什么是現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)

1、第一章什么是現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)1內(nèi)容提要Outline什么是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) What is Economics為什么要學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) Why Study Economics經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理 Ten Principles of Economics2經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是一門社會(huì)科學(xué)Economics is a Social Science它的主題是社會(huì)的人們的選擇如何引導(dǎo)他們的生活，以及他們?nèi)绾蜗嗷ビ绊憽?Its subject matter is society how people choose to lead their lives and how they interact with one another.但它以科學(xué)的冷

2、靜來研究這個(gè)主題。 It approaches its subject with the dispassion of a science. 3經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)在各門學(xué)科中的位置自然科學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)人文數(shù)理化生經(jīng)政社心文史哲工商美術(shù)醫(yī)法公共管理新聞傳播國際關(guān)系建筑教育公共衛(wèi)生4現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)“最近的半個(gè)世紀(jì)以來發(fā)展起來的、在當(dāng)今世界上被認(rèn)可為主流的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)”“代表了一種研究經(jīng)濟(jì)行為和現(xiàn)象的分析方法或框架”“經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的基本原理和分析方法是無地域和國別區(qū)分的?！保ㄒ陨弦藻X穎一，“理解現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)”，現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與中國經(jīng)濟(jì)改革，人民大學(xué)出版社2003。）在本課程中，“現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)”與“經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)”提法等同5經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的學(xué)科領(lǐng)

3、域微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)計(jì)量經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)產(chǎn)業(yè)組織勞動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)金融學(xué)公共財(cái)政國際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)比較經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)法律和經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)史6金融學(xué)是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)科的一部分什么是金融學(xué)(Finance)“微觀金融”(finance)公司金融(corporate finance)（又稱公司財(cái)務(wù)、公司理財(cái)）資產(chǎn)定價(jià)(asset pricing)“宏觀金融” 包括貨幣銀行(money and banking)、國際金融 (international finance)與宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)(macroeconomics)、國際經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)(international economics)密切相關(guān)7工商管理學(xué)科領(lǐng)域會(huì)計(jì)(accounting)

4、市場營銷(marketing)人力資源(human resource)組織行為(organizational behavior, “OB”)公司戰(zhàn)略(corporate strategy)創(chuàng)業(yè)(entrepreneurship)運(yùn)作管理(operation management, “OM”)管理信息系統(tǒng)(management information system, “MIS”)8經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與管理學(xué)關(guān)系密切會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)：前沿研究領(lǐng)域深受信息經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的影響市場營銷學(xué)：定價(jià)策略得益于信息經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和博弈論人力資源管理學(xué)：大量運(yùn)用組織經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和激勵(lì)理論的分析方法公司戰(zhàn)略：延伸博弈論和產(chǎn)業(yè)組織理論9經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)科在清華1926

5、：創(chuàng)建經(jīng)濟(jì)系1928：陳岱孫（1928年哈佛經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)博士）擔(dān)任經(jīng)濟(jì)系主任 1929：陳岱孫兼任法學(xué)院院長，法學(xué)院下設(shè)政治（包括法律）和經(jīng)濟(jì)兩系1952：經(jīng)濟(jì)系被撤消，清華變成單一工科大學(xué)1984：經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院成立、經(jīng)濟(jì)系恢復(fù)。2002：經(jīng)濟(jì)系聘請15名，金融系聘請9名特聘教授。10經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)科在清華11“經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理”課在清華1928年：陳岱孫開始講授面向全校的“經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)概論”課。朱鎔基曾修此課。1980年：黎詣遠(yuǎn)在系（院）內(nèi)開設(shè)了中級(jí)水平的“西方經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)”課程（國內(nèi)首次使用該名稱）；以后逐步發(fā)展為兩學(xué)期課程。1997年：為本專業(yè)本科生增設(shè)了一學(xué)期“經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)”課程；全校選修課中也增加了這一課程。李子奈曾

6、經(jīng)講授此課。2002年：為全院本科生、并面向全校學(xué)生開設(shè)了兩學(xué)期“經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理”課程。由錢穎一主講。12Why Study Economics?學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的三個(gè)原因經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)有助你了解你生活的世界。 Economics will help you understand the world in which you live.經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)使你更精明地參與經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)。Economics will make you a more astute participant in the economy. 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)使你更好地理解經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的潛力與局限性。 Economics will give you a better un

