專四-虛擬語(yǔ)氣練習(xí)及小結(jié)

1、虛擬語(yǔ)氣一、條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣1.條件句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣的形式從句中提出一種與客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)不相符或根本不可能存在的條件，主句會(huì)產(chǎn)生的一種不可能獲得的結(jié)果。條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣根據(jù)不同的時(shí)間有三種不同的形式。時(shí)間從句謂語(yǔ)形式主句謂語(yǔ)形式將來(lái)動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式(be用were)should+動(dòng)詞原形wereto+動(dòng)詞原形would/should/might/could+動(dòng)詞原形現(xiàn)在動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式(be用were)would/should/might/could+動(dòng)詞原形過(guò)去had+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞would/should/might/couldhave+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞2.中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的舉例(1)將來(lái)時(shí)的條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：

2、IfheshouldgotoQingHuaUniversity,hewouldmakefulluseofhistime.如果他要上清華大學(xué)的話，他就會(huì)充分利用他的時(shí)間了。Ifheweretocomehere,hewouldtellusaboutit.如果他要來(lái)的話，他會(huì)通知我們一聲。(2)現(xiàn)在時(shí)的條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：Ifhewerefree,hewouldhelpus.要是他有空的話，它會(huì)幫助我們的。Ifhestudiedatthisschool,hewouldknowyouwell.如果他在這所學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)的話，它會(huì)對(duì)你很熟悉。(3)過(guò)去時(shí)的條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：IfIhadseenthe

3、film,Iwouldhavetoldyouaboutit.我如果看過(guò)這場(chǎng)電影，我會(huì)把電影容告訴你了。IfIhadgotthereearlier,IwouldhavemetMr.Li.如果我早點(diǎn)到那兒，我就會(huì)會(huì)到了先生。運(yùn)用條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣時(shí)，須注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞若是系動(dòng)詞be時(shí)，可用was代替were。但在倒裝虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)及ifIwereyou,asitwere中，只能用were。如：WereItenyearsyounger,Iwouldstudyabroad.要是我還年輕十歲的話，我會(huì)去國(guó)外學(xué)習(xí)。IfIwereyou,Iwouldtrymybesttogra

4、spthechance.要是我是你的話，我要盡力抓住這次機(jī)會(huì)。有時(shí)，虛擬條件句中，主、從句的動(dòng)作若不是同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，須區(qū)別對(duì)待。從句的動(dòng)作與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反，而主句的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的事實(shí)不符。如：IfIhadworkedhardatschool,Iwouldbeanengineer,too.如果我在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)刻苦的話，我現(xiàn)在也會(huì)使工程師了Iftheyhadinformedus,wewouldnotcomeherenow.如果他們通知過(guò)我們的話，我們現(xiàn)在就不會(huì)來(lái)這里了。從句的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，而主句的動(dòng)作與過(guò)去事實(shí)不符。如：Ifhewerefreetoday,wewouldhavesenth

5、imtoBeijing.如果他今天有空的話，我們會(huì)已經(jīng)派他去了(from.yygrammar.)。Ifheknewher,hewouldhavegreetedher.要是他認(rèn)識(shí)她的話，他肯定會(huì)去問(wèn)候她了。從句的動(dòng)作與過(guò)去發(fā)生的情況相反，而主句的動(dòng)作與現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生的情況相反。如：Ifithadnotbeenrainingtoomuch,thecropswouldbegrowingmuchbetter.如果天不下太多的雨的話，莊家會(huì)長(zhǎng)得更好。Ifhehadbeenworkinghard,hewouldbeworkingintheofficenow.要是他工作一直努力的話，他現(xiàn)在已進(jìn)了辦公室了。當(dāng)虛

6、擬條件句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含有were,should,had時(shí)，if可省略，而將were,should,had等詞置于句首。如：Shouldheagreetogothere,wewouldsendhimthere.要是他答應(yīng)去的話，我們就派他去。Wereshehere,shewouldagreewithus.如果她在這兒的話，她會(huì)同意我們的。Hadhelearntaboutcomputers,wewouldhavehiredhimtoworkhere.如果她懂一些電腦知識(shí)的話，我們會(huì)已經(jīng)聘用他來(lái)這里工作了(from.yygrammar.)。有時(shí)，句子沒(méi)有直接給出假設(shè)情況的條件，而須通過(guò)上下文或其他方式

