同濟(jì)大學(xué)跨文化交際考點(diǎn)整理

1、Intercultural communication is communication between members of different cultures. Intercultural communication involves differing perception (感知)，attitudes and interpretations(解釋).Communication is a dynamic, systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with sy

2、mbols.Communication is a dynamic, systematic process and is symbolic.Communication thus can be defined as a behavior-affecting process in which one-person (a source) intentionally encodes and transmits a message through a channel to an intended audience(receivers) in order to induce a particular att

3、itude or behavior.Characteristics of communication:Communication is an ongoing,everchanging activity.Interactive natureIrreversibleTake place in both a physical and social contextCulture:Culture is communication, and communication is culture.High-context and low-context cultures:High-context： betwee

4、n twins大家知道大部分的事情Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Also status.low-context大家不知道很多事情依靠文字表達(dá)，through verbal communicationlow-context的人總是事無巨細(xì)都講講，讓High-context的人 impatient and irritated.中國 high-context美國 low-contextCulture dimension: Individualism-collectivism,

5、 Uncertainty avoidance, Power distance, Masculinity and femininity.Individualism-collectivism:每個(gè)國家文化都有獨(dú)立和集體化的一面。只是有傾向。High-Uncertainty avoidance避免很多不確定性，制定規(guī)則，避免不確 定的想法；low-Uncertainty avoidance：愿意冒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Power distanceHigh- Power distance :人們是不平等的；low- Power distance:平等 的Masculinity and femininity：Mascul

6、inity :野心勃勃，男女不平等，對金錢的追求Femininity： caring and nurturing behaviors； 男的可以在家里； 男女平等;Culture and languageAchieving equivalence in translation:Direct translations in many cases are different: worde have more than one meaning; many words have no direct translations, cultural orientations can render a dir

7、ect translation into nonsensical results; culture may not have the background to translate experience specific to other cultures.Lexical equivalence:相同意思之間略微的差異Idiomatic equivalence:習(xí)語，歇后語的翻譯Grammatical-syntactical equivalence:Experiential equivalence:Conceptual equivalence: eg： I love u | I like yo

8、uMonochromic (M-time) and Polychromic (P-time)The culture organized time in one of two ways.M-time :德國，奧地利，美國Time is lineal，segmented，manageable時(shí)間是可以制定計(jì)劃控制的不能浪費(fèi)時(shí)間P-time：Deal with time holistically同時(shí)做很多事情重視人而不是時(shí)間表破壞時(shí)間安排對時(shí)間的重視沒有m-time那么強(qiáng)生活是無組織的Intercultural perception （觀念，知覺）Stereotype :三種類型通過顯而易見的特征給人們分類：人種，性別等某一類別中的每一個(gè)人都有某些特征這些群體性特征歸因于每一個(gè)個(gè)體EthnocentrismCul