經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)國際貿(mào)易ch課件

1、Chapter 5 Heckscher-Ohlin Theory5.1 Assumption of the Theory5.2 The Model5.3 Factor-Price Equalization Theory5.4 The Leontief Paradox7/27/20221華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云Chapter 5 Heckscher-Ohlin TheoryExplain the basis of comparative advantageAnalyze the effect that international Trade has on the earnings of fa

2、ctors of production in the two trading nations. 7/27/20222華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.1 Assumption of the Theory and the meaning1. There are two nations (Nation 1 and Nation 2), two commodities (commodity X and commodity Y), and two factors of production (labor and capital).2. Both nations use the same technolo

3、gy in production.7/27/20223華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.1 Assumption of the Theory and the meaning3. Commodity X is labor intensive and commodity Y is capital intensive in both nations. Commodity X requires relatively more labor to produce than commodity Y in both nations. That is, labor-capital ratio (L/K) is h

4、igher for commodity X than for commodity Y in both nations at the same relative factor price. 7/27/20224華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.1 Assumption of the Theory and the meaning4. Both commodities are produced under constant returns to scale in both nations.5. There is incomplete specialization in production in bo

5、th nations.6. Tastes are equal in both nations.7/27/20225華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.1 Assumption of the Theory and the meaning7. There is perfect competition in both commodities and factor markets in both nations.8. There is perfect factor mobility within each nation but no international factor mobility.7/27/2

6、0226華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.1 Assumption of the Theory and the meaning9. There are no transportation costs, tariffs, or other obstructions to the free flow of international trade.10. All resources are fully employed in both nations.11. International trade between the two nations is balanced.7/27/20227華中科技大學(xué)

7、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.2 Factor Intensity, Factor Abundance and the shape of the production Frontier5.2.1 Factor Intensity We say that commodity Y is capital intensive if capital-labor ratio (K/L) used in the production of Y is greater than K/L used in the production of X.7/27/20228華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云7/27/20229華中科技大學(xué)

8、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.2.2 Factor Abundance There are two ways to define factor abundance. One way is in terms of physical units (i.e., in terms of the overall amount of capital and labor available to each nation). Another way to define factor abundance is in terms of relative factor prices (i.e., in terms of th

9、e rental price of capital and the price of labor time in each nation).7/27/202210華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.2.2 Factor Abundance1. Nation 2 is capital abundant if the ratio of the total amount of capital to the total amount of labor (TK/TL) available in nation 2 is greater than that in Nation 1 (physical units

10、).2. Nation 2 is capital abundant if the ratio of rental price of capital to the price of labor (PK/PL) is lower in Nation 2 than in Nation 1 (factor price).7/27/202211華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.3 The Heckscaher-Ohlin Theory 5.3.1 Introduction 7/27/202212華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.3.2 The Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem A nation

11、 will export the commodity whose production requires the intensive use of the nations relatively abundant and cheap factor and import the commodity whose production requires the intensive use of the nations relatively scarce and expensive factor. In short, the relatively labor-rich nation exports th

12、e relatively labor-intensive commodity and imports the relatively capital-intensive commodity. 7/27/202213華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.3.3 General Equilibrium Framework of the H-O Theory5.3.4 Illustration of the H-O Theory7/27/202214華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云7/27/202215華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.3.5 A simple testification of the H-O t

13、heory 例：技術(shù)系數(shù)要素價(jià)格成本差距表I國II國(1)技術(shù)系數(shù)勞動(A)資本(B)(2)要素價(jià)格勞動(W)資本(R)(3)成本P=WA+RB 0.75 0.25 0.25 0.7540日元200日元40日元200日元PX=80日元 PY=160日元 0.75 0.25 0.25 0.751美元1美元1美元1美元Px=1美元Py=1美元7/27/202216華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云例：I國用大寫母、II國用小寫字母來表示。X商品不加撇，Y商品則加撇。在一般情況下，大寫字母、不加撇就是在說明I國X商品?，F(xiàn)在假定商品成本P可以按下式計(jì)劃： P=WA+RB（1）這里A和B是每單位產(chǎn)品所需要的勞

14、動量和資本量，W是勞動價(jià)格，即工資，R是資本價(jià)格，即利潤率（=利息率）。 7/27/202217華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云例：同時(shí)還要做如下假定： 1每種商品的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)系數(shù)兩國完全相同。即： A=a，B=b，A=a，B=b（2） 因此這種情況稱為“同一技術(shù)系數(shù)”即： ，7/27/202218華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云例：2但是同X商品相比，Y商品采取資本密集的技術(shù)系數(shù)即： （3）3各國國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)要素可以自由流動，通過市場的完全競爭，等質(zhì)的生產(chǎn)要素在各產(chǎn)業(yè)部門都得到相同的報(bào)酬，不存在工資差異和利潤率差異：W=W，R=R，w=w，r=r（4）7/27/202219華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云例：

