荊州英文介紹

1、AbstractJingzhou, with a history of more than 2,600 years, is the cradle of Chu Culture and one of primary places of Three Kingdoms culture. Jingzhou was the native place of Qu Yuan, the great patriotic poet in China and a town of military importance in the periods of dozens of kingdoms and dynastie

2、s. To the east of Jingzhou is Wuhan , a hub city of traffic; to the west is the world-known project of Three Gorges; to the south is the vast lake of Dong Ting ; to the north is the imposing beautiful mountain of Wu Dang . Having peaceful, picturesque campuses dotted with relaxing and scenic spaces.

3、Key words：Ancient City Jingzhou Ancient City Wall The Jingzhou Museum Relics of Three Kingdoms摘要荊州有著2600多年的歷史，是楚文化的發(fā)祥地，是三大文化的主要發(fā)祥地之一。荊州是屈原故里，在中國偉大的愛國詩人，在王國和王朝時(shí)期軍事重鎮(zhèn)幾十個(gè)。荊州以東是一個(gè)樞紐城市的交通；西方是世界著名的項(xiàng)目三峽；南部是廣闊的湖泊董婷；北是雄偉美麗的山區(qū)武當(dāng)。擁有寧靜、如畫的校園，點(diǎn)綴著放松和風(fēng)景優(yōu)美的空間。關(guān)鍵詞：古城 荊州 古城墻 荊州文物博物館 三國文化History of JingzhouJingzhou is

4、 an ancient city with a very long history and brilliant culture, and it is the cradle of the Chu Empire. A legend says that the Great Yu planned nine districts in the territory of China, and Jingzhou was one of them. In ancient times, the area was called both Jing and Chu. The names refer to a certa

5、in tree species. During the Shang dynasty, Chu was a region under the jurisdiction of the Shang. Later on, the Emperor of Zhou conferred the territory of Jingzhou to the King of Chu named Xiongyi. The capital was in Danyang.A lot of famous or outstanding people have come from this area. It is said:

6、Only Chu has real talents. Qu Yuan held a post here in Jingzhou for more than 20 years during the Warring States Period. Other famous people from Jingzhou include, the Tea Sage, Lu Yu in the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Juzheng who was called the most excellent prime minister in China in the Ming Dynasty, th

7、e contemporary writer Cao Yu, and Ouyang Shan.Jingzhou has always been an area of strategic military importance. During the Three Kingdoms period, Jingzhou was a strategic point where the Wei, Shu, and Wu competed. That period of time has not only engendered lots of wonderful sayings like Liu Bei bo

8、rrowed Jingzhou but never gave it back, and Guan Yu lost Jingzhou due to negligence, but has also left behind plenty of historic sites.The historic sites include Cao Cao Bay and Wulin Village in Honghu, Zilong Hillock and Hua Rong Dao in Jianli, Xiulin Town and Liulang Pu in Shishou, Madame Sun City

9、 in Gongan, and other sites. Jingzhou City has a well-preserved ancient city wall dating from about 1646 during the Qing Dynasty. People consider it to be about the biggest and best preserved ancient city wall in China. The city had walls during earlier dynasties that were destroyed.Historic spots i

10、n the area include Kaiyuan Taoist Temple and Xuanmiao Taoist Temple built in the Tang Dynasty, Taihui Taoist Temple built in the Ming Dynasty, and Wen Temple, Guan Temple and Tie Woman Temple built in the Qing Dynasty. Three Kingdoms Park, Bonsai Park, and Monument Court were constructed recently. M

11、ingxian Tomb within the borders of ZhongXiang has the graves of the parents of the Emperor Jiajing. These are the only Ming Dynasty royal tombs in the middle and southern part of China, and the Ming buildings there are the largest group of Ming Dynasty buildings in the area.Jingzhou Ancient City Wal

12、lJingzhou ancient city wall, the best preserved of its kind in China, was mainly built in the Ming Dynasty. However a range of 50 meters was built since the Three Kindoms （220-280 A.D.).Located in the Yangtze-Hanjiang Plain, the cradle of Chu Culture. The State of Chu had its capital here, leaving r

13、ich legacy of culture and relics. There are more than 10,000 tombs of Chu here. The city wall, the best preserved of its kind in China, was mainly built in the Ming Dynasty. However a range of 50 meters was built since the Three Kindoms （220-280 A.D.).Called Jiangling City in ancient times, Jingzhou

