考研英語(yǔ)英譯漢十大難點(diǎn)之英譯漢中的慣用法_secret

1、考研英語(yǔ)英譯漢十大難點(diǎn)之英譯漢中的慣用法一.英譯漢中的代詞的處理方法內(nèi)容比較簡(jiǎn)單的文章它會(huì)使用很多的代詞，比較復(fù)雜的文章難懂的文章使用代詞比較少。代詞在句子當(dāng)中充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)四大句子成分。代詞在種類上分成六大類：人稱代詞、物稱代詞、指示代詞、不定代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、關(guān)系代詞。(1)人稱代詞處理原則：人稱代詞出現(xiàn)在句首的時(shí)候，要求大家一定在文章里邊找出他具體的對(duì)象，名詞到底解釋誰(shuí)而且要把代詞翻譯成名詞，如果人稱代詞在句子的中間或者末尾的地方，而且同時(shí)指代對(duì)象，我們一般可以把他譯成人稱。如果劃線部分有很多個(gè)名詞，而且指代并不十分明確的時(shí)候，我們代詞可以分為名詞。當(dāng)我們把翻譯，翻譯成代詞表達(dá)

2、非常清楚的時(shí)候把它譯成代詞，表達(dá)不清楚的時(shí)候譯成名詞。例：But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.但更為重要的是，這是科學(xué)家們所能觀測(cè)到的最遙遠(yuǎn)的過(guò)去的景象，因?yàn)樗麄兛吹降氖?50億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。(2)物稱代詞物稱代詞放在句首的時(shí)候有兩種情況：一種是可

3、以或者要求我們找到名詞來(lái)代替它，另一種是找不到名詞可以代替它或者是要說(shuō)清楚這個(gè)代詞是什么，沒(méi)辦法代出代詞。如果這個(gè)物稱代詞放在句中或者句末的時(shí)候要根據(jù)句子情況的翻譯來(lái)表達(dá)，關(guān)鍵是要清除。例：This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.給某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無(wú)關(guān)但將來(lái)可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研以支持，看來(lái)通常能有效地解決這一問(wèn)題。(3)指示代詞例：Duri

4、ng this transfer,traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.在這種轉(zhuǎn)變中，歷史學(xué)家研究歷史時(shí)，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實(shí)了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。(4)不定代詞不明確的指代一個(gè)人或一個(gè)事物的代詞例：However,the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle una

5、ble to deal with some of the worlds more fascinating and delightful aspects.然而，世界就是如此，完美的體系一般而言是無(wú)法解決世上某些更加引人入勝的課題的。(5)疑問(wèn)代詞例：It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources,and to social science historians who equate their activity

6、with specific techniques.這種謬誤同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派；前者認(rèn)為歷史就是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對(duì)各種史料來(lái)源的評(píng)論，后者認(rèn)為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。(6)關(guān)系代詞例：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpret

7、ed.這些預(yù)測(cè)在多大程度上為后來(lái)的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。二、英譯漢中的名詞的翻譯方法1、不認(rèn)識(shí)的名詞(1)從文章句形找它的解釋例：Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthro

8、ughs and discoveries to take place.未來(lái)學(xué)家皮爾森匯集世界各地?cái)?shù)百位研究人員的成果，編制了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的新技術(shù)千年歷，它列出了人們有望看到數(shù)百項(xiàng)重大突破和發(fā)現(xiàn)的最遲日期。(2)看看前邊有沒(méi)有同義詞例：But that,Pearson points out,is only the start of man-machine integration:It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic huma

9、n before the end of the next century.但皮爾森指出，這個(gè)突破僅僅是人機(jī)一體化的開始：“它是人機(jī)一體化漫長(zhǎng)之路的第一步，人機(jī)一體化最終會(huì)使人們?cè)谙率兰o(jì)末之前研制出完全電子化的仿真人。”(3)從構(gòu)詞法找答案例：Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures,and may report their findings soon.天體物理學(xué)家使用南極