7、來(lái)判斷。如：Iwouldhavecometoseeyou,butIwastoobusy.我本該來(lái)看你了，然而我太忙了。Butforhishelp,wewouldbeworkingnow.要不是他的幫助，我們還會(huì)在工作呢。Withoutyourinstruction,Iwouldnothavemadesuchgreatprogress.要是沒(méi)有你的指導(dǎo)，我不會(huì)取得如此大的進(jìn)步。有時(shí)，虛擬條件句中，主、從句可以省略其中的一個(gè)，來(lái)表示說(shuō)話人的一種強(qiáng)烈的感情。省略從句Hewouldhavefinishedit.他本該完成了。Youcouldhavepassedthisexam.你應(yīng)該會(huì)通過(guò)這次考試了。

8、省略主句IfIwereathomenow.要是我現(xiàn)在在家里該多好啊。IfonlyIhadgotit.要是我得到它了該多好啊。二、其他狀語(yǔ)從句的虛擬語(yǔ)氣目的狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣在forfearthat,incase,lest引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句中，若用虛擬語(yǔ)氣時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)為：should+動(dòng)詞原形。并且should不能省略Sheexaminedthedooragainforfearthatathiefshouldcomein.她又把門檢查了一遍，以防盜賊的進(jìn)入。Hestartedoutearlierlestheshouldbelate.他很早就出發(fā)了以防遲到。在sothat,inorderthat

9、所引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句中，從句中的謂語(yǔ)為：can/may/could/might/will/would/should+動(dòng)詞原形。如(from.yygrammar.)：Hegoesclosertothespeakersothathecanhearhimclearer.他走近說(shuō)話的人以便能挺得更清楚。Hereadthelettercarefullyinorderthatheshouldnotmissaword.他把信讀得很仔細(xì)以便不漏掉一個(gè)單詞。讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣在evenif,eventhough所引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，可用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，主句、從句的結(jié)構(gòu)與if所引導(dǎo)的條件從句結(jié)構(gòu)相同。如：Eve

10、nifhewereherehimself,heshouldnotknowwhattodo.即使他親自來(lái)也不知該怎么辦。NobodycouldsavehimeventhoughHuaTuoshouldcomehere.即使華佗在世也救不了他。在whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever,wherever，however,nomatterwh-word等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，從句虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu)為：使用MAYmay+動(dòng)詞原形(指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái))。如：Wewillfinishitontimenomatterwhat/whatevermayhappen.不管發(fā)生什么事，我們都要按時(shí)

11、完成。Wewillfindhimwherever/nomatterwherehemaybe.無(wú)論他在哪里，我們都要找到他。Iwillwaitforhimnomatterhowlatehemaycome.不管他來(lái)的多么晚，我都會(huì)等他。may+完成式(指過(guò)去)，主句結(jié)構(gòu)不限。如：Youmustntbeproudwhatever/nomatterwhatgreatprogressyoumayhavemade.不管你取得了多么大的進(jìn)步，你也不能驕傲(from.yygrammar.)。Wemustrespecthimnomatterwhat/whatevermistakeshemayhavemade.不

12、管他翻過(guò)什么錯(cuò)誤，我們必須尊敬他。在though,although等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，從句虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu)為should+動(dòng)詞原形，主句結(jié)構(gòu)不限。如：Although/Thoughheshouldoftenbelate,heisagoodstudent.盡管他經(jīng)常遲到，他還是個(gè)好學(xué)生。Although/Thoughheshouldbesecretary,hemustobeytherules.盡管他是書(shū)記，他也必須遵守規(guī)定。3.方式狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣asif,asthough引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為:表示所發(fā)生的時(shí)間虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前had+過(guò)去分詞與主句動(dòng)

13、作同時(shí)發(fā)生過(guò)去時(shí)（be用were）發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之后would/could/might/should+原形動(dòng)詞例如：Theybegantotalkwarmlyasiftheyhadknowneachotherforlong.他們開(kāi)始熱烈的談?wù)撈饋?lái)就好像他們已相互認(rèn)識(shí)很久了。Hecoughedtwiceasifsomeoneshouldcome.他咳嗽兩聲就好像有人要來(lái)了。原因狀語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣amazed,angry,annoyed,astonished,disappointed,frightened,happy,pleased,proud,sorry,surprised,upset等后面的

