智能樓宇自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

1、 中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)中英文外文翻譯智能樓宇自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)樓宇自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)也叫建筑設(shè)備自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)(BuildingAutomationSystem 簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng) BAS)，是智能建筑不可缺少的一部分，其任務(wù)是對(duì)建筑物內(nèi)的能源使用、環(huán)境、交通及安全設(shè)施進(jìn)行監(jiān)測(cè)、控制等，以提供一個(gè)既安全可靠，又節(jié)約能源，而且舒適宜人的工作或居住環(huán)境。2 樓宇自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的組成與基本功能1 中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)建筑設(shè)備自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)通常包括暖通空調(diào)、給排水、供配電、照明、電梯、消防、安全防范等子系統(tǒng)。根據(jù)我國(guó)行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，BAS 又可分為設(shè)備運(yùn)行管理與監(jiān)控子系統(tǒng)和消防與安全防范子系統(tǒng)，如圖所示。一般情況下，

2、這兩個(gè)子系統(tǒng)宜一同納入 BAS 考慮，如將消防與安全防范子系統(tǒng)獨(dú)立設(shè)置，也應(yīng)與 BAS 監(jiān)控中心建立通信聯(lián)系以便災(zāi)情發(fā)生時(shí)，能夠按照約定實(shí)現(xiàn)操作權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)移，進(jìn)行一體化的協(xié)調(diào)控制。建筑設(shè)備自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的基本功能可以歸納如下：(1)自動(dòng)監(jiān)視并控制各種機(jī)電設(shè)備的起、停，顯示或打印當(dāng)前運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)狀態(tài)。(2)自動(dòng)檢測(cè)、顯示、打印各種機(jī)電設(shè)備的運(yùn)行參數(shù)及其變化趨勢(shì)或歷史數(shù)據(jù)。(3)根據(jù)外界條件、環(huán)境因素、負(fù)載變化情況自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)各種設(shè)備，使之始終運(yùn)行于最佳狀態(tài)。(4)監(jiān)測(cè)并及時(shí)處理各種意外、突發(fā)事件。(5)實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)大樓內(nèi)各種機(jī)電設(shè)備的統(tǒng)一管理、協(xié)調(diào)控制。(6)能源管理：水、電、氣等的計(jì)量收費(fèi)、實(shí)現(xiàn)能源管理自動(dòng)化。(7)設(shè)備

3、管理：包括設(shè)備檔案、設(shè)備運(yùn)行報(bào)表和設(shè)備維修管理等。3 樓宇自動(dòng)化控制系統(tǒng)的原理樓控系統(tǒng)采用的是基于現(xiàn)代控制理論的集散型計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)，也稱(chēng)分布式控制系統(tǒng)(Distributedcontrol systems 簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng) DCS)。它的特征是“集中管理分散控制”，即用分布在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)被控設(shè)備處的微型計(jì)算機(jī)控制裝置(DDC)完成被控設(shè)備的實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)和控制任務(wù)，克服了計(jì)算機(jī)集中控制帶來(lái)的危險(xiǎn)性高度集中的不足和常規(guī)儀表控制功能單一的局限2 中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)性。安裝于中央控制室的中央管理計(jì)算機(jī)具有 CRT 顯示、打印輸出、豐富的軟件管理和很強(qiáng)的數(shù)字通信功能，能完成集中操作、顯示、報(bào)警、打印與優(yōu)化控制等任務(wù)，避免

4、了常規(guī)儀表控制分散后人機(jī)聯(lián)系困難、無(wú)法統(tǒng)一管理的缺點(diǎn)，保證設(shè)備在最佳狀態(tài)下運(yùn)行。以下介紹與分布控制系統(tǒng)相關(guān)的幾個(gè)概念。3.l 直接數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)(DDC)直接數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)(Direct Digital Control 簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng) DDC)如圖 2 所示。計(jì)算機(jī)通過(guò)模擬量輸入通道(AI)和開(kāi)關(guān)量輸入通道(DI)采集實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)，然后按照一定的規(guī)律進(jìn)行計(jì)算，最后發(fā)出控制信號(hào)，并通過(guò)模擬量輸出通道(AO)和開(kāi)關(guān)量輸出通道(DO)直接控制生產(chǎn)過(guò)程。因此DDC 系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)閉環(huán)控制系統(tǒng)，是計(jì)算機(jī)在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中最普遍的一種應(yīng)用方式。DDC 系統(tǒng)中的計(jì)算機(jī)直接承擔(dān)控制任務(wù)，因而要求實(shí)時(shí)性好、可靠性高和適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)。311

