心理學(xué)概論(英文)課件

1、Introduction to PsychologyPredict what will happenSystematically observe eventsDo events support predictionsLife Before PsychologyRen Descartes(1596-1650)Philosophy asks questions about the mind: Does perception accurately reflect reality? How is sensation turned into perception?Problem - No “scient

2、ific” wayof studying problemsPhysiology asks similar questions about the mindSCIENTIFICMETHODPsychology Is BornWilhelm Wundt(1832-1920)First Experimental Psych Lab (1879)Focuses on the scientific study of the mind.WW insists that Psych methods be as rigorousas the methods of chemistry & physics.Univ

3、ersity of LeipzigHarvard UniversityYale UniversityColumbia UniversityCatholic UniversityUniv of PennsylvaniaCornell UniversityStanford UniversityWundts students start labsacross USA (1880-1900)Women of PsychologyMary Calkins - student of William James atHarvard but was not awarded a Ph.D.Founded psy

4、ch lab at Wellesley College (1891)Maragaret Washburn - first woman to receivePh.D. in Psychology. Wrote The Animal Mind,which helped begin the Behaviorist movement.Leta Hollingworth - Debunked popular theoriesthat suggested women were inferior to men.Did pioneering work on adolescent development,men

5、tal retardation & “gifted” children.Psychology (pre-1920)Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)Physiologist & Perceptual PsychologistFounder of Psychology as a ScienceExperimentsEdward Titchner (1867-1927)Student of WundtFormed Y at CornellIntrospectionWilliam James (1842-1910)Philosopher & PsychologistFormed Y

6、at HarvardPsychologyUnderstandingMental ProcessesBehaviorismScientific Psychology should focus onobservable behavior.John Watson(1878-1958)Ivan PavlovPsych the Science of BehaviorStimulusResponsePsychologyMental Processes cannotbe studied directlyPsychology (1920s-1960s)John B. Watson (1878-1958)Beh

7、avior without Reference to ThoughtThe RAT & S-R PsychologyB. F. Skinner (1904-1990)Behaviorism with a TwistThe PIDGEON & The Skinner BoxPsychologyScience of ObservableBehaviorBehaviorismStructuralism vs FunctionalismWilliam James(1842-1910)Analyze consciousness into basic elementsand study how they

8、are relatedIntrospection - self-observationof ones own conscious experiencesInvestigate the function, or purposeof consciousness rather than its structureLeaned toward applied work(natural surroundings)StructuralismFunctionalismWilhelm WundtGestalt PsychologyMax Wertheimer(1880-1943)“The whole is di

9、fferent thanthe sum of its parts.”Phi PhenomenonIllusion of movement created bypresenting visual stimuli in rapidsuccession.A reaction against Structuralism An attempt to focus attention backonto conscious experience(i.e., the mind) WHY?Unconscious expressed indreams & “slips of the tongue”Freud & P

10、sychoanalysisSigmund Freud(1856-1939)Proposes the idea of the UNCONSCIOUSThoughts, memories & desiresexist below conscious awarenessand exert an influence on ourbehaviorPsychoanalytic Theory attempts to explainpersonality, mental disorders & motivation interms of unconscious determinants of behavior

11、Cognitive PsychologyNoam Chomsky“Language”Advent of computers (late 1950s) providesa new model for thinking about the mindCognitive Psychologists returnto the study of learning,memory, perception, language,development & problem solving Cognition the mental processesinvolved in acquiring, processing,

12、storing & using informationPsychology (1960s-1990s)PsychologyScience of Behavior& Mental ProcessesCognitive YSigmund Freud (1856-1939)The Dynamic Unconscious MindPsychoanalysisComputers as Metaphor for MindStudy Mind through Inferences DrawnFrom Observable BehaviorDifferent Perspectives in Psycholog

13、yBiological PsychologyBehavioral/Clinical PsychologyCognitive PsychologySocial-Cultural PsychologyBiological PerspectiveFocusHow the body and brain create emotions, memories,and sensory experiences.Sample Issues How do evolution and heredity influence behavior? How are messages transmitted within th

14、e body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives?Behavioral/Clinical PerspectiveFocusHow we learn from observable responses.How to best study, assess and treat troubled people.Sample Issues How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter

15、certain behaviors? What are the underlying causes of: Anxiety Disorders Phobic Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive DisordersCognitive PerspectiveFocusHow we process, store and retrieve information.Sample Issues How do we use info in remembering and reasoning? How do our senses govern the nature of percep

16、tion?(Is what you see really what you get?) How much do infants “know” when they are born? Social-Cultural PerspectiveFocusHow behavior and thinking vary across situationsand cultures.Sample Issues How are we, as members of different races andnationalities, alike as members of one human family? How

17、do we differ, as products of different social contexts? Why do people sometimes act differently in groups thanwhen alone? One night two young men from Egulac went down to the river to hunt seals, and while they were there it became foggy and calm. Then they heard war cries, and they thought: “Maybe

18、this is a war party.” They escaped to the shore, and hid behind a log. Now canoes came up, and they heard the noise of paddles, and saw one canoe coming up to them. There were five men in the canoe, and they said: “What do you think? We wish to take you along. We are going up the river to make war o

19、n the people.” One of the young men said, “I have no arrows.” “Arrows are in the canoe”, they said. “I will not go along. I might be killed. My relatives do not know where I have gone. But you,” he said turning to the other, “may go with them.” So one of the young men went but the other returned hom

20、e. And the warriors went on up the river to a town on the other side of Kalama. The people came down to the water, and they began to fight, and many were killed. But presently the young man heard one of the warriors say, “Quick, let us go home, that indian has been hit.” Now he thought, “Oh, they ar

21、e ghosts.” He did not feel sick, but they said he had been shot. So the canoes went back to Egulac, and the young man went ashore to his house and made a fire. And he told everybody and said, “Behold I accompanied the ghosts, and we went to fight. Many of our fellows were killed, and many of those w

22、ho attacked us were killed. They said I was hit and I did not feel sick.” He told it all, and then became quiet. When the sun rose he fell down. Something black came out of his mouth. His face became contorted. The people jumped up and cried. He was dead.The War of the GhostsPsychologists must be sk

23、epticaland think criticallyWhat is the evidence?How was it collected? Psychology is EmpiricalPsych conclusions based on researchNOT tradition or common senseKnowledge acquired through observationPsych Is Theoretically DiverseTheoryDreamsBiologicalPsychologyPerspectiveClinicalPsychoanalyticPerspective A system of interrelated ideas usedto explain a set of observationsPsych & Sociohistorical ContextTrends & Issues In SocietyAdvances InPsychologyPsychology develops in both asocial & historical contextEarly PsychologyAffected byphysics