14、 City in central Chinas Hubei Province was the capital of Chu in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770BC221BC) in Chinese history. Jingzhou Ancient City Wall, one of the best preserved ones in China, is just located in Jingzhou District of this city with long history. In fact, the whole ancient city wall is

15、 composed of three parts, namely the outermost water city wall, the in-between brick city wall and the innermost earth city wall. The extant brick city wall has a circumference of around 11 kilometers and a height of 9 meters. With most of which reconstructed during Ming Dynasty (1368AD1644AD) and Q

16、ing Dynasty (1644AD1911AD), the ancient city wall was listed as a national key cultural relic protection unit by Chinese government in 1996.According to some record, the construction of Jingzhou Ancient City Wall can be dated back to the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046BC771BC), though it has not been tes

17、tified, an archaeological discovery in 1998 indicated that the brick ancient city wall had initially been built at least in The Five Dynasties (907AD960AD), which is about 400 years earlier than Ming Dynasty, the time once widely acknowledged that the brick part of Jingzhou Ancient City Wall was sta

18、rted to be built. The archaeological discovery also implied that the history of earth city wall is much earlier than the brick part. The extant brick city wall built during Ming and Qing dynasties is complete and solid, and the wall is constructed of special black bricks with lime and glutinous rice

19、 paste. Each black brick has an approximate weight of 4kg, some of which were even fired with letters.After two major repairs in 1789 and 1792, Jingzhou Ancient City Wall preserved six main city gates, which were named according to local geography, history and customs. The gates in the east, south,

20、west, north, northeast and southeast were respectively called Yinbin Gate, Nanji Gate, Anlan Gate, Gongji Gate, Yuanan Gate and Gongan Gate (Water Gate), forming the main scenery of the ancient city wall.Yinbin Gate tower is grand and the enclosure for defense outside the city gate is the largest.Th

21、e Jingzhou MuseumJingzhou Museum was founded in 1958. There are more than 130,000 relics in the museum. They include bronze, pottery, lacquer, silk fabrics, jade, bamboo slips, china and so on. The exhibitions are “The Exhibition of Relics in Prehistory”, “The Exhibition of Bronze in Jianghan Plain”

22、, “The Exhibition of Bamboo Slips Excavated in Jingzhou”, “The Exhibition of Jade Excavated in Xiongjiazhong Tomb”, and “The Treasure House”. The whole museum covers an area of 50,000 m2, which include display building, treasure house, office building, relic store and an old temple. There are 105 wo

23、rkers in the museum, and 20 of them are professors. Especially the relic protection professors are very famous in the whole China, for the skill of lacquer.ExhibitsThe Jingzhou Museum also has ancient weapons and lacquer ware, an ancient math book, the Jian Du of Precepts of Two Years of the early H

24、an Dynasty, and a well preserved male mummy, also of the Early Han Dynasty. There are also various sorts of precious prehistoric jade ornaments and rare silk articles of the Warring States Period (475-221 BC).These rare treasures attract a large number of Chinese and foreign tourists year by year.Re

25、lics are displayed in two exhibition zones:The front hall exhibition has a display of representative artifacts from various eras. The hall instructs on the history of the development of civilization in Jingzhou from the Paleolithic era to the Qin and Han dynasties. Two thematic exhibitions have been

26、 set up. One having been named as the Top Ten Antiques Exhibition in China in 1999.The back hall has three exhibitions of unearthed treasures. One is called Han Tomb 168 of Jingzhou Phoenix Hill. Han Tomb 168It displays the male body, the coffin, and buried possessions of the Western Han Dynasty (20

27、69 BC). These were excavated by the Jingzhou Museum in Jinan, the former ancient capital city of the Chu, in 1975.According to written records unearthed from the tomb, the deceased man was named Sui. He held the governmental post as Wu Da Fu, and he was buried in the thirteenth year of Emperor Han W

28、en Di (167 BC). This was before a female body was unearthed from a Changsha Mawangdui Han Tomb. The male body has been buried in the ground for 2,000 years with unusually little decay.Researchers think that the preservation was caused by the deeply buried and well sealed tomb that kept out the air a

29、nd water and a stable temperature. The coffin had fluid, 100,000 milliliters of mercury, that had an anti-bactericidal effect.The coffin holding the male body is also well preserved. The large outer coffin room show the noble status of the owner. The buried possessions on display have two best in th