15、4但是勞動和資本的相對價(jià)格Q=W/R兩國相比，1國勞動較便宜，資本較貴，即： Q=Qq=q（5）7/27/202220華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云例：做了上述準(zhǔn)備，根據(jù)假定的(3)式和(5)式，最后如能證明I國X商品、II國Y商品具有比較優(yōu)勢就可以了。即證明PX/PYpx/py，換言之能證明PX/PYpx/py0就可以了。根據(jù)(1)式：7/27/202221華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云例：再把(2)式和(4)式考慮進(jìn)去，就成為：7/27/202222華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云例：但是根據(jù)假定,Qq, ,所以 (Qq)0,()0,即: (Qq)(11)0(6)因此，最后整個(gè)式子是負(fù)數(shù)。從而證明

16、了 PX/PYpx/py0,即PX/PYpx/py 7/27/202223華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.4 Factor-Price Equalization Theorem and Income Distribution It was Paul Samuelson (1976 Nobel Prize in economics) who rigorously proved this theorem (corollary) (also called H-O-S theorem)7/27/202224華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.4.1 The Factor-price Equalizatio

17、n Theorem We can state the factor-price equalization (H-O-S) theorem as follows: International trade will bring about equalization in the relative and absolute returns to homogeneous factors across nations. As such, international trade is a substitute for the international mobility of factors.7/27/2

18、02225華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.4.1 The Factor-price Equalization TheoremFor example: Labor in all trading nations will have the same return (wages); capital return will be the same too.7/27/202226華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.4.1 The Factor-price Equalization TheoremIn national 1, We know that in the absence of trade the r

19、elative price of commodity X is lower in Nation 1 than in Nation 2 because the relative price of labor, or the wage rate, is lower in Nation 1. As Nation 1 specializes in the production of commodity X (the L-intensive commodity) and reduces its production of commodity Y (the K-intensive commodity),

20、the relative demand for labor rises, causing wages (W) to rise, while the relative demand for capital falls, causing the interest rate (r) to fall. 7/27/202227華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.4.2 Relative and Absolute Factor-Price Equalization If all the assumptions hold. There would be a one to one relationship bet

21、ween w/r and PX/PY. Relative factor-price equalization means and also w/r=(w/r)* see Figure 5-57/27/202228華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.4.2 Relative and Absolute Factor-Price EqualizationAbsolute factor-prices equalization Equation of alsolute factor prices means that free international trade also equalizes the r

22、eal wages for the same type of labor in the two nations and the real rate of interest for the same type of capital in the two nations.7/27/202229華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.4.2 Relative and Absolute Factor-Price Equalization proof Eulers theorem: if constant returns to scale prevail in production and if each fa

23、ctor is rewarded (paid) according to its productivity, the output produced is exhausted and just exhausted. Specifically, the marginal physical product of labor 7/27/202230華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云7/27/202231華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.4.2 Relative and Absolute Factor-Price Equalization(MPL) times the amount of labor used

24、 in production (L) plus the marginal physical product of capital (MPK) times the amount of capital used in production (K) exactly equals the output produced. The same is true for commodity Y. In equation form, Eulers theorem in the production of commodity X can be expressed as (MPL)(L)+(MPK)(K)=X (5

25、A-1)7/27/202232華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.4.2 Relative and Absolute Factor-Price EqualizationDividing both sides by L and rearranging: X/L=MPL+(MPK)(K)/L(5A-2)Factoring out MPL:X/L=MPL (1+K/L)(MPK/MPL)(5A-3)7/27/202233華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.4.2 Relative and Absolute Factor-Price Equalization With trade, Nation 1 prod

26、uces at point B and Nation 2 produces at point B. Since at points B and B, w/r is the same in both nations, MPK/MPL is also the same in both nations. We also know that at points B and B, K/L in the production of commodity X is the same in both nations. 7/27/202234華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.4.2 Relative and Abs

27、olute Factor-Price Equalization Finally, X/L is the average product of labor in the production of commodity Xand this is also the same in the two nations because of the assumptions of constant returns to scale and the same technology. As a result, the last remaining component (MPL) in equation 5A-3

28、must also be the same in the production of commodity X in both nations if Equation 5A-3 is to hold. 7/27/202235華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.4.3 Effect of Trade on the Distribution of Income.Trade Increases the price of the nations abundant and cheap factor and reduces the price of its scarce and expensive factor

29、.The real income of Labor and of owners of Capital move in the some direction as the movement in factor prices.7/27/202236華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.4.3 Effect of Trade on the Distribution of Income.E. g. developed nations case and developing nations case and the policy implication.empirical Relevance Sometime

30、s, it is more realistic to say that international trade has reduced, rather than completely eliminated, the international difference in the returns to homogeneous factors.7/27/202237華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.5 the Leontief ParadoxThe first empirical test of the H-O model was conducted by Wassily Leontief.For

31、this test, Leontief utilized the input-output table of the U.S. economy to calculate the amount of labor and capital in a representative bundle of $1 million worth of U.S. exports import substitutes for the year 1947.7/27/202238華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.5 the Leontief Paradox5.5.1 The results of the test were

32、 startling, U.S. import substitutes were about 30 percent more K intensive than U.S. exports. Leontief paradox5.5.2 Explanations of the Leontief paradox7/27/202239華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.5.2 Explanations of the Leontief paradox1. Skilled Labor Theory (Leontief) Since in 1947 U.S. labor was about three times as productive as foreign labor, the United States was really an L-abundant nation to U.S. import substitutes.7/27/202240華中科技大學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院 劉海云5.5.2 Explanations of the Leontief paradox2. Human Capit