電纜和管道的權(quán)利。

38、 第七節(jié) 大陸架Rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf1. The coastal State exercises over the continental shelf sovereign rights for the purpose of exploring it and exploiting its natural resources.2. The rights referred to in paragraph1 are exclusive in the sense that if the coastal State d

39、oes not explore the continental shelf or exploit its natural resources, no one may undertake these activities without the express consent of the coastal State.3. The rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf do not depend on occupation, effective or notional, or on any express proclamat

40、ion. 第七節(jié) 大陸架Legal status of the superjacent waters and air space and the rights and freedoms of other States1. The rights of the coastal State over the continental shelf do not affect the legal status of the superjacent waters or of the air space above those waters.2. The exercise of the rights of t

41、he coastal State over the continental shelf must not infringe or result in any unjustifiable interference with navigation and other rights and freedoms of other States as provided for in this Convention.第七節(jié) 大陸架三、大陸架劃界Article83Delimitation of the continental shelf between States with opposite or adja

42、cent coasts1. The delimitation of the continental shelf between States with opposite or adjacent coasts shall be effected by agreement on the basis of international law, as referred to in Article38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, in order to achieve an equitable solution.2. If

43、no agreement can be reached within a reasonable period of time, the States concerned shall resort to the procedures provided for in PartXV.第七節(jié) 大陸架3. Pending agreement as provided for in paragraph1, the States concerned, in a spirit of understanding and cooperation, shall make every effort to enter i

44、nto provisional arrangements of a practical nature and, during this transitional period, not to jeopardize or hamper the reaching of the final agreement. Such arrangements shall be without prejudice to the final delimitation.4. Where there is an agreement in force between the States concerned, quest

45、ions relating to the delimitation of the continental shelf shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of that agreement.釣魚(yú)島列嶼和中日東海劃界日右翼分子修理釣魚(yú)島燈塔（法新社圖片）中國(guó)領(lǐng)土釣魚(yú)島釣魚(yú)島列嶼的鳥(niǎo)瞰景色中日共同開(kāi)發(fā)區(qū)塊示意圖（來(lái)源：外交部網(wǎng)站）日本公布的東海合作開(kāi)發(fā)圖 第八節(jié) 公 海一、公海的概念和地位公海（HIGH SEAS）是指不包括在國(guó)家專屬經(jīng)濟(jì)區(qū)、領(lǐng)?；騼?nèi)水群島國(guó)的群島水域內(nèi)的全部海域。它是屬于不受任何國(guó)家管轄和支配的海域，任何國(guó)家不得有效地聲明其將公海任何部分歸其主權(quán)支配。公海向各國(guó)開(kāi)放，各國(guó)在公海享有航行自由、飛越自由、鋪設(shè)海底電纜和管道的自由、建造國(guó)際法允許的人工島嶼與其他設(shè)施的自由、捕魚(yú)自由和科學(xué)研究自由。各國(guó)利用公海只應(yīng)為和平目的。 第八節(jié) 公 海二、公海的自由制度為了各國(guó)更好地開(kāi)發(fā)利用、養(yǎng)護(hù)和管理公海這一人類的共同資源，使各國(guó)有序地行使各種自由權(quán)聯(lián)合國(guó)海洋法公約規(guī)定了各種公海自由制度。（一）航行自由制度航行自由制度規(guī)定了各國(guó)的航行權(quán)、船舶的國(guó)籍、地位和船旗國(guó)的義務(wù)等。航行權(quán)指各國(guó)均有權(quán)在公海上行駛懸掛其