5、直接數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)的組成直接數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)主要由過(guò)程輸入通道、過(guò)程控制計(jì)算機(jī)、過(guò)程輸出通道三部分組成。過(guò)程輸入通道由模擬量輸入和數(shù)字量輸入兩部分組成。模擬量輸入通道由變送器、采樣開(kāi)關(guān)、放大器、AD 轉(zhuǎn)換器和接口電路組成。其中變送器的作用是將非電量信號(hào)變換成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電信號(hào)，可將溫度、壓力、流量變換成 0-10mA 或 4-20mA 的直流電信號(hào)，它是通過(guò) AD轉(zhuǎn)換器來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。數(shù)字量輸入通道由開(kāi)關(guān)觸點(diǎn)、光電耦合器和接口3 中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)電路組成，反映生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的通斷狀態(tài)的觸點(diǎn)信號(hào)，經(jīng)過(guò)光電耦合器和接口電路變換成數(shù)字信號(hào)送給計(jì)算機(jī)。過(guò)程控制計(jì)算機(jī)直接承擔(dān)運(yùn)算和控制任務(wù)，首先通過(guò)過(guò)程輸入通道采集被控對(duì)象

6、的各種參數(shù)信號(hào)，再根據(jù)預(yù)定的控制規(guī)律(如 PID)進(jìn)行運(yùn)算，然后向被控對(duì)象發(fā)出控制信號(hào)，再通過(guò)輸出通道直接控制調(diào)節(jié)閥等執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)。過(guò)程輸出通道由模擬量輸出和數(shù)字量輸出兩部分組成。前者把計(jì)算機(jī)輸出的數(shù)字控制信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換成模擬電壓或電流信號(hào)，再經(jīng)過(guò)放大器去驅(qū)動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)閥等執(zhí)行器實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的控制。這一部分由接口電路、DA 轉(zhuǎn)換器，放大器和執(zhí)行器組成。后者把計(jì)算機(jī)輸出的開(kāi)關(guān)信號(hào)，經(jīng)放大器去驅(qū)動(dòng)電磁閥和繼電器執(zhí)行器，它由接口電器、光電耦合器、放大器和執(zhí)行器組成。312 直接數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)的基本算法按照偏差的比例(P)、積分(I)和微分(D)進(jìn)行控制，是連續(xù)系統(tǒng)中技術(shù)成熟、應(yīng)用最為廣泛的一種基本規(guī)律，將 PID

7、控制規(guī)律離散化并在計(jì)算機(jī)上實(shí)現(xiàn)，可以方便地利用已積累的成熟技術(shù)，而且可以在被控對(duì)象的數(shù)學(xué)模型或參數(shù)不很清楚的情況下，經(jīng)過(guò)在線整定達(dá)到滿(mǎn)意的效果。因此，將模擬調(diào)節(jié)規(guī)律離散化的數(shù)字 PID 算法，已被工業(yè)過(guò)程計(jì)算機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)普遍采用，成為 DDC 系統(tǒng)的基本算法。數(shù)字 PID 控制算法，模擬量調(diào)節(jié)器的理想 PID 算式為 式中e(t)偏差(設(shè)定值與實(shí)際輸出值之差)u(t)控制量 Kp比例放大系數(shù) Ti 一積分時(shí)間常數(shù) Td微分時(shí)間常數(shù)寫(xiě)成傳遞函數(shù)形式4 中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)為了能在計(jì)算機(jī)上實(shí)現(xiàn)，必須將連續(xù)形式的微分方程化為離散形式的差分方程。設(shè)了為采樣周期(與系統(tǒng)時(shí)間常數(shù)相比，T 足夠小)，k為采