10、陸基探測(cè)器及球載儀器，正越來(lái)越近地觀測(cè)這些云系，也許不久后會(huì)報(bào)告他們的觀測(cè)結(jié)果。2、產(chǎn)生新意的名詞(1)用邏輯推理法例：In general,the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.一般地說(shuō)，當(dāng)所要測(cè)定的特征能很精確地界定時(shí)，測(cè)試最為有效；而當(dāng)所要測(cè)定或預(yù)測(cè)的東西不能明確地界

11、定時(shí)，測(cè)試的效果則最差。(2)緊扣文章的主題例：There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.所謂方法論是指一般的歷史研究中的特有概念，還是指歷史探究中各個(gè)具體領(lǐng)域適用的研究手段，人們對(duì)此意見不一。(3)語(yǔ)言環(huán)境例：But even more important

12、,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.但更為重要的是，這是科學(xué)家們所能觀測(cè)到的最遙遠(yuǎn)的過(guò)去的景象，因?yàn)樗麄兛吹降氖?50億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。(4)熟悉習(xí)慣表達(dá)法例：Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in ever

13、y relevant respect,extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.這類人持極端看法，認(rèn)為人與動(dòng)物在各相關(guān)方面都不相同，對(duì)待動(dòng)物無(wú)須考慮道德問(wèn)題。3、抽象名詞如何處理把抽象名詞按照以下四種方法來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)(1)名詞和動(dòng)詞的配合例：The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the 1920s,to maintain its re

14、ign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.巨大的宇宙云的存在，實(shí)際上是使二十世紀(jì)二十年代首創(chuàng)的大爆炸論得以保持其宇宙起源論的主導(dǎo)地位所不可缺少的。(2)用形容詞和名詞之間進(jìn)行配合例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians them

15、selves.人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問(wèn)。(3)名詞和句子之間進(jìn)行配合例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因?yàn)?/p>

16、外界并不認(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問(wèn)。(4)名詞和章之間進(jìn)行配合例：It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources,and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.這種謬誤同樣存在于歷史傳統(tǒng)派和歷史社科派；前者認(rèn)為歷史就是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對(duì)各種史料來(lái)源的評(píng)論，后者認(rèn)為歷史的研究是具體方法的研究。4、

17、專有名詞的問(wèn)題包括人名、地名和專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)(1)熟悉的專有名詞例：Galileos greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.伽利略的最光輝業(yè)績(jī)?cè)谟谒?609年第一個(gè)把新發(fā)明的望遠(yuǎn)鏡對(duì)準(zhǔn)天空，以證實(shí)行星是圍繞太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)而不是圍繞地球旋轉(zhuǎn)的(2)不太熟悉的專有名詞例：Pear

18、son has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.未來(lái)學(xué)家皮爾森匯集世界各地?cái)?shù)百位研究人員的成果，編制了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的新技術(shù)千年歷，它列出了人們有望看到數(shù)百項(xiàng)重大突破和發(fā)現(xiàn)的最遲日期。

19、(3)復(fù)合性的專有名詞例：The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang,first put forward in the 1920s,to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.巨大的宇宙云的存在，實(shí)際上是使二十世紀(jì)二十年代首創(chuàng)的大爆炸論得以保持其宇宙起源論的主導(dǎo)地位所不可缺少的。三、英譯漢中的動(dòng)詞的處理方法一是常用動(dòng)詞，二是高難動(dòng)詞，三是容易混消的動(dòng)詞，四是動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。(1)常用動(dòng)詞例：For example，

20、they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.例如，測(cè)試并不能彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公；因此，它們不能說(shuō)明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長(zhǎng)的話，會(huì)有多大才干。(2)高難動(dòng)詞例：How well the predictions will be validated by later pe

21、rformance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.這些預(yù)測(cè)在多大程度上為后來(lái)的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。(3)容易混消的動(dòng)詞例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the vali

