現(xiàn)代西方文學(xué)理論與批評(píng)1

1、現(xiàn)代西方文學(xué)理論與批評(píng)Modern WesternLiterary Theory and Criticism1Part 1Part 1 IntroductionConcepts:Criticism: The reasoned discussion of literary works,an activity which may include some or all of the following procedures,in varying proportions:the defence of literature against moralists and censors,classific

2、ation of a work according to its genre,interpretation of its meaning,analysis of its structure and style, judgment of its worth by comparison with other works,estimation of its likely effect on readers,and the establishment of general principles by which literary works can be evaluated and understoo

3、d.(Oxford concise Dictionary of Literary Terms)2Part 1Literary Theory literary theory is “speculative discourse on literature and on practice of literature.”It may include reflections on or analysis of general principles and categories of literature,such as its nature and function;its relation to ot

4、her aspects of culture;the purpose,procedures and validity of literary criticism;relation of literary text to their authors and historical contexts;or the production of literary meaning.(Zhu Gang )3Part 1Modern:historical period from Renaissance to 20th century20th centuryWestern:Geographical meanin

5、g:Europe and AmericaCultural meaning:Cultural community of develop capitalism countries,especially based on Christian tradition.Conclusion: Modern western literary theory and criticism are reasoned activities of discussion about literature in Western world in 20th century.4Part 1Approaches,schools a

6、nd groupsScientism ApproachesRussian FormalismAnglo-American New CriticismCzech StructuralismFrench StructuralismPost Structuralism5Part 1Humanism ApproachesExistentialismPsychoanalysis CriticismPhenomenological CriticismHermeneutics Criticism解釋學(xué)批評(píng)Reader-Response CriticismFeminism Criticism6Part 1Hi

7、storical ApproachesMarxist CriticismNew HistoricismCultural StudiesPost-Colonial Criticism7Part 1Characters:Theorized:almost all of the schools of criticism have their particular theory.Adapting theories or principles from their disciplines.Understanding literature in terms of its relations to histo

8、ry,politics gender,social class,race,mythology or psychology.Critical tendency:many schools of criticism seek to influence on the social reality with in their historical context.8Part 1References and Further reading:Handbook of critical Approaches to Literature(Third Edition),Wilfred.L.Guerin(ed).Li

9、terary Theory from Plato to Barthes:An Introductory History ,Richard.Harland,外語教學(xué)與研究出版社。Twentieth Century Western Critical Theories, Zhu Gang,上海外語教育出版社。Selective Readings in 20th Century Western Critical Theory,張中載，王逢振、趙國(guó)新編，外語教學(xué)與研究出版社。Literary theory,Jonathan Culler,Oxford University Press,1997.A Re

10、aders Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory,Roman Selden,Harvester Wheatsheaf,1989.9Part 2Part 2 The New CriticismTimes: There are four periods:the initiative(1910-1930),the formative(1930-1945), the dominant(1945-1957), and normalization(1960s to the present). If we take T.E. Hume, a British aesthe

11、tician, or American poet Ezra Pound as the initiator of the New Criticism, then this school started in the 1910s.But the New Criticism rose formally in the 1930s when some critics established their theory in America, and it became dominant criticism system in college and university English departmen

12、ts in the 1950s. 10Part 2Members:Founders: I.A.Richards(1883-1981)T.S.Eliot(1888-1965)W.Empson.(1906-1984)Masters:John Crowe Ransom(1888-1974)Allen Tate(1888-1979)Robert Penn Warren(1905-)Cleanth Brooks(1906-1994)W.K.Wimsatt(1907-1975)Rene Wellek(1903-1995)11Part 2Works:I.A Richards:Principles of Li

13、terary Criticism(1924)Practical Criticism:A sturdy of Literary Judgment.(1929)T.S.Eliot:Tradition and the Individual Talent.(1917)William Empson:Seven Types of Ambiguity (1930)John Crowe Ransom:Poetry:A Note in Ontology.(1934)The New Criticism(1941)12Part 2Works:Allen Tate:Tension in Poetry(1938)Cle

14、anth Brooks:The Language of Paradox(1942)The Well-wrought Urn.(1947)Understanding Poetry.(1938,with Robert Penn Warren)Understanding fiction.(1943,with Robert Penn Warren)Understanding Drama(1945,with Robert B.Heilman)13Part 2Works:W.K.Wimsatt:The Verbal Icon(1954)The Intentional Fallacy(1946,with M

15、.C. Beardsley)The Affective fallacy(1949,with M.C. Beardsley)R.Wellek:Theory of Literature(1949,with Austin Warren)History of Modern Criticism 1750-1950(1986)14Part 2Ideas: The New Critics read the individual work of literary art as an organic form.They articulated the concept that in an organic for

16、m there is a consistency and an internal vitality that we should look for and appreciate. One of the most salient considerations of the New Critics was emphasis on form,on the work of art as an object.15Part 2 The New Critics sought precision and structural tightness in the literary work;they favore

