英美詩歌選讀課件

1、 Unit 1 General introductionDefinition of poetryExternals of poetryInternals of poetryGenres of poetryApproaches towards poetry text analysis Definition of poetryThe most common is the genological level,(genre) at which critics define poetry as a genre of literature, the collective body of compositi

2、ons termed as poems. At this level, poetry parallels fiction and drama, forming with them the greatest three of the conventional literary categories which divide the pages of popular literary textbooks, such as An Approach to Literature (Fifth Edition, 1975) by C. Brooks, J. T. Purser, and R. P. War

3、ren.Another is the popular typographical level. As poetry is defined all that is printed in the line form on the page, people, including many critics of course, take their cue from the appearance in deciding what is poetry and what is not; and thus, accordingly, they will fail or refuse to recognize

4、 the passage below as poetry. How do I love thee? Let me count the ways. I love thee to the depth and breadth and height my soul can reach, when feeling out of sight for the ends of Being and ideal Grace. and, if God choose, I shall but love thee better after death.It is not recognized as poetry bec

5、ause it does not look like poetry, as the reader believes that poetry is the way it is or looks. As a matter of fact, the passage is a new typographical arrangement of a sonnet by E. B. Browning.At the third level, the technical related to the typographical one, poetry is defined, in words from vari

6、ous dictionaries, as “metrical composition,” or “work in or of verse,” or “arrangement of words in verse,” or “rhythmical composition,” or “metrical writing,” or “writing in verse or metrical language.” With the term verse, there exists a vast system of metrical technology, concerning such diverse a

7、spects as the foot formation, the line structure, the stanza form, the rhyme type, the rhyme scheme, and the syntactical form. Externals of poetry The Externals of Poetry: Versification and ProsificationThis introduction applies the term versification in several senses. It is a great convenience to

8、quote dictionaries for clarification. 1) the making of verses; the act, art, or practice of metrical composition 2) a. metrical structure b. a particular metrical structure or style 3) a version in verse of something orig. in prose And the term prosification is utilized as an opposite to versificati

9、on, in systematic antithetic senses.Internals of poetry :Imagery, Subject Matters and ThemesThe term “imagery”covers verbal, and, or, non-verbal description or representation of objects, actions, feelings, thoughts, ideas, states of mind, and any sensory and extra-sensory experience. More specifical

10、ly, imagery signifies the collective body of images, or images taken collectively; all the objects and qualities of sense perception referred to in the poem; the formation and presentation of images.The term subject matter refers to that which is treated in the work, and the term theme signifies the

11、 central idea stated directly or indirectly in the work. Genres of poetryConventionally, genologists classify poetry into two major domains: the lyrical and the narrative;.1) The Lyrical Poem The term lyric signifies any fairly short, nonnarrative poem presenting a speaker who expresses a state of m

12、ind or a process of thought and feeling. Lyrics fall into two classes, the folk and the literary. And there are subgenres of lyrics. They include aubade, dramatic monologue elegy , epitaph, epithalamion, love song, ode, pastoral, sonnet , and many others.2) The Narrative Poem There are three major s

13、ubclasses of narratives: epic, metrical romance, and ballad; but there are a very large number of narrative poems which can not be easily classified and which do not fit into any of these three kinds.Approaches towards poetry text analysisIn the Theory of Literature, Rene Wellek and Austin Warren cl

14、assify methods of the study of literature into two types: the extrinsic approach, and the intrinsic approach.the “extrinsic” study may merely attempt to interpret literature in the light of its social context and its antecedents, in most cases it becomes a “causal” explanation, professing to account

15、 for literature, to explain it, and The Intrinsic Approach to the Study of Literature :The natural and sensible starting point for work in literary scholarship is the interpretation and analysis of the works of literature themselves. After all, only the works themselves justify all our interest in t

16、he life of an author, in his social environment and the whole process of literature. Part 1 Metrics of English Poetry Section I The foot formation or the meter type 英語詩歌的韻步A syllable is a phonetical unit which contains a vowel sound or a consonant acting as a vowel. Syllables are metrical notes or e