22、dity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.人們之所以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問(wèn)。(4)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)例：Furthermore，it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and indus

23、try,and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.再者，顯而易見的是一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高則又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。四、英譯漢中的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(1)把非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞直接譯成動(dòng)詞例：However， the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascinating

24、and delightful aspects.然而，世界就是如此，完美的體系一般而言是無(wú)法解決世上某些更加引人入勝的課題的。(2)把非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞直接譯成形容詞例：The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang， first put forward in the 1920s， to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.巨大的宇宙云的存在，實(shí)際上是使二十世紀(jì)二十年代首創(chuàng)的大爆炸論得以保持其宇宙起源論的主導(dǎo)地位所不可缺

25、少的。(3)把非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞直接譯成名詞例：When that happens， it is not a mistake： it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action， an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.當(dāng)人們產(chǎn)生同情心的時(shí)候并不是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤，這是人類用道德觀念進(jìn)行推理的本能在起作用，這種本能應(yīng)得到鼓勵(lì)，而不應(yīng)遭到嘲弄(4)把非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞直接譯成謂詞動(dòng)詞例：Some of these causes are completely reasonable r

26、esults of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.在這些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地來(lái)自社會(huì)需求；另一些則是由于科學(xué)在一定程度上自我加速而產(chǎn)生某些特定發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果。五、英譯漢中的從句(1)主語(yǔ)從句(2)賓語(yǔ)從句(3)表語(yǔ)從句例：Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the ex

27、pense of technology or vice versa(反之)often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.政府究竟是以減少對(duì)技術(shù)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入來(lái)增加對(duì)純理論科學(xué)的經(jīng)費(fèi)投入，還是相反，這往往取決于把哪一方看作是驅(qū)動(dòng)力量。(4)定語(yǔ)從句例：They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing)man of traditional theory， and they are essential to practices in which a per

28、son is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.自由和尊嚴(yán)(它們)是傳統(tǒng)理論定義的自制者所擁有的，是要求一個(gè)人對(duì)自己的行為負(fù)責(zé)并因其業(yè)績(jī)而給予肯定的必不可少的前提。(5)狀語(yǔ)從句例：While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians， modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attemp

29、t to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.幾乎每個(gè)歷史學(xué)家對(duì)史學(xué)都有自己的界定，但現(xiàn)代史學(xué)家的實(shí)踐最趨向于認(rèn)為歷史學(xué)是試圖重現(xiàn)過(guò)去的重大史實(shí)并對(duì)其做出解釋。(6)同謂語(yǔ)從句例：This trend began during the Second World War， when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific es

30、tablishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.這種趨勢(shì)始于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間，當(dāng)時(shí)一些國(guó)家的政府得出結(jié)論：政府要向科研機(jī)構(gòu)提出的具體要求通常是無(wú)法詳盡預(yù)見的。六、英譯漢中的對(duì)稱關(guān)系(1)結(jié)構(gòu)上對(duì)稱，例用并列聯(lián)詞，and， or but(2)誤意上對(duì)稱，使用同一類型的詞。例：New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past， giving rise to new standard

31、s of elegance.同過(guò)去一樣，將來(lái)必然會(huì)出現(xiàn)新的思維方式和新的思維對(duì)象，給完美以新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。The target is wrong， for in attacking the tests， critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.例：例如，測(cè)試并不能彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公；因此，它們不能說(shuō)明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長(zhǎng)的話，會(huì)有多大才干。例：During this transfer， traditional historical met

32、hods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.在這種轉(zhuǎn)變中，歷史學(xué)家研究歷史時(shí)，那些解釋新史料的新方法充實(shí)了傳統(tǒng)的歷史研究方法。七、英譯漢中的變化一個(gè)是結(jié)構(gòu)上的變化，另一個(gè)是英語(yǔ)詞上的變化(1)結(jié)構(gòu)上的變化例：This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immed

