果蔬貯藏保鮮概論：第五章 采收與采后商品化處理(第2節(jié) 分級(jí) Sorting)

1、第五章 采收與采后商品化處理一、分級(jí)目的與意義促進(jìn)果蔬產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和商品化，實(shí)現(xiàn)優(yōu)質(zhì)優(yōu)價(jià) 二、分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品質(zhì)等級(jí) 一般是根據(jù)產(chǎn)品的形狀、色澤、損傷及有無(wú)病蟲(chóng)害狀況等分為特等、一等和二等大小等級(jí) 則是根據(jù)產(chǎn)品的重量、直徑、長(zhǎng)度等分為特大、大、中和小第二節(jié) 分 級(jí) Sorting水果分級(jí)根據(jù)：在果形、新鮮度、顏色、品質(zhì)、病蟲(chóng)害和機(jī)械傷等方面已符合要求的基礎(chǔ)上，再按大?。ü麑?shí)橫徑最大部分直徑）進(jìn)行分級(jí)蔬菜分級(jí)根據(jù)：堅(jiān)實(shí)度、清潔度、大小、重量、顏色、形狀、鮮嫩度以及病蟲(chóng)感染和機(jī)械傷分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（該內(nèi)容見(jiàn)果蔬質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)部分）三、分級(jí)方法及要求1人工分級(jí)2機(jī)械分級(jí)形狀分選重量分選顏色分選一致性！滾筒式分級(jí) 滾軸式分

2、級(jí)四、非破壞性品質(zhì)檢測(cè)與分級(jí)Nondestructive quality assessment by sensor technology1. 利用光學(xué)特性進(jìn)行無(wú)損檢測(cè)Sensing Optical Properties光反射和傳播 Light Reflection and Transmission顏色分選與瑕疵檢測(cè) Color sorting -Blemish detection葉綠素?zé)晒夥?Chlorophyll Fluorescence光譜分析 Light spectroscopyShape SortingColor SortingDefects SortingSort apples au

3、tomatically for color, size and grade them for surface defects like:Rotting 腐爛Bruises 碰傷Russets 果銹and sunburns 日灼斑Automatic detecting of surface defects on applesAs far as size, shape and colour is concerned, apples can be graded by automatic systems.a bruise or blemish can also be detected水果光電分級(jí)系統(tǒng)在

4、線應(yīng)用北京海華天安技術(shù)有限責(zé)任公司基于線掃描工業(yè)相機(jī)的蔬果顏色分級(jí)視覺(jué)檢測(cè)設(shè)備，適用領(lǐng)域主要是蔬菜顏色、傷痕、形狀等的分類(lèi)，可自動(dòng)檢查蔬菜、水果等農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的外觀、顏色等進(jìn)行測(cè)定、評(píng)級(jí)及等級(jí)分類(lèi)?；跈C(jī)器視覺(jué)技術(shù)的小型智能化紅棗分級(jí)分選機(jī)，以顏色、大小、形狀、表面缺陷等外部品質(zhì)綜合指標(biāo)判斷作為分級(jí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對(duì)紅棗進(jìn)行快速無(wú)接觸檢測(cè)分級(jí)。四、非破壞性品質(zhì)檢測(cè)與分級(jí)2. 利用電磁學(xué)特性進(jìn)行無(wú)損檢測(cè)Sensing Electromagnetic Properties 近紅外 Near Infrared, NIR 射線 X-Ray CT (Computerized tomography，電子計(jì)算機(jī)軸性斷層掃描

5、) 核磁共振 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)電磁波譜 Electromagnetic SpectrumInteraction of Electromagnetic Radiation With Fruit TissuesReflectance & Transmittance Measurement SystemNIR Signals of 522 ApplesLiu et al., Nondestructive measurement of internal quality of Nanfeng mandarin fruit by charge coupled

6、 device near infrared spectroscppy. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2010, 715: 510-514Performance of NIRS Soluble Solids Contents Models for Different FruitsCurrent SSC modelperformanceFruitGoodPeach; Nectarine;Apple; KiwifruitReasonableMandarin; MangoOnionPoorMelons; PineappleTomato(Walsh