17、lements in verse. 音節(jié)可分為單音節(jié)、雙音節(jié)、多音節(jié)三類。單音節(jié)：you，day，me，big，make，bar等。雙音節(jié)：begin，open，foolish，summer，mountain等。多音節(jié)：wonderful，revolution，satisfactory等。輔音也可構(gòu)成音節(jié)，如people，rhythm中的ple和thm都屬于一個(gè)音節(jié)。foot formations or meter types : stressed and unstressed syllables co-occur or combine in varies patterns, hence va

18、rious foot formations or meter types. The four principal meter types iamb 抑揚(yáng)格: one unstressed followed by an stressed syllableLets take Shakepears sonnet Shall I Compare thee to a Summers Day for an example. Here each foot is separated by “|”, “_”represents unstressed syllable, “/” represents stress

19、ed syllable:_ / _ / _ / _ / _ / So long |as men |can breathe |or eyes |can see,_ / _ / _ / _ / _ / So long |lives this |and this |gives life |to thee. 名 稱英語名稱的形容詞形式例子（大寫表示重讀）抑抑格pyrrhicpyrrhicin a抑揚(yáng)格iambiambicenGAGE揚(yáng)抑格trocheetrochaicALways揚(yáng)揚(yáng)格spondeespondaicHOT STUFF抑抑抑格 tribrachtribrachicand in the抑抑

20、揚(yáng)格anapaestanapaesticon the WAY抑揚(yáng)抑格amphibrachamphibrachic eTERnal抑揚(yáng)揚(yáng)格bacciusbachiacthe WHOLE DAY揚(yáng)抑抑格dactyldactylicWANdering揚(yáng)抑揚(yáng)格amphimacer or creticcreticPIECE of CAKE揚(yáng)揚(yáng)抑格antibachiusantibachiacGOOD MORning揚(yáng)揚(yáng)揚(yáng)格molossusmolossicGREAT WHITE HOPEtrochee 楊抑格 ：an stressed followed by an un stressed syllable

21、/ _ / _ / _ / What the |hammer?| What the | chain? _ / / _ _ _ / In what |furnace | was thy | brain? (William Blake: The Tyger)anapest 抑抑揚(yáng)格 ：two unstressed syllables followed by an stressed syllable _ _ / _ _ / _ _ / I am mo|narch of all | I survey; _ / _ _ / _ _ /My right | there is none | to dispu

22、te; _ _ / _ _ / _ _ /From the cen|ter all round | to the sea _ _ / _ _ / _ _ /I am lord | of the fowl | and the brute. (William Cowper: The Solitude of Alexander Selkirk) 柯珀的亞歷山大塞爾扣克的孤獨(dú)：dactyl 揚(yáng)抑抑格：one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables / _ _ / _ _Take her up |tenderly / _ _ /Lif

23、t her with |care / _ _ / _ _Fashiond so |slenderly / _ _ /Young, and so | fair （Thomas Hood: The Bridge of Sighs）托馬斯胡德嘆息橋(輕輕將她拿起來 / 小心將她舉起來 / 她長得身材真苗條 / 年輕而又那么漂亮。)Section II The line structure 詩行結(jié)構(gòu)The number of feet or meters determines the measure of the line, which is formed in various structures

24、or structural patterns.A line consisting of only one metrical foot is monometer; of two, dimeter; of three, trimeter; of four, tetrameter; of five, pentameter; of six, hexameter; of seven, heptameter； of eight, octameter1) monometer: Gods chase Round vase. What say? What play? Dont know. Nice, thoug

25、h. (Desmond Skirrow: Ode on a Grecian Urn Summarized) 神在追 / 繞花瓶。/ 說什么？/ 彈什么？/ 不知曉，雖很美。2) dimeter: 單韻步和雙韻步組合的詩行：(W. C. Williams: The Red Wheelbarrow) The Red Wheelbarrow so much | depends upon a red | wheel barrow glazed | with rain water beside | the white chickens. 這么多 / 全靠 / 一輛紅輪子 / 推車 / 因?yàn)橛晁?/ 發(fā)亮