7、derstanding of the potential and limits of economic policy.13為什么要學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理?“在我當(dāng)學(xué)生的20年中，最令我興奮的課程是我在上大學(xué)一年級(jí)時(shí)所選的連續(xù)兩個(gè)學(xué)期的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理?？梢院敛豢鋸埖卣f，這門課改變了我的一生?！甭ソ?jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理序言“During my 20 year career as a student, the course that excited me most was the two-semester sequence on the principles of economics that I took during

8、 my freshman year in college. It is no exaggeration to say that it changed my life.”14為什么要學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理?經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)教育的三個(gè)層次經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理中級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)（微觀、宏觀、計(jì)量）高級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)（微觀、宏觀、計(jì)量） 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)課程15為什么要學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理?經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理不用公式而用圖表（“curve-shifting economics”），對理科學(xué)生尤為重要現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的入門課三個(gè)主要目的中級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)用一些數(shù)學(xué)和統(tǒng)計(jì)較為嚴(yán)格的數(shù)學(xué)推理較為系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)實(shí)證分析高級(jí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)用很多數(shù)學(xué)（“Greek-letter economics”）

9、學(xué)術(shù)研究16為什么要學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理?“我的數(shù)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)好，可以直接學(xué)中級(jí)微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和中級(jí)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)嗎？”“我已經(jīng)閱讀了不少經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)書籍，包括一些名著，可以不用學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理了嗎？”“我將來要學(xué)金融學(xué)，為什么要學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)？ ”“我將來要學(xué)管理學(xué)，為什么要學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)？ ”“我的專業(yè)是社會(huì)學(xué)、政治學(xué)、新聞與傳媒、法律，學(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理有用嗎？”17一種新的思維方式A New Way of Thinking大學(xué)一年級(jí)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理課程使我看到了一種新的思維方式。曼昆經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理 My freshman course on the principles ofeconomics opened my eyes to a ne

10、w way of thinking.18一種新的思維方式A New Way of Thinking沒想到的原因(unexpected reasons)非故意的后果(unintended consequences)無關(guān)緊要的因素(irrelevant factors)出乎預(yù)料的辦法(surprising methods)19一種新的思維方式A New Way of Thinking經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)是這樣一門學(xué)科可以憑少量的知識(shí)去理解廣泛的現(xiàn)象。 Economics is a subject in which a little knowledge goes a long way.20經(jīng)濟(jì) 經(jīng)濟(jì)(Econom

11、y)希臘文：家政管理中文：經(jīng)世濟(jì)民經(jīng)濟(jì)在當(dāng)代中國的特殊位置基本國策：以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心1979年后以市場取向的改革和開放的成績2002年加入WTO后與世界經(jīng)濟(jì)接軌的前程21經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)(Economics)基本觀察：資源的稀缺性研究社會(huì)對稀缺資源的管理，從而研究人們的經(jīng)濟(jì)行為（人們?nèi)绾巫鰶Q策）社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)現(xiàn)象（人們決策的相互作用）現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)在當(dāng)代中國的特殊位置對政府政策的影響對企業(yè)的影響對社會(huì)輿論的影響22經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的力量“許多實(shí)行家自以為不受任何學(xué)理的影響,卻往往當(dāng)了某個(gè)已故經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的奴隸” - 凱恩斯(1935年)“The ideas of economists and political phil

12、osophers, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood. Indeed, the world is ruled by little else. Practical men, who believe themselves to be quite exempt from intellectual influences, are usually the slaves of some defunct economists.” (John Mayna

13、rd Keynes)23經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家(Economist)專業(yè)從事經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究的學(xué)者經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家在當(dāng)代中國的特殊位置在推動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)改革和開放中起到特殊作用在政府、企業(yè)、媒體中的特殊地位在學(xué)術(shù)界的地位24經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的素質(zhì)“ The master-economist must possess a rare combination of gifts. He must be mathematician, historian, statesman, philosopherin some degree. He must understand symbols and speak in words. He must

14、contemplate the particular in terms of the general, and touch abstract and concrete in the same flight of thought. He must study the present in the light of the past for the purpose of the future. No part of mans nature or his institutions must lie entirely outside his regard. He must be purposeful

15、and disinterested in a simultaneous mood; as aloof and incorruptible as an artist, yet sometimes as near the earth as a politician.” (John Maynard Keynes凱恩斯)25經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的三類問題人們?nèi)绾巫鞒鰶Q策 How People Make Decisions2. 人們?nèi)绾蜗嗷プ饔?How People Interact3. 整體經(jīng)濟(jì)如何運(yùn)行 How the Economy as a Whole Works26經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的十個(gè)原理1. 人們面臨得失交換（權(quán)衡

