人機交互理論與技術(shù)：Ch2 Human in Interaction

1、Human Computer InteractionTheories and Technologies2Ch2: Human in Interaction2.1 Device in interaction2.2 The human in interaction2.3 Assignment32.1 Device in interactionComputer AbilitiesTransistorsSpeedSizeMoors Law2.1 Device in interaction Computers in interaction desktop computingTwo hands for T

2、hree hands for operating Playing a piano a computer2.1 Device in interaction Computers in interaction mobile computing Mobile Devices = CPU + Touch Screen + Sensors2.1 Device in interaction Computers in interaction mobile computing Sensors: the neurons around us! Accelerometer, Gyroscope, cameras, m

3、icrophones, 2.1 Device in interactionInternet of Bodies (人聯(lián)網(wǎng)） Internet of Things （物聯(lián)網(wǎng)） Computers, sensors, network everywhere2.1 Device in interaction2011年，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)傳感器無處不在！ 傳感已經(jīng)開始和計算結(jié)合。 信息-物理對偶空間物理空間 + 傳感 + 計算“我想全世界大概每人需要50個傳感器。”“我想全世界大概每人需要5臺計算機?！?“我想全世界大概需要5臺計算機。”1943年，IBM的創(chuàng)始人Thomas Watson 92.1 Device

4、 in interactionHuman AbilitiesComputer& Network& Sensors 195019902030102.1 Device in interactionComplex human societyComplex computer & networkComplex things around us sensorsComplex interaction among the threeNow we expect computer & network can be usedmore productively / efficientlyin easier way /

5、 natural wayin wider areahumans have necessary limitationsdesign can cope with such limitations!“Design for all”: “User friendly” “Natural” “Intuitive”2.1 Device in interactionInterface InteractionInteraction in our 3D living spaceCyber Physical Dual SpaceComputer supported Document processing Compu

6、ter supported daily life User: All citizens; Social interaction; Cooperative work; Computer assisted life health care, food, traffic, etc; Input: various distributed sensors; Output: machine actions;2.1 Device in interactionHuman Computer Interaction is the extension of human intelligence in essence

7、. Machine intelligence is merged into human intelligence.18th Century: 工業(yè)革命 機械力 + 體力21th Century: 信息革命 機器智能 + 人的智能2.1 Device in interaction 關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問題：機器智能與人類智能各有優(yōu)缺點，并將在很長的時間內(nèi)，取長補短，相互補充。因此，基于人機交互的機器智能和人類智能的融合、協(xié)同將是21世紀(jì)計算機科學(xué)的最大的挑戰(zhàn)！14Ch2: Human in Interaction2.1 Device in interaction2.2 The human in intera

8、ction 2.3 Assignment152.2 The human in interaction Human characteristicsTo understand the human as an information-processing system, how humans communicate, and peoples physical and psychological requirements162.2 The human in interactionHuman characteristicsSensors:Physical: vision, sound, touchChe

9、mical: smell, taste, painProcessing Processors: brain, eyesMemory: long-term, short term, sensory memory Cognition: attention, semantic, emotion, mood, ImplementationAction: hand, feet, bodyIdea: language, communication, gesture, 172.2 The human in interactionHuman sensing and processing systemMulti

10、-channel, multi-modal input:vision, sound, touch, smell, taste, pain, emotion, mode, recognition, Distributed processors Retina is a peripheral brainVarious outputmotion, language, emotion, Attention based controlThe system monitoring all input channels when works on a task.The system switch among t

11、asks based on the variation of attention.182.2 The human in interactionThe interaction for human Enhancing life through technology Enhancing and creating pleasurable experiences through technologyThe 5E principle for human interaction Easy to use Easy to learn Easy to remember Effective Error-freeKe

12、ep it simple and stimulating (KISS)192.2 The human in interactionThe four stages of interaction 1. Forming an intention“What we want to happen”internal mental characterization of a goal2. Selecting an actionreview possible actions and select most appropriatesimilar to mapping between task and comput