26、 / 旁邊是白色 / 小雞。3) pentameter: iambic pentameter, 五音步抑揚(yáng)格， most commonly used. Almost all of Shakespears sonnets are iambic pentameter, yet one foot which is not iambic pentameter can be found in them. _ / _ / _ / _ / _ /But thy | eter|nal sum|mer shall |not fade, _ / _ / _ _ _ / _ /Nor lose | posse|ss

27、ion of | that fair | thou owst.單韻步詩行monometer 雙 韻 步詩行 dimeter 三韻步詩行 trimeter四韻步詩行tetrameter 五韻步詩行pentameter 六韻步詩行hexameter 七韻步詩行heptameter八韻步詩行octameter Section III the Stanzaic Forms 詩節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)A stanza is a group of lines of verse forming one of the units of a poem. It is usually recurrent, characterized

28、 by a regular pattern, with respect to or under determination of, the number of lines and the arrangement of meter of rhyme. Common stanza forms include the couplet, the triplet and the quatrain and other stanzaic formscouplet: 雙行詩節(jié) two successive rhyming lines雙行詩節(jié)指兩行押韻或不押韻的詩行。雙行詩節(jié)可以單獨(dú)成為詩節(jié)，也可以存在于其他詩

29、節(jié)中。七行體（又稱皇韻體，rhyme royal）詩和八行體（octa rima）詩用雙行詩節(jié)結(jié)束，莎士比亞的十四行詩也是用雙行詩節(jié)結(jié)束全詩。雙行詩節(jié)分開放雙行詩節(jié)（open couplet）和完整雙行詩節(jié)(closed couplet)兩種。完整雙行詩節(jié)如果是用抑揚(yáng)格五韻步寫成，就被稱為英雄雙行詩節(jié)(heroic couplet)。完整雙行詩節(jié)不僅要求兩行詩押韻相同，而且要把意思表達(dá)完整。英雄雙行詩節(jié)是完整雙行詩節(jié)中的一種，它是英語詩歌之父喬叟最喜愛的詩體，如他的坎特伯雷故事總引中對(duì)騎士的介紹。）And everemore he hadde a sovereign pris.And thou

30、ght that he were worthy, he was wis,And of his port as week as is a maide.He nevere yit no vilainye ne saideIn al his lif unto no manere wight:He was a verray, parfit, gentil knight.開放雙行詩節(jié)指的是跨行的雙行詩體，即兩行詩有共同的語法和邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，但第二行的意思需要繼續(xù)下去，直到在后面的詩行中結(jié)束。 A thing of beauty is a joy for ever: Its loveliness increa

31、ses; it will never Pass into nothingness; but still will keep A bower quiet for us, and a sleep Full of sweet dreams, and health, and quiet breathing. Therefore, on every morrow, are we wreathing A flowery band to bind us to the earth, Spite of despondence, of the inhuman dearth Of noble natures (Jo

32、hn Keats: Endymion)triplet: a stanza of three lines; an individual poem of three lines. He clasps the crag with crooked hands; Close to the sun in lonely lands, Ringd with the azure world, he stands. The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls; He watches from his mountain walls, And like a thunderbolt he f

33、alls. (Alfred Tennyson: The Eagle) 他蜷曲的爪子抓著巉巖；/ 下臨荒山野，上近太陽邊，/ 周圍的世界是一片藍(lán)天。/ 底下是蠕動(dòng)著的皺海面；/ 他站在絕壁上細(xì)細(xì)觀看，/ 接著撲下時(shí)迅猛如雷電。（黃杲炘 譯）quatrain: A stanza or an individual poem of four lines rhymed or unrhymed. It occurs as the commonest of all stanzaic forms in Eastern and Western poetries, and lend itself to wide

34、variation in meter and rhyme. And most rhyming quatrain fall into the following pattern: abab, xbyb, aabb, abba and aaxa.吻韻（envelope rhyme or kissing rhyme）又稱抱韻，其押韻格式為abba，其主要特征是第一詩行與第四詩行押韻，第二詩行和第三詩行押韻。這種格式通常被用在抑揚(yáng)格四韻步或五韻步詩行的四行詩節(jié)中. In Memoria Alfred Tennyson Calm and deep peace in this wide air, Thes