8、樣序號(hào)(k=0，1，2，)，可用矩形法計(jì)算而積以差分代替微分式中 e(k)第 k 次采樣所得偏差值 e(k-1)第(k-1)次采樣所得偏差值 u(k)第 k 時(shí)刻的控制量上式中的采樣周期 T 越小(與系統(tǒng)時(shí)間常數(shù)比較而言)，則被控過(guò)程與連續(xù)控制過(guò)程越接近，又稱(chēng)為“準(zhǔn)連續(xù)控制”。32 分布式控制系統(tǒng)的體系結(jié)構(gòu)分布式控制系統(tǒng)(Distributed Control Systems 簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng) DCS)20 世紀(jì)于70 年代中期出現(xiàn)并迅速發(fā)展起來(lái)，它將計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、控制技術(shù)、圖形顯示技術(shù)和通信技術(shù)匯集于一體，可對(duì)分散在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的設(shè)備進(jìn)行控制，又可方便地集中管理、操作，與以往的控制系統(tǒng)相比，既避免了單臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)集中

9、控制的不足，又克服了常規(guī)儀表人機(jī)交互困難的缺點(diǎn)。分布式控制系統(tǒng)的多臺(tái)微型計(jì)算機(jī)取代了集中控制系統(tǒng)的單臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)，從體系結(jié)構(gòu)上分散了危險(xiǎn)性，提高了可靠性。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)功能如圖 3 所示，圖中現(xiàn)場(chǎng)控制站、數(shù)據(jù)采集站、工程師站、操作員站、監(jiān)控計(jì)算機(jī)和管理計(jì)算機(jī)通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)被有機(jī)地結(jié)合起來(lái)，組成分級(jí)分布控制系統(tǒng)。321 分布式控制系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)是分布式控制系統(tǒng)的支柱。整個(gè)分布式控制系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)，實(shí)質(zhì)上是一個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)控制站、數(shù)據(jù)采集站、工程師站、5 中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)操作員站、監(jiān)控計(jì)算機(jī)等都是這個(gè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的“節(jié)點(diǎn)”，都含有 CPU 和網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口，它們都有自己特定的網(wǎng)絡(luò)地址(節(jié)點(diǎn)號(hào))，

10、可以通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)送和接收數(shù)據(jù)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的各節(jié)點(diǎn)處于平等地位，既能共享資源，又不相互依賴(lài)，形成既有統(tǒng)一指揮，又使危險(xiǎn)分散的功能結(jié)構(gòu)，網(wǎng)絡(luò)的架構(gòu)區(qū)具有極大的伸縮性，可擴(kuò)性很強(qiáng)，可以滿(mǎn)足分布式控制系統(tǒng)擴(kuò)充與升級(jí)的需要，十分靈活、方便。(1)控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)特點(diǎn) 分布式控制系統(tǒng)的通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)不同于通用計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，與一般的通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)比較，它有如下特殊要求：有高可靠性和安全性，要求傳遞的信息絕對(duì)準(zhǔn)確、可靠，為此常采用冗余技術(shù)、后備措施和自診斷功能。如：控制站采用雙 CPU 板，雙 I0 板等。具有良好的實(shí)時(shí)性。對(duì)環(huán)境適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)。(2)網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu) 建筑設(shè)備自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)常用的有總線網(wǎng)和環(huán)網(wǎng)，在兩種結(jié)構(gòu)中任意兩節(jié)點(diǎn)通信可直接通過(guò)網(wǎng)

11、絡(luò)進(jìn)行，各節(jié)點(diǎn)處于平等地位。(3)網(wǎng)絡(luò)通信協(xié)議 組成建筑設(shè)備自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)，必須有一種大家都能接受并且共同遵守的工作語(yǔ)言來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)相互之間的對(duì)話，這就是數(shù)據(jù)通信協(xié)議標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。用于建筑自動(dòng)化控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)的 BACnet 協(xié)議由物理層、數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層、網(wǎng)絡(luò)層和應(yīng)用層組成，或相當(dāng)于開(kāi)放系統(tǒng)互聯(lián)參考模型(OSI)的第一、二、三、七層協(xié)議其中：ARCnet 為令牌總線網(wǎng)，數(shù)據(jù)傳輸速率為 25-20bits，有良好的實(shí)時(shí)性。MSTP 是一種主從令牌傳遞數(shù)據(jù)鏈路層技術(shù)，允許使用 EIA-485 硬件。BACnet 實(shí)現(xiàn)了6 中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)不同生產(chǎn)廠家自控系統(tǒng)之間進(jìn)行通信的技術(shù)，即從一個(gè)“島”到另一個(gè)“島”之間進(jìn)行相互聯(lián)