14、狀語(yǔ)從句中常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。其虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：should+原形動(dòng)詞（指現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)）。如：Hewasangrythatyoushouldcallhimbyname.他很生氣，你竟然對(duì)他直呼其名。Iwasastonishedthatheshouldnotanswersuchaneasyquestion.我很驚訝他竟答不出如此簡(jiǎn)單的問(wèn)題。should+完成式,指過(guò)去。如：Imverysorrythatyoushouldhavefailedtheexam.我很遺憾，你這次考試竟然失敗了。IwasverysurprisedthatFathershouldhaveknownwhatIdidyesterda

15、y.我很吃驚，父親竟指導(dǎo)我昨天所作的事情（from.yygrammar.）。三、賓語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣1.英語(yǔ)中，如：advise,ask,demand,desire,decide,insist（堅(jiān)決要求）,order,propose,request,suggest（建議）表示請(qǐng)求、要求、命令或建議等意義的動(dòng)詞所接的賓語(yǔ)從句一般用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：（should）+原形動(dòng)詞。如：Theteacheradvisedthatweshouldmakegooduseofeveryminutehere.老師勸我們要好好地利用在這兒的每一分鐘。ThePartyaskedthatweshoulds

16、ervethepeoplewithourheartandsoul.黨要求我們要全心全意地為人民服務(wù)。但是，當(dāng)insist的意思為：堅(jiān)決認(rèn)為，堅(jiān)持說(shuō)；suggest的意思為：表明，暗含，暗示等時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句一般不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如：Tominsistedthathehadntstolenthewatch.湯姆堅(jiān)持說(shuō)他沒(méi)有偷那塊手表。Hissmilesuggestedthathehadsucceededinthisexam.他的微笑表明他在考試中成功了。believe,expect,suspect,think,imagine等動(dòng)詞的否定句或疑問(wèn)句中的賓語(yǔ)從句常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。其虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：should

17、+原形動(dòng)詞。如：Canyoubelievethatheshouldkillatiger?你能相信他竟殺死了一只老虎？Canyouimaginethatheshouldtakethefirstplaceinthelongjumpcontest?你能想象得到他在跳遠(yuǎn)比賽中竟獲得了第一名？英語(yǔ)中，wish之后的賓語(yǔ)從句，表示一種沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)或根本不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。其虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為（from.yygrammar.）：表示所發(fā)生的時(shí)間虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前had+過(guò)去分詞；would/could/might/should+have+過(guò)去分詞-總結(jié).與主句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生過(guò)去時(shí)(be用we

18、re)發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之后would/could/might/should+原形動(dòng)詞例如：IwishIlearntEnglishwell.我希望我已學(xué)好了英語(yǔ)。IwishIhadbeentherewiththemlastweek.我希望上周跟他們一起在那兒。Hewisheswecouldgoandplaygameswithhim.他希望我們能去跟他做游戲。4.英語(yǔ)中，wouldrather,hadrather,wouldsooner等之后的賓語(yǔ)從句常表示與客觀事實(shí)不相符的一種愿望，故使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。其虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：表示所發(fā)生的時(shí)間虛擬語(yǔ)氣結(jié)構(gòu)過(guò)去had+過(guò)去分詞；現(xiàn)在過(guò)去時(shí)(be用were)將

19、來(lái)過(guò)去時(shí)(be用were)例如：Idratheryouhadseenthefilmyesterday.我倒想你昨天看過(guò)了這場(chǎng)電影。Idratheryouwereherenow.我倒想你現(xiàn)在在這兒。Wedratheryouwentheretomorrow.我么倒想你明天去那兒。四、主語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣在表達(dá)驚異、惋惜、遺憾、理應(yīng)如此等意義的主語(yǔ)從句中常使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其虛擬語(yǔ)其的結(jié)構(gòu)為：should+動(dòng)詞原形，主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式不限。句型：(1)Itisadmirable/dreadful/extraordinary/odd/remarkable/sad/advisable/annoying/d

20、isappointing/surprising/upsetting/frightening/better/best/curious/desirable/important/strange/peculiar/proper/necessary/natural.that.Itisapity/ashame/nowonder.that.Itissuggested/requested/desired/proposed/.that.Itworriesmethat.如：Itisimportantthatweshoulddowellinourlessonsfirst.我們先把功課學(xué)好很重要。Itisstrang