17、d a style and tone that tended toward irony;they insisted on the presence within the work of everything necessary for its analysis;and they called for an end to a concern by critics with matters outside the work itself-the life of the author,the history of his times,or the social and economic implic

18、ations of the literary work.16Part 2Keywords:Close reading: A reading method that is the mark of the New Criticism, which takes work as a piece of textured literary art, and only read the work itself. Close reading begins with sensitivity to the words of the text and all their denotative and connota

19、tive values and implications, then looks for structures, patterns and interrelationships in the text. 17Part 2Tension: A reading strategy offered by Allen Tate in 1938, that means a combination of extension and intension. It is also a New Critical standard for evaluating poetry and poets.Irony: Iron

20、y involves a discrepancy between what is said and what is meant. To I. A. Richards irony is bringing opposites to form a balance, while C. Brooks suggested irony is the stability of a context in which the internal pressures balance and mutually support each other. 18Part 2The intentional fallacy: A

21、particular term proposed by Wimsatt and Beardsley who argued that the design or intention of the author is neither available nor desirable as a standard for judging the success of a work of literary art, and that a literary work,once published,belongs in the public realm of language,which gives it a

22、n objective existence distinct from the authors original idea of it.19Part 2The affective fallacy: The affective fallacy is proposed by Wimsatt and Beardsley that means a confusion between the poem and its results(what it is and what it does), It begins by trying to drive the standard of criticism f

23、rom the psychological effects of the poem and ends in impressionism and relativism. The outcome of either fallacy, the intentional or the affective, is that the poem itself, as an object of specifically critical judgment, tends to disappear.20Part 3Part 3 The Psychoanalytical Criticism Times: Starte

24、d from 1900 when S.Freud published his The Interpretation of Dreams, then extended to present.There are two important stages in the course of psychoanalytical criticism development. First is the phase of Freud. Second is the phase of Jacque Lacan. 21Part 3Members : Founder:Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)Ad

25、herent:Melanie Klein(1882-1960)Ernest Jones(1879-1958)Marie BonaparteNorman Holland(1927- )Jacque Lacan(1901-1981)Lionel Trilling(1905-1975)22Part 3Works :S.Freud:The interpretation of Dreams (1900)Creative writers and Daydreaming Jacque Lacan The four Fundamental concepts of psychoanalysis (1977)Ec

26、rits:A Selection (1966)23Part 3E.Jones:Hamlet and Oedipus(1910)Norman HollandThe Dynamics of Literary Response (1968)Five Readers Reading (1975)Melanie KleinNotes on Some Schizoid Mechanisms(1946)Some theoretical conclusion regarding the Emotional Life of the infant24Part 3Freuds ideas Freud emphasi

27、zed the unconscious aspects of the human psyche and provided convincing evidence that most of our actions are motivated by psychological forces over which we have very limited control.He demonstrated that,like the iceberg,the human mind is structured so that its great weight and density lie beneath

28、the surface.25Part 3All human behavior is motivated ultimately by what we would call sexuality.Freud designates the prime psychic force as libido,or sexual energy.His another major premise is that because of the powerful social taboos attached to certain sexual impulses,many of our desires and memor

29、ies are repressed.26Part 3Keywords Oedipus complex Freud borrowed this term from Greece classic Sophoclean tragedy in which the hero Oedipus unknowingly slew his father and married his mother.In psychoanalytical theory Oedipus complex derives from the boys unconscious rivalry with his father for the

30、 love of his mother.Unconsciousness A mental process that is structured beneath the surface consciousness,and has no easy access to consciousness,but must be inferred,discovered,and translated into conscious form in some special manners. 27Part 3Libido Freud called by this name (Libido)the energy of

31、 those instincts which have to do with all that may be comprised under the word “l(fā)ove”.To Freud, “l(fā)ove”consists in sexual love with sexual union as its aim,but he did not separate from this either the self-love or love for parents and children, friendship and love for humanity in general, and also d

32、evotion to concrete objects and to abstract ideas. 28Part 4Part 4 Western Marxist Criticism Times: Marxist Literary criticism can be divided into three periods:Classical Marxism,early Western Marxism ,Late Marxism.Early Western Marxism began with Georg Lukacs,then developed by “Institute of Social R

33、esearch”in university of Frankfurt, Germany,Late Marxism started from 1960s and extended in the last years of the 20th century. 29Part 4Members:Founders:Georg Lukacs (1885-1971)Antonio Gramsci(1891-1937)Adherents:Max Horkheimer (1895-1973)Thoedor W Adorno (1903-1969)Walter Benjamin (1892-1940)Herber

34、t Marcuse (1898-1979)Leo Lowenthal(1900-1993)30Part 4Later:Louis Althusser (1918-1980)Raymond Williams (1921-1988)Terry Eagleton (1943-)Fredric Jameson (1934-)Jurgen Habermas(1929-)31Part 4Works:Georg Lukacs:History and Class Consciousness (1923)The Theory of Novel (1920)The Historical Novel (1962)T