30、e world relics which are a hemp skirt and hemp shoes. They are of distinctive design, and these shoes and shirts are among the best preserved articles of their kind and age in the world. They are priceless national treasures.Relics of Three KingdomsThe Three Kingdoms Period played an important part

31、in Chinese history, when many great heroes were born and the famous military strategy 36 Tricks were used perfectly. One of the four Chinese ancient classic works, Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Lo Kuan-Chung, was created just based on this period of history. Jingzhou, as the focus of quarrels the

32、n, has left many cultural relics that are related to the stories of Three Kingdoms. For example, Guandi Miao is a temple for the memorial of Guanyu, a general defending Jingzhou for one of the three kingdoms - Shu. Many legends and myths were also produced in this spiritual city. Here is a legend wh

33、ere the Jiunv Zhuo (Nine Girls Mound) beside the city gate originates from. It was said that when Guan Yu guarded the city, he met nine fairies flying down to the earth, who said that they were commanded by the Empress of Heaven to take the city back because there were too many quarrels. Not willing

34、 to lose the city, Guan thought hard and then an idea occurred to him. He suggested the fairies compete to build a city from the dark to the crowing in the next morning and the winner could manage the city. The fairies agreed. Then they began to build the city with the earth brought by their skirts

35、while Guan used the reeds. Guan quickly finished first but the time was not up. Then Guan shook the reed roosts of the roosters, which made them crow. So the fairies had to fly up to heaven shyly. It was also said Zhang Fei, the sworn little brother of Guan, also came to help but was late, so he dro

36、pped the earth outside the gate, hence the Mound is also called Zhang Feis load of Earth. Temple of JingzhouThere are so many temples such as Kaiyuan temple ，Taihui temple，Xunmiao temple，Zhanghua temple，and so on in Jingzhou. But the best known is Guan Yu Temple Temple.Guan Yu Temple，in the first mo

37、nth of the lunar year and on May 13th of the lunar calendar, a grand temple fair is held at the Temple of Guan Yu. The temple becomes crowded and people of the Jingzhou, Hubei province play dragon lanterns, paddle lotus gathering boats, ride horses to shoot arrows, wind trumpets and lift sedan chair

38、s.It has been an invariable custom of Jingzhou over the past thousand years to worship Guan Yu. In the days when Guan Yu led troops into battles against Kingdom Wu and returned in triumph, soldiers and civilians of Jingzhou lined the street outside the North Gate to welcome him. They beat their drum

39、s and gongs and set off firecrackers. The street remains known as Victory Street. On New Years Day and other festivals, the young men of Jingzhou who play dragon lanterns would first pay respect for Guan Gong at the temple.Tourism souvenirs of Jingzhou mainly centre on the Guan Gong culture. They ar

40、e represented by silk handkerchiefs embroidered with Guan Yus image, exquisite packsacks printed with Guan Yus portrait, picture postcards of Guan Yu and small statues of Guan Yu. The people of Jingzhou largely enshrine and worship Guan Yu in the halls of hotels, shops and residences. Some people of

41、fer sacrifices to Guan Yu every day.Almost all Jingzhou people, young or old, can tell stories of Guan Yu guarding this important city. As communications across the Taiwan Strait become increasingly frequent and China keeps closer ties with overseas areas, more and more people from Taiwan, Hong Kong

42、, Macao areas and other countries have visited Jingzhou to pay respect for Guan Yu. They often come offering incenses and wish to fulfill their promises.Food and RestaurantsFood that may be regarded as Jingzhou specialties are kamaboko and rice pudding. In addition, there are other special dishes in

43、 Jingzhou, such as Thousand Paper Braised Pork, hickory, green soybeans, mountain vegetables, Sweet and Sour Garlic, and Zhu Oranges.Kamaboko is a Japanese word for fish that is filleted, combined with other ingredients and pounded to make a paste that maybe colored and molded and cooked in various

44、shapes. The meaty loaf may be eaten dipped in sauce or added to noodles or rice dishes. Kamaboko is sold in various kinds of restaurants in Jingzhou.According to a legend, rice pudding was created by Xiao Dai who cooked in the Royal Kitchen in the late Qing Dynasty when Cixi was in administration of the whole country. At that time, when Xiao Dai was stranded in Jingzhou city, he was employed by the boss of Ju Zhen Yuan restaurant. And then, he taught his cooking skills to his boss. From th