21、ethatheshouldnotcome.很奇怪，他竟沒(méi)有來(lái)。Itisapitythatweshouldnotmeetlastnight.真遺憾我們昨天晚上沒(méi)有見(jiàn)過(guò)面。Itworriesmethatweshouldbeblamedforthat.我們竟要受責(zé)備真讓人煩惱。五、表語(yǔ)從句及同位語(yǔ)從句中虛擬語(yǔ)氣英語(yǔ)中，表示請(qǐng)求、要求、命令、建議等名詞advice,desire,decision,idea,instruction,order,plan,proposal,recommendation,request,requirement,suggestion,wish充當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)而后面接表語(yǔ)從句或它

22、們后面接同位語(yǔ)時(shí)，表語(yǔ)從表面上看幾屗及同位語(yǔ)從句都須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。其虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：(should)+動(dòng)詞原形。如：Wefollowedhisadvicethatweshouldaskourteacherforhelp.我們接受了他的建議：我們應(yīng)該請(qǐng)求老師的幫助(from.yygrammar.)。Hetoldushisideathatheshouldgotouniversity.他告訴了我們他的想法：他想上大學(xué)。Hissuggestionisthatweshoulddoourworkmorecarefully.他的建議就是我們的工作要更細(xì)心些。Theirplanisthattheyshould

23、buildanewfactoryintheirhometown.他們的計(jì)劃就是在家鄉(xiāng)建一座新工廠。六、定語(yǔ)從句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣英語(yǔ)中，表示：“早該做某事了”時(shí)，定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：Itis(high/about)timethat+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式/should+動(dòng)詞原形。如：ItistimethatIwenttopickupmydaughteratschool.我該去學(xué)校接我的女兒了。Itishightimeyoushouldgotowork.你早該上班了。7.簡(jiǎn)單句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣說(shuō)話時(shí)，為了表示客氣、謙虛、委婉而有禮貌，言語(yǔ)常使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。其虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)形式常

24、為：would/could/might/should+原形動(dòng)詞。如：Wouldyoumindmyshuttingthedoor?我把門關(guān)起來(lái)你介意嗎？Youshouldalwayslearnthislessonbyheart.你要把這個(gè)教訓(xùn)牢記于心。Ishouldagreewithyou.我應(yīng)該同意你的觀點(diǎn)。表示“祝愿時(shí)，常用may+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形+其他。如：Mayyouhaveagoodjourney!祝你一路順風(fēng)。Mayyouryouthlastforever!祝你青春永駐。表示強(qiáng)烈的“愿望、“祝愿時(shí)，常用動(dòng)詞原形。如：LonglivetheCommunistPartyofChina.中國(guó)

25、*萬(wàn)歲。Godblessus.上帝保佑。習(xí)慣表達(dá)中常用的虛擬語(yǔ)氣。提出請(qǐng)求或邀請(qǐng)。如：Wouldyouliketohaveatalkwithusthisevening?今天晚上來(lái)跟我們聊天好嗎？CouldIuseyourbikenow?我可以用一下你的單車嗎？述自己的觀點(diǎn)或看法。如：Ishouldgladtomeetyou.見(jiàn)到你我會(huì)很高興。Iwouldtrymybesttohelpyou.我會(huì)盡力幫助你。提出勸告或建議。如：Youdbetteraskyourfatherfirst.你最好先問(wèn)一問(wèn)你的父親。Youshouldmakeafullinvestigationofitfirst.你應(yīng)該

26、先全面調(diào)查一番。提出問(wèn)題。如：Doyouthinkhecouldgethereontime?你認(rèn)為他能按時(shí)來(lái)嗎？Doyouexpecthewouldtellusthetruth?你期望他會(huì)告訴我們真相嗎？表示對(duì)過(guò)去情況的責(zé)備時(shí)，常用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。其虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為：“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have+過(guò)去分詞。如：Youshouldhavegothereearlier.你應(yīng)該早就到這里了。Youshouldhavereturnedittohim.你應(yīng)該把他還給他了。Theopeningceremonyisagreatoccasion.Itisessentialforthat.a.forustobeprepare

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28、ouldhaveenjoyedthepartymuchmoreiftherequitesuchacrowdofpeoplethere.a.werentb.hasntbeenc.hadntbeend.wouldntbe2000IfyouhavereallybeenstudyingEnglishforsolong,itsabouttimeyouabletowritelettersinEnglish.a.shouldbeb.werec.mustbed.are1999Ifyourcaranyattentionduringthefirst12months,takeittoanauthorizeddeal

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