美國環(huán)境保護概論（一）

1、Instructions for Using This PowerPoint PresentationYou may adjust the size of windows (see instructions below) move forward to the next slide, or backward to the previous slide using the the arrows bottom center of the screen.1ESC110 CHAPTER ONEUNDERSTANDING OUR ENVIRONMENT2Chapter One Readings & Ob

2、jectivesRequired ReadingCunningham & Cunningham, Chapter One: Understanding Our Environment After finishing Chapter One you should be able to: define the term environment and Environmental Science and identify some important environmental concerns that we face today; explain the scientific method an

3、d how to apply it to problem solving; explain how statistics and probability can be used in Environmental Science; understand how analytical, creative, critical, logical and reflective thinking differ;summarize some major environmental dilemmas and issues that shape our current environmental agenda;

4、 and, discuss the implications of sustainability and sustainable development.3Chapter One Key Terms analytical thinking page 11 of text biocentric preservation 15 blind experiments 6 controlled studies 6 creative thinking 11 critical thinking 11 deductive reasoning 6 double-blind design 6 environmen

5、t 4 environmental science 4 global environmentalism 16 hypothesis 7 inductive reasoning 6 logical thinking 11mean 8 modern environmentalism 15 paradigms 9 parsimony 5 probability 8 reflective thinking 11 reproducibility 6 sample 8 scientific theory 7 significant numbers 6 statistics 8 sustainability

6、 21 sustainable development 21 utilitarian conservation 144Chapter 1 TopicsUnderstanding Our Environment (Dredging the Hudson)Science as a Way of KnowingInvestigating our EnvironmentThinking About ThinkingA Brief History of Conservation & EnvironmentalismCurrent Environmental ConditionsHuman Dimensi

7、ons of environmental science5The Planet EarthUnique in the universe (?)Mild, relatively constant temperaturesBiogeochemical cyclesMillions of speciesDiverse, self-sustaining communitiesPART 1: UNDERSTANDING OUR ENVIRONMENT6Environment is the circumstances and conditions that surround an organism or

8、a group of organisms.Environmental science is the systematic study of our environment and our place in it.Ecology is the study of an organism or organisms, the impact of the environment on them, and their impact on the environment.Environmental Science7Part 2: Science as a Way of KnowingModern scien

9、ce has its roots in antiquityGreek philosophersArabic mathematicians and astronomersChinese naturalists8Quotes to think about regarding Ecology:The reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself. Therefore all progress depends on the

10、 unreasonable man.George Bernard Shaw9Quotes to think about regarding Technology:The only two things that are infinite in size are the universe, and human stupidity. And Im not completely sure about the universe.Albert Einstein10Scientific InvestigationDeductive vs. inductive reasoningHypothesis - a

11、 conditional explanation that can be verified or falsifiedScientific theory - an explanation that is supported by an overwhelming body of data and experience 11Models and Natural ExperimentsModelsSimulate real environmental systems;Can be physical or mathematical;Provide heuristic information (sugge

12、stions of how things MIGHT be); andAre influenced by researchers assumptions.Natural ExperimentsGathering of historic evidence; andConducted by scientists who cant test their hypotheses directly.12In some ways, children are the “ultimate” practical scientistsno pre-conceived bias in their investigat

13、ions.However, Society uses numbers, called “statistics” to let you evaluate and compare things. Information known by only one person isnt useful to Society, and communication is essential. This is one reason why scientists are rewarded so much for publishing in scientific journals. “Publish or Peris

14、h” is a real threat in academia. Open Minds are Learning Minds13Scientific DesignBlind ExperimentConducted so investigators do not know which is the control and which is the experimental group, until after data have been gathered and analyzed.Double-BlindNeither the subject nor the investigators kno

15、w which participants are receiving an experimental treatment.14Statistics and ProbabilityQuantitative dataPrecise and easily compared; andGood benchmarks for measuring change.ProbabilityMeasure of how likely something is; andHigh degree of scientific certainty: 95% probability.StatisticsImportant to

16、ol in both planning and evaluating scientific studies; andSample size, number of replications important. 15Paradigms and Scientific ConsensusParadigms Overarching models of the world that guide our interpretation of eventsExamples: tectonic plate movement, Einsteins theory of relativityParadigm shif