35、e leaves that redden to the fall, And in my heart, if calm at all, If any calm, a calm despair; Calm on the seas, and silver sleep, And waves that sway themselves in rest, And dead calm in that noble breast Which heaves but with the heaving deep.寧靜、安謐充滿這大氣，/秋色把樹葉染成了殷紅，/ 而我的心中即使有寧靜，/無非是寧靜的絕望而已；/ 寧靜的海

36、是銀色的睡鄉(xiāng)，/ 睡著的波浪輕搖著自己，/ 海面起伏只因?yàn)樗鼑@息，/它胸中的寧靜一如死亡。（黃杲炘 譯）Other stanzaic forms A stanza may contain any number of lines, though that consisting of more than twelve is not common. Thus , apart from the couplet, the triplet and the quatrain, there are some other stanzaic forms:Quintain: a stanza or an indiv

37、idual poem of five lines.Sexain: six linesHeptastich: seven lines, it includes septet and rhyme royal.Octastich: eight lines. Special forms include ottava rima,Dizain or dixain: ten linesQuinzain: fifteen-line stanza, it is rare because of its length.Spenserian stanza: a stanza of nine lines, with t

38、he first eight in iambic pentameter and the last in iambic hexameter, rhyming ababbcbcc. Edmund Spenser devised the form for The Faerie Queene. sonnet: The ordinary sonnet usually consists of 14 lines, in iambic pentameter, with considerable variations in rhyme scheme. Poets have produced various so

39、nnet forms, of which the three major are: the Petrarchan, the Spenserian and the Shakespearean. The sonnet, however, is so popular that handbooks and textbooks of literature place it among the conventional poetic form: the epic, the ballad, the sonnet, the elegy, the ode, etc. Section IV The Rhyme a

40、nd Other Sound Devices 英語詩的押韻Rhyme is the repetition of the same vowel sound in words, including the last stressed vowel and all the speech sounds following that vowel: gay, day, play, may; or wall, fall. The rhyme falls into three major structural types: single rhyme, double rhyme, triple rhyme, or

41、 multiple rhyme, 1)單韻或陽韻,Single Rhyme, or Masculine Rhyme :Repetition of one vowel, either a single vowel, or a diphthong and the consonant behind the vowel:A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowedOne too like thee: tameless, and swift, and proud.(P. B. Shelley, Ode to the West Wind ) 2）雙韻或陰韻 D

42、ouble Rhyme, or Feminine Rhyme,two vowels and the following consonant repeated: Thus have I had thee as a dream doth flatter, In sleep, a king: but waking, no such matter. (W. Shakespeare, Sonnet 87)3）三疊韻 Triple Rhyme, or Multiple Rhyme: repetition of three or more than three vowels in words, or in

43、phrases. （eg: slenderly-tenderly） 三疊韻是在雙韻的基礎(chǔ)上增加了一個(gè)音節(jié)，因此它可以被看成是雙韻的變體。由于英語中符合三重韻規(guī)則的單詞不多，因此三疊韻可以由兩個(gè)以上的英語單詞構(gòu)成，這種押韻被稱為馬賽克韻（mosaic rhyme），即幾個(gè)單音節(jié)單詞同一個(gè)多音節(jié)單詞或幾個(gè)單音節(jié)單詞押韻。如拜倫唐璜中的詩行： I dont choose to say much upon this head, Im a plain man, and in a single station, But-oh! Ye lords of ladies intellectual, Inform

44、 us truly, have they not hen-peckd you all? (Byron: Don Juan)我在這一點(diǎn)上不想多費(fèi)唇舌，/ 我是一個(gè)平常人，而且是單身，/ 但是??！有知識(shí)的太太的老爺們啊，/ 老實(shí)告訴我們，她們沒有虐待你們大家么？（朱維基 譯）intellectual有五個(gè)音節(jié)，其中l(wèi)ectual有三個(gè)音節(jié)，同下一行的peckd you all押三重馬賽克韻。 Positional Types of the Rhyme: On the basis of the position, the rhyme falls into several types.1）End Rh

45、yme 尾韻The most common type, which occurs at the end of the line,如下面這首選自莎士比亞鳳凰與斑鳩中的一段詩： The Phoenix and the Turtle William Shakespeare Beauty, truth, and rarity Grace in all simplicity, Here enclosed in cinders lie. Death is now the phoenix nest, And the turtles loyal breast, To eternity doth rest.美，