7、 et al., 2004)Cell conveyorFiber optic bundlePbS sensorDate近紅外 Optical Configuration of the NIR SensorNear-infrared spectroscopy (NIR)光纖固體探頭NIRFlex-N500 偏振干涉儀AccuNIR2100臺(tái)式果品近紅外分析儀AccuNIR2200便攜式果品近紅外分析儀NIR1130CT and NMR Technology CT MRI &NMRNMR TechnologyFig. 1. Visual evaluation of watercore disord

8、er in Rebelln apple after cutting the fruit at the equator (a) and the corresponding MRI (b) and CT images (c). The MRI imagewas exactly matched to the CT image because we obtained 3D data. The photograph is from approximately the same, however obviously not identical, position. Scale barsmeasure 10

9、 mm.Fig. 1. Central slices of MR images belonging to the four watercore levels, classified by three experts. (1) Sound apple; (2) light watercore; (3) medium watercore; (4) strong watercore. Melado-Herreros et al. / Postharvest Biology and Technology 86 (2013) 125133Fig. 2. Examples of a tomography

10、of two different apples that have block (on the top) and radial (on the bottom) watercore. Melado-Herreros et al. / Postharvest Biology and Technology 86 (2013) 125133Block Watercore Radial Watercore李 果實(shí)內(nèi)部組織損傷的核磁共振圖像（MRI）NMI20 | 核磁共振成像分析儀 核磁共振儀器四、非破壞性品質(zhì)檢測(cè)與分級(jí)3. 利用振動(dòng)波進(jìn)行無(wú)損檢測(cè)超聲波 Ultrasonic Techniques敲擊波

11、 Forced Vibration聲 波 Acoustic Testing超聲技術(shù) Determining Fruit Propertiesby Ultrasonic TechniquesMizrach A. Determination of avocado and mango fruit properties by ultrasonic technique. Ultrasonics 38 (2000) 717722Determining Avocado Propertiesby Ultrasonic TechniquesDetermining Mango Propertiesby Ultra

12、sonic Techniques美泰MUT620C超聲波探傷儀敲擊振動(dòng)/聲學(xué)特性 無(wú)損檢測(cè)技術(shù)Acoustic Impulse ResponseTest硬度的聲學(xué)測(cè)定 Microphone Based System for Acoustic Firmness TestingAcoustic firmness sensor (AFS)Measurement cupAir connection point for cleaning insideLocker to protect instrument during transportationMicro phoneUSB connection to

13、 computerEstimate flesh firmness from acoustic firmnessThe Acoustic Parameters of a Fruit四、非破壞性品質(zhì)檢測(cè)與分級(jí)4. 果實(shí)質(zhì)構(gòu)硬度無(wú)損檢測(cè)技術(shù)壓力測(cè)試 Mango Fruit Quality Assessment using Restricted Nondestructive Mechanical Force四、非破壞性品質(zhì)檢測(cè)與分級(jí)5. 壓電效應(yīng)無(wú)損檢測(cè)技術(shù)Piezoelectric transducers for real-time evaluation of fruit firmness壓電效應(yīng)：

14、某些電介質(zhì)在沿一定方向上受到外力的作用而變形時(shí)，其內(nèi)部會(huì)產(chǎn)生極化現(xiàn)象，同時(shí)在它的兩個(gè)相對(duì)表面上出現(xiàn)正負(fù)相反的電荷。當(dāng)外力去掉后，它又會(huì)恢復(fù)到不帶電的狀態(tài)，這種現(xiàn)象稱為正壓電效應(yīng)。當(dāng)作用力的方向改變時(shí)，電荷的極性也隨之改變。依據(jù)電介質(zhì)壓電效應(yīng)研制的一類(lèi)傳感器稱為為壓電傳感器。Fig. 1. Photograph of the piezoelectric transducer. It is a bending bimorph deviceQ220-A4-303-YB by Piezo Systems embedded in a Delrin support. Macrelli et al., Sensors and Actuators A 201 (2013) 487 496Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the non-destructive setup for the evaluation ofkiwifruit firmness. Two identical piezoelectric devices are in contact with the fruitsample: one excites the kiwifruit