17、t Occurs when a majority of scientists accept that the old explanation no longer explains new observations very well Paradigm shifts are sometimes contentious and political.16Part 3: Thinking About Thinking17Table 1.3 Steps in Critical Thinking18Applying Critical ThinkingIdentify and evaluate premis

18、es and conclusions in an argument;Acknowledge and clarify uncertainties, vagueness, equivocation, and contradictions; Distinguish between facts and values;Recognize and assess assumptions;Distinguish source reliability or unreliability; andRecognize and understand conceptual frameworks.19Steps in Cr

19、itical ThinkingIdentify and evaluate premises and conclusions in an argument.Acknowledge and clarify uncertainties, vagueness, equivocation, and contradictions.Distinguish between facts and values.Recognize and assess assumptions.Distinguish source reliability or unreliability.Recognize and understa

20、nd conceptual frameworks.20Part 4. History of Conserva-tion and Environ-mentalism21Our Conservation and Environmentalism History has four Distinct Stages:Pragmatic Resource ConservationMoral and Aesthetic Nature PreservationModern EnvironmentalismGlobal Environmental Citizenship22Pragmatic Resource

21、Conservation President Theodore Roosevelt and his chief conservation advisor, Gifford Pinchot, believed in utilitarian conservation.Forests should be saved so they can be used to provide homes and jobs.Should be used for “the greatest good for the greatest number, for the longest time.”23Moral and A

22、esthetic Nature PreservationJohn Muir, first president of the Sierra Club,opposed Pinchots utilitarian policies.Biocentric Preservationemphasizes the fundamental right of all organisms to pursue their own interests24Modern EnvironmentalismRachel Carsons Silent Spring (1962) started the modern enviro

23、nmental movement.awakened the public to threats of pollution and toxic chemicals to humans as well as other speciesmodern environmentalism extends concerns to include both natural resources and environmental pollution.25Global ConcernsIncreased travel and communication enables people to know about d

24、aily events in placesunknown in previous generations.Global environmentalism is the recognition that we share one environment that is common toall humans.26Part 5: Current Environmental ConditionsHalf the worlds wetlands were lost in the last 100 years.Land conversion and logging have shrunk the wor

25、lds forests by as much as 50%.Nearly three-quarters of the worlds major marine fish stocks are over-fished or are being harvested beyond a sustainable rate.Soil degradation has affected two-thirds of the worlds agricultural lands in the last 50 years.27Major Causes of Environmental Degradation(1) Po

26、pulation Growthalmost 6.5 billion people now occupy the earth, and we are adding about 85 million more each year.In the next decade, most population growth will be in the poorer countries - countries where present populations already strain resources and services/main/www/popcloc

27、k.html28burning of fossil fuelsdestruction of tropical rainforests and other biologically rich landscapesproduction of toxic wastes(2) Resource Extraction and UseMajor Causes of Environmental Degradation (contd)29Major Causes of Environmental Degradation (contd): Acid Deposition30Part 6: Human Dimen

28、sions of Environmental ScienceMore than 1.3 billion people live in acute poverty, with an income of less than $1 (US) per day. These people generally lack access to an adequate diet, decent housing, basic sanitation, clean water, education, medical care, and other essentials.Four out of five people

29、in the world live in what would be considered poverty in industrialized countries.The worlds poorest people are often forced to meet short-term survival needs at the cost of long-term sustainability.3132The American LifestyleTo get an average American through the day takesabout 1,000 pounds of raw m

30、aterials, including40 pounds of fossil fuels22 pounds of wood and paper119 gallons of water.Every year, Americans throw away some 160 million tons of garbage, including50 million tons of paper67 billion cans and bottles18 billion disposable diapers.33If everyone in the world tried to live at consump

31、tion levels approaching ours, the results would be disastrous.3435SustainabilitySustainabilityHow can the nations of the world produce the goods and services needed to improve life for everyone without overtaxing the environmental systems and natural resources on which we all depend? Sustainable dev

32、elopment:progress in human well-being that we can extend or prolong over many generations, rather than just a few years.To be truly enduring, the benefits of sustainable development must be available to all humans, not just to the members of a privileged group.36Indigenous Peoples Indigenous peoples are generally among the least powerful, most neglected groups.In many countries, traditional caste systems, discriminatory laws, economics, or prejudices repress indigenous peoples.In many places, indigenous peop