大學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法.名詞概要課件

1、名詞I. 名詞的種類(lèi)專(zhuān)有名詞普通名詞國(guó)名地名人名，團(tuán)體機(jī)構(gòu)名稱(chēng)可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II. 名詞的數(shù)1. 規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es?，F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法列表如下：（參看章振邦語(yǔ)法）規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thi

2、eves, knife-knives, wife-wives, half-halves加-schief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-esNegro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-p

3、otatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外來(lái)詞加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2. 不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)英語(yǔ)里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下：

4、 規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin, 3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, 4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people, police5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, p

5、ublic, party6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關(guān)), times(時(shí)代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報(bào)紙), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜) 規(guī)則 例詞7加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8 將主體名詞變

6、為復(fù)數(shù)sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)women singers, men servants合成名詞表示“某國(guó)人”His schoolmate物質(zhì)名詞單復(fù)數(shù)意義不同：sands大面積沙灘；waters 大面積水域；foods 多種食品，two coffees 兩杯咖啡rubber 橡膠- rubbers 膠鞋stone 石料 -stones 一塊塊石頭egg 蛋白-eggs一個(gè)個(gè)的蛋l(fā)a

7、mb 羔羊肉-lambs 羔羊onion 洋蔥味-onion 洋蔥頭抽象名詞單復(fù)數(shù)意義不同： The teachers met once a year to exchange experience. （經(jīng)驗(yàn)）Please tell us about your experiences in Africa.(經(jīng)歷）Experience 作“經(jīng)驗(yàn)”講，沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)；作“經(jīng)歷”講，兩種形式均可。What is the odds?有什么要緊？The odds are against us.我們成功的機(jī)會(huì)很小。His remains lie in the churchyard.遺體 教堂墓地Here is t

8、he remains of a temple.遺跡The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.剩余物一些以-s結(jié)尾的單復(fù)數(shù)同形的名詞，隨后動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于這些名詞是用作單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。A barracks營(yíng)房 was stormed by the enemy troops.Two barracks in the suburbs have been surrounded. 郊區(qū)A headquarters總部 was set up to direct the operation.Their headquarters are in Paris.The

9、 only means to achieve success is to appeal to arms.All means have been tried out to increase agricultural production.A series of pre-recorded預(yù)先錄制的 tapes has been prepared for language lab use.There are two series of readers: one for beginners and one for advanced students.A new species of mammal ha

10、s been found.Altogether, about 450 species of flatfish比目魚(yú) are known.a of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 a committee of/ a panel of/ a board of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞，隨后的動(dòng)詞為單數(shù)。A panel of distinguished people has been chosen to judge this competition. It is meeting tomorrow.and/ bothandand/ bothand連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)，如果意義為復(fù)數(shù)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。The fishing and the

11、 hunting in Arizona（亞利桑那州）were good that year.如果作主語(yǔ)的并列結(jié)構(gòu)不是指兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的人或物，而是表示單數(shù)意義，則動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)：Ham and eggs is a good breakfast.The secretary and treasurer is absent. 備受寵愛(ài)的人or/ nor/ eitheroror/ nor/ eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語(yǔ)，隨后的動(dòng)詞形式通常按照“就近原則”Either my father or my brothers are coming.

12、Neither the Kansas players nor the coach was overconfident.as well as as well as, in addition to, with, along with, together with, except等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí)，其后的動(dòng)詞形式也取決與主語(yǔ)本身的形式。The manager with some workers was working during the holidays.The father, as well as his sons, is going to enroll.as much asas much as,

13、rather than, more than, no less than等引導(dǎo)的從屬結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，隨后的動(dòng)詞形式依助于的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。Some of the workers as much as the manager were responsible for the loss.His brother rather than his parents is to blame.以表示確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語(yǔ)1 如果數(shù)量概念被看做一個(gè)整體，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)；如果被看做組成該數(shù)量的一個(gè)個(gè)體，則動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)。They thought that sixty-five dollars was not too much to

14、 ask.Six months is too short a time.2 如果作主語(yǔ)的名詞詞組是由“分?jǐn)?shù)+of+詞組”構(gòu)成，其動(dòng)詞形式依of詞組中名詞類(lèi)別而定。Over sixty percent of the city was destroyed in the war.Thirty-five per cent of the doctors were women.3 如果主語(yǔ)由”one in/ one out of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”構(gòu)成，在正式語(yǔ)體中，動(dòng)詞也可按就近原則用復(fù)數(shù)。One in ten students has failed the exam.One in ten students h

15、ave failed the exam.以表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組作主語(yǔ)1 all of, some of , none of, half of, most of等表示非確定數(shù)量的名詞詞組，其后的動(dòng)詞形式依照of詞組中的名詞類(lèi)別而定。Most of the members were there.All of the money has been stolen.2 如果主語(yǔ)是lots of, heaps of, loads of, plenty of+名詞構(gòu)成，表示許多的概念，隨后動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式也依照of詞組中名詞類(lèi)別而定。Lots of food is going to waste.Lots

16、 of people are waiting outside.3 如果是a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of+名詞構(gòu)成，不管名詞類(lèi)別為何，動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。A series of accidents has been reported.A pile of logs was set beside the hearth.4 a kind/ sort/ type of, this kind/ sort/ type of +名詞構(gòu)成，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。There is a kind of rose in the garden, which fills

17、 the air with fragrance when May comes.若限定詞是these / those，同時(shí)of詞組的名詞又是復(fù)數(shù)，則動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)These kind of men annoy me.6 an average of/ a majority of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞構(gòu)成，而且明確表示多數(shù)個(gè)體概念，隨后的動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如果這類(lèi)主語(yǔ)不表示多數(shù)個(gè)體概念，則動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)An average of 25 persons apply each month.An average of 25 applications a month is not unusual.名詞前客觀性形容詞的排列順序：slh

18、,sac,omc。這些字母分別指size(大小), length(長(zhǎng)短),height(高矮), shape(形狀),age(新舊), color(顏色), origin(來(lái)源、國(guó)別), material(材料),category(類(lèi)別)。III. 名詞的所有格名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式叫做 名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無(wú)生命的東西。5 many a+名詞或more than one+名詞構(gòu)成，其意義雖然屬多數(shù)，但隨后的動(dòng)詞仍遵循語(yǔ)法一致，用單數(shù)。Many a man has done his duty.Mo

19、re than one game was lost.1. s所有格的構(gòu)成：?jiǎn)螖?shù)名詞在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,復(fù)數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí),各名詞末尾均須加sJapans and Americas problems, J

20、anes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店鋪，所有格后名詞省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles 2. s所有格的用法：表示時(shí)間todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然現(xiàn)象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示國(guó)家城市等地方的名詞the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas indust