12、系的技術(shù)。5 結(jié)束語(yǔ)樓宇自動(dòng)化控制技術(shù)在我國(guó)還是一個(gè)新興的技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，隨著更多智能建筑的出現(xiàn)，將有更加先進(jìn)的技術(shù)補(bǔ)充到這一領(lǐng)域中，使這一技術(shù)更加成熟、完善。7 中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)Intelligent Building Theory of Building AutomationSystemAbstract: This paper describes the building automation systemcomponents, functions, and principles of software and hardwaretechnology, history, and relate

13、d products are briefly introduced the readerof this system has a comprehensive understanding of relevantprofessional designers for the program designed to provide a theoreticalframe of reference.Keywords: building automation system, the core principle of thebasic functions of hardware and software t

14、echnologies1 Introduction to Building Automation System, also known asbuilding automation system (BuildingAutomationSystem referred to asBAS), is an integral part of intelligent building, its task is the buildingsenergy use, environmental, traffic and safety monitoring, control, etc., toprovide a sa

15、fe and reliable, but also save energy, and comfortable work or8 中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)living environment2.building automation system components and basic functions ofbuilding automation systems often include air conditioning, water supplyand drainage, power supply, lighting, elevators, fire safety and preventi

16、onand other subsystems. According to our industry standards, BAS can bedivided into equipment operation management and monitoring subsystemand fire prevention and safety subsystems, as shown. In general, thesetwo subsystems together into BAS consider should, if the fire and safetyprecautions Ziji To

17、ng independent setting, control center should beestablished communication with the BAS contact Yipian disaster Fasheng,can achieve the agreed operating Quan Zhuan Yi An Zhao, Jin Xing YiTihua coordination and contro.Building automation systems basic functions can be summarized asfollows: (1) automat

18、ic monitoring and control of various electrical andmechanical equipment, the stop, display or print the current operatingstate. (2) automatic detection, display, print a variety of electrical andmechanical equipment operating parameters and changes in trends orhistorical data. (3) According to exter

19、nal conditions, environmentalfactors, the change automatically adjust the load of equipment, so that isalways running in top condition. (4) monitoring and timely processing ofall accident emergencies(5) to achieve a variety of electrical and mechanical equipment on9 中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)building a unified man

20、agement, coordination and control. (6) Energymanagement: water, electricity, gas metering and charging, etc., toachieve energy management automation. (7) Equipment Management:including device files, equipment operation and equipment maintenancemanagement reports.3, the principle of building automati

21、on control systemBuilding control system used is based on modern control theory,distributed computer control system, also known as distributed controlsystem (Distributedcontrol systems referred to as DCS). It ischaracterized by a centralized management decentralized control, that ischarged with dist

22、ribution of equipment in the field office of themicro-computer control (DDC) to complete device charged with the taskof real-time detection and control, centralized control of computer toovercome the risks of high lack of centralized control and conventionalsingle instrument limitations.Installed in

23、 the central control room of thecentral management computer with CRT display, print output, extensivesoftware management and a strong digital communications capabilities tocomplete the centralized operation, display, alarm, tasks such as printingand optimal control, avoiding Changgui instrument cont

24、rol is distributeddifficulties after the man-machine contact, no unified managementshortcomings, ensure that equipment running in top form.Here are distributed control systems with several concepts. 3.l direct10 中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)digital control system (DDC) direct digital control system (Direct DigitalCon

25、trol referred to as DDC) shown in Figure 2. Computer through theanalog input channels (AI) and digital input channels (DI) real-time datacollection, and then calculated according to certain rules, and finally thecontrol signals, and through the analog output channels (AO) and theswitch output channe

26、l (DO ) direct control of the production process. SoDDC system is a closed loop control system, a computer in the industrialproduction of the most popular way of an applicationDDC system control computer to undertake tasks, which requiredreal-time, high reliability and adaptability.3.1.1 Composition

27、 of direct digital control systemDirect digital control system consists of the process input channel,process control computer, the process of output channels of three parts.Process input channels from the analog input and digital input of twoparts. Analog input channels from the transmitter, the sam

