商務(wù)秘書實(shí)務(wù)Supplementary reading material - An introduction to

1、Supplementary Reading MaterialAn Introduction to English Punctuation 1Introduction:What is punctuation? Standard marks and signs that are used in writing and printing to separate words into sentences, clauses, and phrases in order to clarify meaning. 2punctuationapostrophe parentheses brackets comma

2、 hyphenfull stop 括弧, 圓括號(hào) 方括弧 標(biāo)點(diǎn), 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào) 連字號(hào)句號(hào)逗號(hào)撇號(hào)；省略號(hào) Punctuation whos who3colon semicolondashellipsisquotation marks exclamation point 破折號(hào) 省略符號(hào) 引號(hào) 驚嘆號(hào) 冒號(hào)分號(hào)Punctuation whos who4 apostrophe parentheses brackets colon semicolon comma hyphen dash ellipsis quotation marks slash ( ) :;,- “” or /5Punctuatio

3、napostrophe parentheses brackets colon semicolon comma hyphen dashellipsisquotation marks slash terminating marks 61. Apostrophe Used when letters/ numbers are omittedthe winter of 89the car isnt mine its perfect7When used with nouns 81.1plural/ singular the childrens toys, the committees decision,

4、a mothers love not ending in an s add: s 91.2the kids toys, the soldiers duties, the Joneses houseplural ending in an s add: apostrophe 101.3the actresss dress, or: the actress dresssingular ending in an s add: s or just an apostrophe the witnesss report, or: the witness report11Exception:Jesus stre

5、ngth Achilles heel 121.4Henry and Emilys house common possession add: s to the last name131.5not common possession add: s to each personHenrys and Emilys house 142. Parenthesesround bracket ()2.1 To clarify or inform 2.2 For asides and comments 152.1 To clarify or inform Jennys brother is very tall

6、(more than 2 meters) and well-trained for playing basketball.162.2 For asides and comments His hair was red (I kid you not).173. Bracketsquare brackets 3.1 To amend or supplement the given details.3.2 To replace phrases for clarity or brevity.editorial information183.1His book An Approach to English

7、 Pedagogy was first published in 2001.To amend or supplement the given details.193.2The ordinance decreed that students have access to the data. To replace phrases for clarity or brevity.204. Colon4.1 Before a list4.2 Before a summary4.3 Before a quotation 214.1There were three types of people on th

8、e bus: singers, dancers, musicians. Before a list224.2 To summarize: we rented a car, drove it to the hill, got off the car, and went into the cave. Before a summary234.3 Benjamin Franklin said: He who gives up liberty for security will end up with neither liberty nor security. Before a quotation24Q

9、uestion: Do you need to capitalize the first letter after a colon?255. SemicolonSentence A; sentence B.Linking two independent sentences26Also:I borrowed the following good books from the library today: the Gadfly, by E.L. Voynich; Gone with the Wind, by Margaret Mitchell; the Thornbirds, by Colleen

10、 Mccullough; War and Peace, by Leo Tolstoy.in a list27Question: Is the first letter of the first word after a semicolon required to be capitalized?286. Commathe most complicated296.1We found the following things in Johns bag: several books, a pencil box, a calculator and a toy bear. To connect a lis

11、t of words306.2When “but” or “for” are used. When “and” or “or” are used. (optional) 31(1) When I did my best to pass the exam, but it was just too difficult.I felt no remorse, for I did my best.butfor32(2) WhenThe tourists are from Germany, Austria, and Holland.The sizes are small, medium or large.

12、andor336.3 (1) The sun was white, not red, and the whole country was amid thick fog. To indicate contrast346.3(2) The directions, which were intended to help the test takers, were difficult to understand.To function as brackets356.3(3) Werner Schlager, an Austrian, beat all the Asian table tennis pl

13、ayers and won the world championship. To give additional information366.3(4) Mr. Twist, who enjoys fishing, is hardly ever at home during weekends.To form non-restrictive clauses376.3(5) If I were you, I would have stayed home. Though the snake was small, she still feared for her life.To divide a su

14、bordinate clause from its main clause386.3To indicate contrast. Where the phrase could be in brackets.Where the phrase adds relevant information. Where the addition is not necessary to the meaning of the sentence.Where the main clause of the sentence is dependent on the preceding clause.additional i

15、nformationgive 396.4 A comma is often used for introductory or opening phrases:In general, Asian players are very good at table tennis. On the whole, their marriage was a happy one.406.5To Martha, Daniel left a bunch of roses. indicate a pause(1)To make the reading more natural.(2) To avoid confusio

16、n.Whatever happens, I will not sell out my friends.416.6(1) When addressing someone by name.(2) When quoting direct speech. When addressing or quotingHenry, I think you need to supervise the project yourself.And then the boss said, I think you need to supervise the project yourself.426.7Go there too

17、 early and you will have to wait outside the theater, go there too late and you may miss the beginning of the movie.indicate the omission of a word or phrase437. Hyphen7.1 Used with prefixes and suffixes7.2 Used with a capital letter7.3 To form compound words7.4 Used with fractions and numbers7.5 Or

18、derliness consideration447.1 Used with prefixes and suffixesTo avoid multiple lettersTo connect a capitalized root wordTo introduce specific prefixes and suffixesTo avoid awkward pronunciationTo introduce words with the same prefix or suffix45(1) To avoid multiple lettersre-examine pre-eminent 46(2)

19、 To connect a capitalized root word pre-Columbian anti-American 47(3) To introduce specific prefixes and suffixesself-abandonedall-aroundex-servicemanvice-chairmanpresident-elect 48(4) To avoid awkward pronunciationre-readre-release49(5) To introduce words with the same prefix or suffixpre- and post

20、-warover- and under-age 507.2X-rayT-shirtU-turnUsed with a capital letter517.3 To show clarity To introduce compound adjectivesTo form compound words52(1) To show claritysit-downstand-alonemother-in-law 53(2) To introduce compound adjectives red-blooded youth up-to-date fashions 547.4 Used with frac

21、tions and numbersUsed with fractionsUsed between numbers (21-99)55(1) Used with fractionsone-halftwo-thirdsthree-quarters 56(2) Used between numbers thirty-foureighty-seven 577.5 at the right-hand margin of the pagedivide words588. Dash A dash () is double the length of a hyphen (-).8.1 Used for emp

22、hasis 8.2 Used for explanation or addition 598.1 Used for emphasis The play was a success a real hit.608.2 Used for explanation or addition The Corporate Secretarial Practice one book of the series was published in October, 2007. 619. Ellipsis The regulation states, “Applicants may risk disqualifica

23、tion. . . . All documents will be examined carefully for authenticity.”She would always grab my hand and ask, “You know what happened to . . . ?” 9.1 indicate missing words in a quotation62The second function 9.2 a kind of trailing off effect But not often63Note:When use ellipsis at the end of the s

24、entence, .ellipsisterminating mark6410. Quotation marks10.1 To show direct quotations 10.2 To show writing titles 10.3 To show stating definitions 10.4 To show sarcasm 6510.1 To show direct quotations Jane asked, Why didnt you come earlier?66Note:Ben said, When Jane asked him why didnt you come earl

25、ier, she had tears in her eyes.double quotation marksingle quotation mark6710.2 To show writing titles Over the last week I have been reading a Chinese novel “A Dream of Red Mansions”.6810.3 To show stating definitions Guai Lo is Cantonese for a male foreigner from western countries. 6910.4 To show sarcasm The “gift” was only a folder filled with flysheets.7011. Slash 11.1 To show a choice 11.2 To write fractions 7111.1 To show a choice Always remembe