16、取舍）。 People face tradeoffs. 2. 某物的成本是為此所放棄的東西。 The cost of something is what you give up to get it. 3. 理性人思考邊際量。 Rational people think at the margin.4. 人們會(huì)對激勵(lì)作出反應(yīng)。 People respond to incentives.人們?nèi)绾巫鞒鰶Q策How People Make Decisions27經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的十個(gè)原理5. 貿(mào)易能使人人收益。 Trade can make everyone better off.6. 市場通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的好

17、方式。 Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.7. 政府有時(shí)可以改進(jìn)市場結(jié)果。 Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes.人們?nèi)绾蜗嗷プ饔肏ow People Interact28經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的十個(gè)原理8.一國的生活水平取決于它的生產(chǎn)。 The standard of living depends on a countrys production.9. 當(dāng)政府發(fā)行了過多的貨幣時(shí)，物價(jià)上漲。 Prices rise when the government pri

18、nts too much money.10. 社會(huì)面臨通貨膨脹和失業(yè)之間的短期得失交換。Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.整體經(jīng)濟(jì)如何運(yùn)行How the Economy as a Whole Works29人們面臨得失交換 People face tradeoffs“天下沒有免費(fèi)的午餐！” “There is no such thing as a free lunch!”30人們面臨得失交換 People face tradeoffs為了得到一樣?xùn)|西，我們通常不得不放棄另一樣?xùn)|西。 To

19、get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing. 食品和衣服 Food v. clothing 閑遐和工作（收入）Leisure time v. work(earnings) 大炮和黃油 Guns v. butter 效率和平等 Efficiency v. equity31人們面臨得失交換 People face tradeoffs效率：社會(huì)從稀缺資源中獲得最多(餅的大小) Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources. 平

20、等：收益在社會(huì)成員中公平分配(餅的分割) Equity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.效率和平等 Efficiency v. Equity322. 某物的成本是為此而放棄的東西 The cost of something is what you give up to get it人們通過考慮某事的成本與收益來決定是否做某件事情。 People decide whether to do one thing or not by considering

21、 its costs and benefits.不過，做決策需要將這件事與其他選擇方案相權(quán)衡。 However, making decisions requires trading off this thing against other alternatives.當(dāng)我們僅僅計(jì)算某一件事的成本與收益時(shí)，如何將其他選擇也考慮進(jìn)來？ How can we take other alternatives into account when calculate costs and benefits of just this thing? 332. 某物的成本是為此而放棄的東西 The cost of

22、something is what you give up to get it某物的機(jī)會(huì)成本是為了得到它而放棄的東西。 The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to obtain that item.342. 某物的成本是為此而放棄的東西 The cost of something is what you give up to get it機(jī)會(huì)成本取決于你所面臨的其他選擇。在很多情況下，某些機(jī)會(huì)成本容易被忽視（未必和金錢或精力的付出直接相關(guān)）。為什么比爾蓋茨和老虎伍滋中途退學(xué)？為什么這兩年廣東出現(xiàn)了“民工荒”？353. 理性人考慮

23、邊際量 Rational people think at the margin人們作最優(yōu)決策時(shí)比較邊際上的成本和收益。 People make optimal decisions by comparing costs and benefits at the margin.邊際變化是對已有行動(dòng)計(jì)劃的小的、增量調(diào)整 Marginal changes are small, incremental adjustments to an existing plan of action.363. 理性人考慮邊際量 Rational people think at the margin航空公司應(yīng)該向等退票的乘

24、客收取多高的價(jià)格？為什么航空公司讓雇員和他們的親屬在乘客上完后可以免費(fèi)搭乘飛機(jī)？邊際成本與平均成本 marginal cost v. average cost374. 人們會(huì)對激勵(lì)作出反應(yīng) People respond to incentives成本和收益的邊際量變化促使人們作出反應(yīng)Marginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to respond.當(dāng)某種可能的邊際收益超過邊際成本時(shí)，人們就會(huì)選擇它The decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when that