35、he Meaning of Contemporary Realism (1963)Antonio Gramsci:Prison Notebooks (1977)T. W Adrono:Aesthetic Theory (1970)Walter BenjaminCharles Baudelaire :A Lyric Poet in the Era of High Capitalism (1973)32Part 4R. Williams:Marxism and Literature (1977)Culture and Society (1958)T. Eagleton:Criticism and

36、Ideology (1976)Marxism and Literary Criticism (1976)F.Jameson:The Political Unconsciousness (1979)L. Althusser:Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays (1971)Leo LowenthalOn Sociology of Literature (1932)33Part 4Characters:Western Marxism turned Marxist criticism into a cultural critique from the philo

37、sophical perspective.Interdisciplinarity is another feature of the Western Marxism.Researching many new fields which Marx and Engels had never studied through associated with other new theories in 20th century.Critical attitude towards new social problems emerged in the West world in 20th century.34

38、Part 4Keywords:Ideology: Ideology is idea or belief come from social classes in their relations with each other.It is seen be rooted in the material conditions of the everyday life of classes,because classes are not equal,ideology is thought as a distorted representation of the truth,or “false consc

39、iousness”.35Part 4Hegemony: The concept of hegemony was proposed by Italian Marxist theorist and activist Antonio Gramsci to understand how social groups organize their rule.He suggested that rule involves both domination and hegemony that is the organization of consent based on establishing the leg

40、itimacy of leadership and developing shared ideas,values, beliefs and meanings.36Part 5Part 5 Feminism CriticismTimes: There are three phase in feminism:first-wave (late 19th and early 20th century ),second-wave and post-modern feminism . Second-wave Feminist criticism developed since the womens mov

41、ement beginning in the early 1960s,and with womens studies programs growing in American higher education,Feminism criticism divided into many types in 1970s and 1980s.E.Showalter identified four models of them:The biological, linguistic,psychoanalytic and cultural.37Part 5Members:Mary Wollstonecraft

42、(1759-1797)Virginia Woolf(1882-1941)Simone de Beauvoir(1908-1986)Kate MillettElaine Showalter(1941-)Toril Moi(1953-)Lillian Robinson38Part 5Michele BarrettSandra GilbertSusan GubarHelene Cixous(1937-)Jalis Kristeva(1941-)Luce IrigarayBarbara Smithbell hooks39Part 5Works:Mary Wollstonecraft:A Vindica

43、tion of the Rights of Woman(1791)Virginia Woolf:A Room of Ones Own(1929) Simon de Beauvoir:The Second Sex(1949)Kate Millett:Sexual Politics(1970)40Part 5Elaine Showalter:A Literature of Their Own(1977)Helene Cixous:The Laugh of the Medusa(1975)Mary Eagleton:Feminist Literary Criticism(1991)Sandra M.

44、Gilbert and Susan GubarThe Madwomen in the Attic(1979) 41Part 5Julia Kristeva:The Revolution of Poetic Language(1984)Luce Irigaray:This Sex Which Is Not One(1985)Sexes and Genealogies(1993)Judith Butler:Gender Trouble:Feminism and the Subversion of Identity(1990)bell hooks:Feminist Theory:From Margi

45、n to Center(1984)42Part 5Ideas:Feminist literary criticism is a political attack upon other modes of criticism and theory,and because of its social orientation it moves beyond traditional literary criticism.Feminists believe that our culture is a patriarchal culture,that is,one organized in favor of

46、 the interests of men.Feminist literary critics try to explain how what they term engendered power imbalances in a given culture are reflected,supported,or challenged by literary texts.43Part 5Feminist critics focus on absence of women from discourse as well as meaningful spaces opened by womens dis

47、course.Feminist critics largely agree on a threefold purpose:to expose patriarchal premises and resulting prejudices,to promote discovery and reevaluation of literature by women,and to examine social,cultural,and psychosexual contexts of literature and criticism.Feminist critics wish to make us act

48、as feminist readers;that is,to create”new communities of writers and readers supported by a language spoken for and by women.”44Part 5Keywords:Gender: There is an important distinction between sex and gender where sex describes biological or natural differences,while gender describes the social role

49、s of masculinity and femininity,so gender is socially constructed.Patriarchy: This was originally an anthropological term which describes a social system in which older men are entitled to exercise socially sanctioned authority over other members of the household or kinship group,both women and youn

50、ger men.45Part 6Part 6 Cultural StudiesTimes: Cultural studies formally began with the establishing of “Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies” in Birmingham University in 1964, then this method spread all over the world ,and is also active today.46Part 6MembersFounders:Raymond Williams(1921-1988)

51、Richard Hoggart(1918-)Edward Palmer Thompson (1924-1993)Adherent:Stuart Hall(1932-)Richard JohnsonIen AngTony BennettJohn Fiske()47Part 6WorksRaymond Williams:The Long Revolution(1965)Communications(1962)Technology and Cultural Form(1974)Culture(1981)The Country and the City(1973)Richard Hoggart:The Uses of Literacy(1958)Edward Palm