46、真，圣潔的情操，/ 單純之中蘊(yùn)涵的崇高，/ 已化為灰燼，火滅煙消。/ 如今鳳凰的巢穴是死亡；/ 斑鳩的無限忠誠的胸膛 / 休憩在不朽的永恒之鄉(xiāng)。2）Internal Rhyme 行間韻 Internal rhyme occurs within the verse-line, very often in the middle, splitting the line into two halves. Spring, the Sweet Spring T. Nash Spring, the sweet spring, is the years pleasant king, Then blooms e

47、ach thing, then maids dance in a ring Cold doth not sting, the pretty birds do sing.3) Interlaced Rhyme 交錯(cuò)韻 Also known as crossed rhyme. Words in the middle of each line rhyme. It occurs in long couplets, especially the hexameter. Hymn to Proserpine I. C. Swinburne Laurel is green for a season, and

48、love is sweet for a day, But love grows bitter with treason, and laurel outlives not May.4) Beginning Rhyme 行首韻 Rhyme that occurs in the first syllable or syllables of successive lines. Noahs Raven W. S. Merwin Why should I have returned? My knowledge would not fit into theirs. I found untouched the

49、 desert of the unknown.Other Sound DevicesBesides the rhyme, there are other sound devices employed in verse, the major ones of which include onomatopoeia, and alliteration, assonance and consonance.Alliteration, as a very old device, older than rhyme, is common in Old English verse, such as Beowulf

50、, and in Middle English verse, such as “Sir Gawaine and the Greene Knight.”如柯爾律治的古舟子詠第103第106行： The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free, We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea. （Samuel Taylor Coleridge: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner）好風(fēng)吹送，浪花飛涌，/ 船行時(shí)留下紋路；/

51、 這幽靜海面，在我們以前 / 從來沒有人闖入。（楊德豫 譯）元韻(Assonance) :identity of vowel sounds in accented syllables, without the identity of following consonants.指詩行中的元音讀音相同，而元音前后的輔音則不同。 She sees the falling leaves, the dying leaves That cling there still; above Through the brown horror of the boughs she sees The empty, ar

52、ching skull. (E.L. Mayo: Pool)她看見降落的葉片，垂死的葉片，/ 靜靜地掛在那里；抬頭 / 透過數(shù)枝棕黃色的恐懼她看見 / 空曠的弓形骷髏。和韻(consonance): similarity between patternings of consonants.,指元音讀音不同而輔音或輔音組合的讀音相同或相似。如葉芝第二次來臨中的詩行： Things fall apart; the center cannot hold; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world. (W.B.Yeats: The Second Coming) 一切都

53、瓦解了，中心再不能保持，/ 只是一片混亂來到這個(gè)世界里。（裘小龍 譯）這里, hold / world中的輔音ld押韻。 目韻指拼寫看起來似乎押韻而讀音其實(shí)并不押韻的尾韻。如弗瑞諾印第安人的墓地第四詩節(jié)： His bow, for action ready bent, And arrows, with a head of stone, Can only mean that life is spent, And not the old ideas gone. （Philip Freneau: The Indian Burying Ground）他的弓早已經(jīng)引滿待發(fā)，/ 那一支支安有石鏃的箭/ 這

54、只能說明生命離開他，/ 而非原先的觀念有改變。（黃杲炘 譯）這里的stone和gone屬于目韻。Section 6 Blank Verse, Free Verse and ProsificationBlank verse, introduced by the Earl of Surrey in his translation of the Aeneid(埃涅伊德) (c. 1540), consists of iambic pentameter lines unrhymed, hence the term blank. Blank verse, introduced by the Earl o

55、f Surrey in his translation of the Aeneid(埃涅伊德) (c. 1540), consists of iambic pentameter lines unrhymed, hence the term blank. J. Milton, for his epic Paradise Lost (1667), employed blank verse Miltons successors, Tennysons “Ulysses”, followed the revolutionary awareness “beyond the utmost bound of human thought.” The 19th century poets prosified verse and established prosification of poetry, achieving universal liberty for poetry, from the