25、 alternatives marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs!384. 人們會(huì)對激勵(lì)作出反應(yīng)：例子 People respond to incentives: Examples使用汽車安全帶的法律會(huì)增強(qiáng)行車安全嗎？購買自行車保險(xiǎn)后會(huì)減少丟車嗎？395. 貿(mào)易能使人人收益 Trade can make everyone better off人們從貿(mào)易中受益People gain from their ability to trade with one another.競爭導(dǎo)致從貿(mào)易中收益Competition results in gains

26、 from trading.貿(mào)易可以使人們專業(yè)分工，做他們最擅長的事Trade allows people to specialize in what they do best.406. 市場通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的好方式Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity在市場經(jīng)濟(jì)中，家庭決定買什么和為誰工作。 In a market economy, households decide what to buy and who to work for.企業(yè)決定雇用誰和生產(chǎn)什么。 Firms decide who to hire

27、and what to produce. 416. 市場通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的好方式Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity亞當(dāng)斯密觀察到，家庭和企業(yè)在市場中相互作用時(shí)，它們的行為仿佛被一只“看不見的手”指揮著。Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by an “invisible hand.”426.市場通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的好方式Markets are usu

28、ally a good way to organize economic activity因?yàn)榧彝ズ推髽I(yè)在決定買什么和賣什么時(shí)眼睛都盯著價(jià)格，他們就不自覺地將他們這些行為的社會(huì)收益與成本考慮在內(nèi)了。 Because households and firms look at prices when deciding what to buy and sell, they unknowingly take into account the social benefits and costs of their actions.這樣一來，價(jià)格引導(dǎo)決策者，達(dá)到使社會(huì)整體福利最大的結(jié)果。 As a resu

29、lt, prices guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole.436.市場通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的好方式Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity當(dāng)政府阻止價(jià)格根據(jù)供求自發(fā)地調(diào)整時(shí)，它就限制了看不見的手對組成經(jīng)濟(jì)的千百萬家庭和企業(yè)進(jìn)行協(xié)調(diào)的能力。When the government prevents prices from adjusting naturally to

30、supply and demand, it impedes the invisible hands ability to coordinate the millions of households and firms that make up the economy.446. 市場通常是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的好方式Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity“Whats the single most important thing to learn from an economics course today? What I

31、 tried to leave my students with is the view that the invisible hand is more powerful than the hidden hand. Things will happen in well-organized efforts without direction, controls, plans. Thats the consensus among economists. Thats the Hayek legacy.” - Lawrence SummersHarvard Economics Professor, C

32、lark Medallistformer President of Harvard Universityformer U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Clintonformer Chief Economist, World Bank457. 政府有時(shí)可以改進(jìn)市場結(jié)果Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes當(dāng)市場失靈的時(shí)候，政府可以干預(yù)以提高效率和平等。 When the market fails (breaks down) government can intervene to promo

33、te efficiency and equity.467. 政府有時(shí)可以改進(jìn)市場結(jié)果Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes當(dāng)市場不能有效率地配置資源，市場失靈發(fā)生。 Market failure occurs when the market fails to allocate resources efficiently.477. 政府有時(shí)可以改進(jìn)市場結(jié)果Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes市場失靈可以由外部性引起，它是某人或企業(yè)的行為對旁人（市場以外的人）的利益造成的影響。

34、 Market failure may be caused by an externality, which is the impact of one person or firms actions on the well-being of a bystander.487. 政府有時(shí)可以改進(jìn)市場結(jié)果Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes市場失靈可以由市場勢力引起，它是個(gè)人或企業(yè)不適當(dāng)?shù)赜绊懯袌鰞r(jià)格的能力。Market failure may also be caused by market power, which is the ab

35、ility of a single person or firm to unduly influence market prices. 497. 政府有時(shí)可以改進(jìn)市場結(jié)果Governments can sometimes improve market outcomes看不見的手也不能確保公平地分配經(jīng)濟(jì)成果 The invisible hand is even less able to ensure that economic prosperity is distributed fairly. 508.一國的生活水平取決于它的生產(chǎn) The standard of living depends o

36、n a countrys production生活水平可由不同方式度量： Standard of living may be measured in different ways:比較個(gè)人收入。 By comparing personal incomes.比較一國生產(chǎn)的市場總價(jià)值。 By comparing the total market value of a nations production.518.一國的生活水平取決于它的生產(chǎn) The standard of living depends on a countrys production幾乎全部的生活水平的不同都可以由生產(chǎn)率的不同來解釋。Almost all variations in living standards are explained by differences in countries productivities.528.一國的生活水平取決于它的生產(chǎn)