13、e semantics202.2 The human in interaction3. Executing the action:carry out the action using the computersimilar to mapping between semantics and computer syntax4. Evaluate the outcomecheck the results of executing the action and compare it with the expectationsrequires perception, interpretation, an

14、d incremental evaluation21GoalsPhysicalSystemgulf ofexecution2.2 The human in interactionThe “Gulf of Execution”do actions provided by system correspond to the intentions of the user?Gulf:amount of effort exerted to transform intentions into selected and executed actions22GoalsPhysicalSystemgulf ofe

15、valuation2.2 The human in interactionThe “Gulf of Evaluation”can feedback be interpreted in terms of intentions and expectations?Gulf: amount of effort exerted to interpret feedback232.2 The human in interactionBridging the Gulf of Execution and EvaluationGoalsPhysicalSystemexecution bridgeintention

16、saction specificationsinteractionmechanismevaluation bridgeinterpretationsinterfacedisplayevaluations242.2 The human in interactionMetaphor as an example:design model: Designers of (physical) systems construct their mental models of how the system should function. The users model: Users develop thei

17、r own mental models of how their tasks should be accomplished, and through interacting with the system.System image: results from the (physical) structure that has been built in. The only way designers communicate to users.252.2 The human in interactionIn HCI metaphor is studied mostly in the contex

18、t of interface metaphor. The most well known example of this is the “Desktop” metaphor. The interface to the computer is seen as a desktop. A command shell presents a verbal, rather than visual metaphor the “Conversation” metaphor26The Desktop Metaphor Xerox Star, 19812.2 The human in interaction272

19、.2 The human in interactionThe Desktop Metaphor 28The House Metaphor Microsoft Bob, 199529The House Metaphor Microsoft Bob, 1995302.2 The human in interactionThe Metaphor in mobile interaction312.2 The human in interactionThe Metaphor in wearable interaction?2.2 The human in interaction“PRESS ANY KE

20、Y TO CONTINUE”322.2 The human in interaction“HIT ANY KEY TO CONTINUE”332.2 The human in interaction“HIT ANY KEY TO CONTINUE”34352.2 The human in interactionA metaphor implies many elements of the model to a user who is familiar with the metaphorical object (e.g., a physical desktop) The less people

21、have to think about how to work with their computer, the more mental energy they have left for their real work.2.2 The human in interactionTechnology is a way toenhance life efficient work, healthy living, ;creating pleasurable experiences;byunderstanding human being;interaction among people;human s

22、ociety;362.2 The human in interactionWe are quickly passing through the historical moment when people work in front of a single computer, dominated by a small CRT and focused on tasks involving only local information.Networked computers are becoming ubiquitous and are playing increasingly significan

23、t roles in our lives and in the basic infrastructures of science, business, and social interaction.372.2 The human in interactionwe need to better understand the emerging dynamic of interaction in which the focus task is no longer confined to the desktop but reaches into a complex networked world of

24、 information and computer-mediated interactions.JAMES HOLLAN, EDWIN HUTCHINS, and DAVID KIRSH, Distributed Cognition: Toward a New Foundation for Human-Computer Interaction Research, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, Vol. 7( 2): 174196, June 2000.382.2 The human in interactionTechnolog

25、y-Mediated Social Participation (TMSP)The dramatic success of social media such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, blogs, and traditional discussion groups empowers individuals to become active in local and global communities.Ben Shneiderman, Technology-Mediated Social Participation: The Next 25 Years o

26、f HCI Challenges, CHI 2011.392.2 The human in interactionTechnology-Mediated Social Participation (TMSP)The remarkable capacity of collaborative tools encourages massive coordinated efforts such as Wikipedia or beneficial collective intelligence projects such as film recommender systems, product rev

27、iew websites, or governmental knowledge sharing such as the U.S. State Departments Diplopedia. 402.2 The human in interactionTechnology-Mediated Social Participation (TMSP)User-generated content sites also include photo sharing such as Flickr, music sharing, poetry, political essays, how-to, question-answering, open source software, and much more.An even larger circle of applications is included when the Open Gove