33、iate goals but of possible consequence in the future.給某些與當(dāng)前目標(biāo)無(wú)關(guān)但將來(lái)可能產(chǎn)生影響的科研以支持，看來(lái)通常能有效地解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。(2)用詞上的變化例：Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.人們之所

34、以關(guān)注歷史研究的方法論，主要是因?yàn)槭穼W(xué)界內(nèi)部意見不一，其次是因?yàn)橥饨绮⒉徽J(rèn)為歷史是一門學(xué)問(wèn)。例：The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.行為科學(xué)之所以發(fā)展一直緩慢，部分原因是用來(lái)解釋行為的依據(jù)似乎往往是直接觀察到的，部分原因是其他的解釋方式一直難以找到。八、

35、英譯漢中的省略關(guān)系(1)動(dòng)詞的省略例：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.這些預(yù)測(cè)在多大程度上為后來(lái)的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。(2)名詞的省略例：But even more

36、important,it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.但更為重要的是，這是科學(xué)家們所能觀測(cè)到的最遙遠(yuǎn)的過(guò)去的景象，因?yàn)樗麄兛吹降氖?50億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。(3)修飾語(yǔ)的省略例：But even more important,it was the farthest that scientists

37、had been able to look into the past,for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.但更為重要的是，這是科學(xué)家們所能觀測(cè)到的最遙遠(yuǎn)的過(guò)去的景象，因?yàn)樗麄兛吹降氖?50億年前宇宙云的形狀和結(jié)構(gòu)。(4)從句引導(dǎo)詞的省略(5)相同結(jié)構(gòu)的省略例：Actually， it isnt,because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights,which is

38、something the world does not have.事實(shí)上這種提問(wèn)并不能把問(wèn)題講清楚，因?yàn)樗且匀藗儗?duì)人權(quán)的共同認(rèn)識(shí)為假設(shè)的，而這種共同認(rèn)識(shí)并不存在。九、英譯漢中的倒裝(1)在疑問(wèn)句倒裝(2)在感嘆句倒裝(3)在否定詞之后倒裝(4)在only的復(fù)詞短語(yǔ)，或復(fù)詞從句放在句首加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣(5)so或so+形容詞或者復(fù)詞放在句首加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣(6)if從句省略if的時(shí)候(7)表示地點(diǎn)的句詞，短語(yǔ)放在句首的時(shí)候(8)表語(yǔ)放在句首加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣(9)復(fù)詞或者介詞短語(yǔ)放在句首加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣例：For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequali

39、ty,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.例如，測(cè)試并不能彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公；因此，它們不能說(shuō)明一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長(zhǎng)的話，會(huì)有多大才干。例：Odd though it sounds,cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in el

40、ementary particle physics,and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.宇宙膨脹說(shuō)雖然聽似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理學(xué)中一些公認(rèn)的理論在科學(xué)上看來(lái)可信的推論。許多天體物理學(xué)家七、八年來(lái)一直認(rèn)為這一論說(shuō)是正確的。例：Thus,the anthropological concept of culture, like the concept ofsetin mathematics,is an abstract concept which

41、makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.因此，人類學(xué)中“文化”概念就像數(shù)學(xué)中“集”的概念一樣，是一個(gè)抽象概念，它使大量的具體研究和認(rèn)識(shí)成為可能。十、英譯漢中的慣用法參考例年考題People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not,

42、or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are,of course,extremely interested in these types of questions. (61) They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet,but two distinct schools of thought on

43、 the matter have developed. As one might expect,the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature vs. nurture.”(62) Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely d

44、etermined by biological factors. (63) That our environment has little,if anything,to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme,this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great degree that we are almost completely govern

45、ed by our instincts.Those who support the “nurture” theory,that is,they advocate education,are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist,B. F. Skinner,sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.(64) The behaviorists maintain that,like machines,humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic,