reading理解古代中美洲藝術(shù)泥土如何形成文明的出現(xiàn)詞句

1、Understanding Ancient Mesoamerican ArtWords & Phrases1.2.the ruins of ancient Mesoamerica：古代洲的廢墟unearthed civilizations increasingly remote in age：出土（越久遠(yuǎn)的）文明unearth：v. 挖掘，出土上越來3.an earr stratum of antiquity：一個更早的古代巖層Stratum: 巖層擴(kuò)展：Stratification: (尤指社會的)分層，形成階層 Stratification is thedivi layersof some

2、thing, espelly society,o different classes or4.came upon Maya citieshe jungle：偶然遇到密林里的瑪雅城市Come upon ： 偶然碰到( 或發(fā)現(xiàn)) If you come upon someone or something, you meet them or find them by chance.workers installing sound and light equipment：安裝音響和光照設(shè)備的工人stumbled upon a remarkable cave：偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)一個極大的 Stumble：v. 跌

3、跌撞撞走，結(jié)巴說stumble upon：偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)a royal burial chamber：一個皇室的埋葬密室 royal：adj. 皇室的the excavation of pyramids：金字塔的挖掘.9.outlying structures rather筑物n principal buildings結(jié)構(gòu)而非主要建Outlying：adj. 偏僻的；邊遠(yuǎn)的；遠(yuǎn)離城市的 Outlying pla away from the main cities of a countryare far10. initiated the excavations there:了那個地方的考

4、古挖掘initiate= start= trigger，開始excavate = unearth v.挖掘11. unravel the pre-Columbian past：解開( unravel: v. 解開繩套或謎團(tuán)發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸之前的)過去pre-Columbian：adj.發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲大陸之前的12. turned this pros around：將該過程反轉(zhuǎn)turn around = reverse 反轉(zhuǎn)13. to articulate their identity們在 21 世紀(jì)的 articulate：v. 清晰表達(dá)he twenty-century：去清晰地表達(dá)他Syntax1

5、.ItnowscarcelyseemssibletthefrontiersofearlyMesoamerican civilization although new worksuch continue to fill in details of thcanbepushedbackanyfurther, as in Oaxaca, southern Mexicowillcture.2.In 1971 workers installing sound and light equipment under the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan stumbled u

6、pon a remarkablecaves since beenreted by some scholars as a royalburial chamber.3.Archaeology has its own fashions too: the isolation of new sites may be the prime goal in one decade and the excavation of pyramidsthe focus he next.4.At one po, reconstruction of pyramids to attract tourism may bedesi

7、red; at another, archaeologists may be precluded from workingat whas alreadye a touristraction.Preclude：v. 排除在外，=prevent5.A Franciscan friar (member of the Roman Catholic religious order),Sahagn recorded for terity many aspects of pre-Hispanic life inhis encyclopedia of twelve books, including histo

8、ry, ideology, and (theories of the origin of the universe), as well asdetailed information on the materials and methods of the skilled native craft workers.Catholic：adj. 天主教的terity：n. 后代=offspring=descendantt-：后綴，意為后面，t-war：戰(zhàn)后的Encyclopedia：n. 百科全書Ideology：;體系;方式 An ideology is a set of befs,espelly

9、the political bewhich people, parties, or countriesbase their actions：n. 宇宙的產(chǎn)生Craft workers: 手工藝工人6.During the past 40 years, scholars also have made great progress in deciphering and reting ancient Mesoamerican writing systems,a breakthrough pre-Columbian mind.s transformed our understanding of the

10、Decipher：v.=decode, cipher=coderet：v.解釋，理解 Transform：v. 轉(zhuǎn)變lelong thought to record only7.Classic Maya inscriptions, for excalendrical information and astrological incanionscan now beread, and we findt most of them glorify family and antry bydisplaying the right of individual sovereigns to rule.Calen

11、drical：歷法的，日歷的astrological incanions：占星的語incanion：語 An incanion is a series of wordst asays or sings as aspellglorify：贊美；頌揚(yáng)；吹捧；美化 To glorify something means to praise itor make it seem good or spel, usually when it is notantry：n. 祖先； 世家，名門sovereigns：n. 君主8.Although scholars long bevedt Mesoamerican

12、artists did notsign their works, Mayanist scholar David Stuarts 1986 deciphering of the Maya glyphs (written symbols) for “scribe” and “to write” opened a window on Maya practice; now we know at least onepaer of ceramic ves was the son of a king.Mayanist：瑪雅 decipher: 破譯（ glyphs：象形文字）； 辨認(rèn)（潦草字跡）； 解讀；

13、解釋（古代文學(xué)）practice: n. 通常做法；常規(guī)；慣例 You can refer to something people do regularly as a practice.tCeramic ves: 瓷器器皿Ve：n. 器皿；船只；9.Thousands more small-scale objects are known nown in thetwentieth century, although at a terrible cost to the ancient ruinsfrom which they have been pdered.At a cost = at expe

14、nse 以的代價pder：v.，竊取Abstract Concrete1.The pros of discovery often shs what we know about thehistory of Mesoamerican art.2.Archaeology has its own fashions too.3.Nor should one f erests.ett excavators are vulnerable to local4.Also, modern construction often determines which ancient sites can be excava

15、ted.5.But the study of Mesoamerican art is not based exclusively on archaeology.6.During the past 40 years, scholars also have made great progress in deciphering and reting ancient Mesoamerican writing systems,a breakthrought has transformed our understanding of thepre-Columbian mind.How Soil is For

16、medWords & Phrases1.dynamic pros：動態(tài)的過程 dynamic反義 motionless，stagnant，still2.topography (the elevations, depress, directionsandanglesofslopes, and other surface features of the landsc topography：地形，地貌=terrain elevation：海拔高度=altitude，區(qū)別于latitude：緯度， longitude：經(jīng)度 angles of slopes：斜坡的角度stimulate or inhi

17、bit biogeochemical reactions刺激或抑制生物地理化學(xué)反應(yīng)Stimulate：v. 刺激，激發(fā)=motivate)3.Simulate：v. 模擬，模仿=mimic=imieInhibit：v.，抑制Inhabit：v. 居住Habi：n. 居住地，棲息地Habitant=inhabitant：n. 居民4.carrier of the acids：酸的攜帶者 carrier of disease：疾病攜帶者5.Radiant energy has a pronounced effect on the moisture regime,espelly the evapor

18、ative pros and nounced effect on the moisture regime：對水分管理的明顯效果 pronounced：adj. 明顯的，顯著的=noticeable=dramatic=remarkableregime：n. 管理制度，組織方法A regime is the wayt somethingsuch as an institution, company, or economy is run, espe it involves tough or severe actionlly whenevaporative pro evapora

19、te：v. 蒸發(fā)s：蒸發(fā)過程va. 水蒸氣6.7.steep slopes：陡峭的斜坡relatively level land：相對平坦的土地 relatively：adv. 相對地=comparatively draining from slopes：從斜坡水流走 drain：v. 流走，排出drainage system：排水系統(tǒng)8.9.Vegeion, animals,bacteria, and fungi all contribute to theformation of soil. Bacteria：細(xì)菌 Fungi：真菌10. Theweatheringofrockmateria

20、landtheaccumulation, andmineralization oranic material requireconsiderable time.Accumulation：n. 積累=building upition：n. 分解= degradationComition：n. 組成Mineralization：n. 礦化Considerable：adj. 大量的= substantial=significant11. in equilibrium with：與處在平衡中12. soil differentiation from parent material：從物質(zhì)中土壤的分化1

21、3. Soils on steep slopes often remain poorly developed regardless ofgeological age because ra it is formed.eroremoves soil nearly as fast asRegardless of：不管，不顧，不論Syntax：1.The parent material is the unconsolidated mass on which soil formation takes place.Unconsolidated：adj. 疏松的，松散的2.This material may

22、 or may not be derived from the on-site geological substrate or bedrock on which it rests.Derive from：從獲得 Derive=obtainOn-site geological substrate: 處在原處的地質(zhì)基底層物質(zhì)On-site = in place 處在原處itionSubstrate：基底層物質(zhì)，基質(zhì)3.Because of the diversity of materials involved, soils derived fromtransported parent materi

23、als are commonly more fertile from parent materials derived in place.n soilsFertile: adj.肥沃的；有繁育能力的 Fertilize：v. 施肥；傳粉 Fertilizer：n. 化肥Natural fertilizer = animal waste= dung=manureArtifil fertilizer = inanic fertilizer= mineral fertilizer4.Whatever the parent material, whether derived in place from

24、bedrock or from transported material, it ultimay comes fromgeologicalmaterials,suchas comigneous,sedimentary,andmetamorphic rocks, and the determines the chemical comition of the rocks largelyition of the soilUltimay：adv. 最終=eventually=finally=over timeIgneous rock：火成巖igneous rock is rock formed by

25、solidificationfrom a molten se; espelly from molten magmaSedimentary rock：沉淀巖 Sediment：沉淀物= deitMetamorphic rock：變形變質(zhì)巖5.Climate is most influential in determining the nature andensity ofweathering and the type of vege formation.iont further affects soilthe nature andensity of weathering：風(fēng)化的性質(zhì)和強(qiáng)度natu

26、re：本性，性質(zhì)eg. The nature of him is bad. ensity: n. 強(qiáng)度ense：adj. 猛烈的Weather：v. (使)風(fēng)化;(使)褪色;(使)受到侵蝕 If something such as woodor rock weathers or is weathered, it changes color or sh result of the wind, sun, rain, or coldas a6.Open surfaexed tothermal radiationundergo the greatestdaily fluctuations in hea

27、ting and cooling,soils covered withvegeion the least.Exed to ：于（不好的東西）當(dāng)中=subject to=vulnerableto=susceptible toThermal radiation: 熱輻射 Therm-：詞根，熱的意思， geothermal energy：地?zé)崮芰縰nder. 經(jīng)歷fluctuation：n. 波動變化flutter：v. 揮動翅膀，上下飄動7.The water regimethe water flow over a given timein soil materialis sporadic, a

28、nd Water regime： Sporadic ： adj.any parts of the Earth is highly seasonal.間斷發(fā)生的 ; 零星的 Sporadic occurrenofsomething happen at irregularervals8.Watert enters the soil during heavy rainfall and snowmelt movesdown through the soil.and soil creepthe9.Steep slopes are subject tosurface erodownslope movement of soil material, which accumu