28、pling switch,amplifier, A / D converter and interface circuit. One is the role of thetransmitter signal will be converted into the standard non-power electricalsignal，Can be temperature, pressure, flow transformed into 0-10mA or4-20mA DC signal, it is through the A / D converter to achieve. - Digita

29、linput channels from the switch contacts, photoelectric coupler andinterface circuit, reflecting the production process on / off state of thecontact signal, through the optocoupler and the interface circuit11 中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)transformation into a digital signal sent to the computerDirect commitment to th

30、e process control computer operations andcontrol tasks, first of all input channels through the process of collectingthe parameters of the object and signals, then the scheduled control law(such as PID) for operation, and then send control signals to thecontrolled object, then the output channel dir

31、ect control of the controlvalve actuatorProcess output channel from the analog output and digital output oftwo parts. The former control of the computer output of digital signalsinto analog voltage or current signals, through the amplifier to drive theactuator control valve to achieve control of the

32、 production process. Thispart of the interface circuit, D / A converter, amplifier and actuatorcomponent. Which the computer output of the switch signal by amplifierto drive solenoid valve and relay actuator, which consists of electricalinterfaces, optical coupler, amplifier and actuator component。3

33、.1.2 Direct Digital Control System in accordance with the deviationof the ratio of the basic algorithm (P), integral (I) and differential (D)control, a continuous system technology is mature, the most widely usedas a basic law, the PID control Guilv discrete implementation of andmake computer, can e

34、asily be accumulated to use this proven technology,but also the alleged target of the mathematical model or parameter is notvery clear under the circumstances, Jing Guo-line tuning of Xiaoguo12 中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)satisfactory. Therefore, the law regulating discrete analog digital PIDalgorithm, computer cont

35、rol of industrial processes have been widelyadopted system, a DDC system, the basic algorithmDigital PID control algorithm, analog PID controller ideal formulafor the type of e (t) - deviation (set value and the actual output value ofthe error) u (t) - control the amount of Kp - Ti a scaling factor

36、Integraltime constant Td - differential time constant transfer function written inthe form of a computer in order to achieve, must be a continuous form ofdifferential equations into discrete form of differential equations. Set forthe sampling period (compared with the system time constant, T is smal

37、lenough), k is sampling number (k = 0,1,2, . .), can be calculated andrectangular plot to replace the differential difference Type in e (k) - k-thsample from the deviation e (k-1) - s (k-1) sub-sample from the deviationof u (k) - k-time control of traffic on the type of The smaller the samplingperio

38、d T (comparison with the system time constant), was charged withthe process and the continuous control process approached, also known asquasi-continuous control3.2 The architecture of distributed control system distributed controlsystem (Distributed Control Systems referred to as DCS) 20 century int

39、he mid 70s and quickly developed, it will computer technology, controltechnology, graphics and communication technologies together in one ,can spread over the scene of the equipment control, but also convenient to13 中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)centralized management, operation, and the past, the control system, both

40、to avoid Le single centralized computer control of the inadequacy ofOvercome conventional human-computer interaction difficulties theshortcomings instrument .Distributed control system of multiple micro-computer system toreplace the centralized control of a single computer, from the architectureof t

41、he risk of dispersion, improved reliability,. The basic structure andfunction shown in Figure 3, the figure scene controllers, data acquisitionstation, engineer station, operator station, monitor and manage computerdata communication through computer networks are organicallycombined to form the hier

42、archical distributed control system3.2.1 A distributed control system data communications networkData communication network is a pillar of the distributed control system.The structure of the distributed control system, which is a networkstructure, the control station, data acquisition station, engin

43、eers, operatorstations, monitoring station is the computer on the network node,contain the CPU and network interface, they all have their own specialnetwork address (nodes), can send and receive data through the network,the network of each node in equal status, can share resources andinterdependent,

44、 form a unified command, and has the function of thedispersed risk, network architecture area is of great flexibility, scalability,can satisfy the distributed control system with the need to upgrade, the14 中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)expansion is flexible and convenient(1) control network characteristics ofdistribut

45、ed control system is different from the general computer networkcommunication network, and general communication network, it is asfollows: (1) have special requirements, high reliability and safetyrequirements of information transmission, therefore absolutely accurate,reliable and often USES redundant technology, backup an