職稱英語理工類b級考試重點文章匯總完美版已排版含譯文 完整解答備考精編整理

1、職稱英語必過備考資料 孫偉+王霞2015職稱英語理工類B級考試重點文章匯總2015年理工B閱讀理解新增文章 *第二十二篇 Real World Robots When you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-

2、pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Todays robot is more than a

3、n automatic machine that performs one task again and again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligencethat is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and lear

4、ning from past experience. A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combinatio

5、n with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robots base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differentia

6、l. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects

7、or adjusts the robots actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs. 詞匯： envisionv.想象，預(yù)想devicen.裝置accentuatev.強調(diào)，重讀artificial intelligencen.人工智能limbn.臂antennaen.天線inclinev. 傾斜pendulumn.鐘擺ultrasonicadj.超聲的metallica

8、dj.金屬的monotonen.單調(diào)的humanoidadj.像人的axlen.輪軸rotatev.旋轉(zhuǎn)swiveln.旋轉(zhuǎn)teeterv.搖晃gyroscopen.陀螺儀，回轉(zhuǎn)儀verticaln.直立的注釋： 1To find its way in its surroundings.：為了在周圍找到路 2the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path：機器人發(fā)射激光束和超聲波，反射到障礙物上（以此來探知路徑）。 練習(xí)： 1Another good t

9、itle for this passage would be ARobots: Taking the Place of Humans.BArtificial Intelligence Programs.CTodays Robots and How They Function.DModern-Day Sensors.2Artificial intelligence is Athe unnatural way in which robots move.Ba voiceless, box-shaped machine that performs repetitive tasks.Csensors s

10、uch as antennae and a gyroscope.Da computer program that imitates human intellectual processes.3The last paragraph suggests that future robots will be Amore humanlike in behavior and actions.Bmore like automatic machines.Cbetter able to move on inclines.Dbetter equipped with laser light sensors.4The

11、 writer begins the passage by comparing Athe shape of a human being with a box.Ba modem robot with a fictional robot.Can imaginary machine with a human.Da computer program with artificial intelligence.5The word humanoid means Alacking human characteristics.Banything having the appearance of a humano

12、id.Cbeing void or vacant.Dhaving a human form or characteristics.答案與題解： 1C 從文中得知，文章主要介紹了機器人和它們的運行方式，因此選擇C選項。 2D Artificial是“人工”的意思，intelligence是“智能”的意思。另外從文中得知，機器人使用artificial intelligence能夠進行與人類類似的推理分析等活動，因此可知它是一種類似人類智能的計算機程序。 3A 最后一段講機器人的發(fā)展方向是更加智能，能夠自己判斷并修正行為，而不僅僅是完成重復(fù)性的工作。 4B 文章開頭的時候作者讓讀者描述他們腦海中的

13、機器人概念，并隨后介紹了實際的機器人是怎樣的，因此選擇B選項。 5D 從humanoid的詞根human可看出這個詞是形容與人類有關(guān)的特征。另外根據(jù)文章對這個詞的描述可以得出這個詞是表示和人類類似的特征，不管是外形上，還是行為方式上。 理工B補全短文新增文章： 2015年理工B 補全短文新增文章 *第九篇 Lightening Strikes Three years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Millers house in Aberdeenwith her two children inside. “There was a h

14、uge rainstorm,” she says, recalling the terrifying experience. “My brother and I were outside desperately working to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang. _1_ The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children,

15、 thankfully unharmed. Later I was told to be struck by lightning is a chance in a million.” In fact, its calculated at one chance in 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible. “I wouldnt go out in a stormbu

16、t then Im quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enough to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible. Lightning is one of natures most awesome displays of sheer power. _2_ 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the Amer

17、ican scientist and statesman，proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works. _3_ Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees or church spires may glow and make a buzzing noise, and peoples hair can stand on end. And if

18、you fear lightning, youll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound a warning tone and monitor the storms approach. Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning.

19、Mrs Wilders heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for bums to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again. Since that time，she has been a strictly fair weather golfer1. _4_ The best place to be is inside a car! The largest

20、 number of people to be struck by lightning at one time was in September 1995 when 17 players on a football pitch were hit simultaneously. The most extraordinary aspect of the strike was the fact that 11 of the victimsseven adults and four childrenhad burn patterns of tiny holes at 3 centimetre inte

21、rvals on each toe and around the soles of their feet. Harold Deal, a retired electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature. _5_ A

22、nimals are victims of lightning too2Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely because they go under trees. In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock. Lightning is also respons

23、ible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide. 詞匯： boltn.（閃電）道sheeradj.絕對的resuscitatev.使復(fù)蘇flock n.群rubblen.碎石spiren.尖頂，尖塔instantaneouslyadv.即刻，突如其來地注釋： 1she has been a strictly fair weather golfer：她變成了一個只在晴朗天氣才打高爾夫的人。 2Animals are victims of lightning too：動物也會受到雷擊的傷害。 練習(xí)： ANo

24、wonder the ancient Greeks thought it was Zeus, father of the gods, throwing thunderbolts around in anger.BIn fact, a golf course is one of the most dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm.CLightning has long been hailed as one of the most impressive displays of natures power.DWhen I picked myse

25、lf up, the roof and the entire upper storey of the house had been demolishedEOccasionally there are warning signs.FSince then the freezing South Carolina winters havent bothered Harold, since he is completely unable to feel the cold.答案與題解： 1D 前文講到“我”被爆炸擊中，因此后文要講被擊昏然后醒來之后的事，D項符合。 2A 前文講閃電是大自然絕對力量最可怕的

26、展現(xiàn)方式之一，而宙斯在古希臘是力量的化身，古希臘人認為雷電產(chǎn)生的原因是宙斯發(fā)怒并投擲閃電。 3E 后文講到閃電來臨之前的一些征兆，還講到有一種產(chǎn)品可以預(yù)告閃電。此處要填的是該段的主題句，即閃電到來之前會有一些征兆。 4B 前面講到在高爾夫球場上被雷擊的一個事例，后文講閃電來臨之時最安全的地方是汽車?yán)?，因此要填的句子?yīng)該是講在高爾夫球場不安全。 5F 前文講Harold因為雷擊喪失了感受溫度的能力，F(xiàn)選項中關(guān)于他再也不怕冬天的寒冷的描述符合要求。 2014年理工B新增文章一、閱讀判斷第8篇：What Is a Dream?（B級）What Is a Dream?For centuries, pe

27、ople have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Somepsychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a persons mind

28、and emotions.Before modem times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way.The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to study dreamsscientifically. In his fam

29、ous book, The interpretation of Dreams ( 1900 ), Freud wrote that dreamsare an expressions of a persons wishes. He believed that dreams allow people to express thefeelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life.The Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung was once a student of Freud s

30、. Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high

31、 an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves.Modem-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example,psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes tha

32、t dreamsare tightly linked to a persons daily life, thoughts, and behavior. A criminal, for example, mightdream about crime.Dornhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental

33、 skill that needs time to develop.He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. For example, the people in mens dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. This is not true of womens dreams. 3 Domhoff found

34、 this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modem and traditional ones.Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that some

35、thing terrible is going to occur,you shouldnt panic. The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. Its important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world.詞匯： psychiatrist n.精神病學(xué)家（醫(yī)生） 注釋：1.SigmundFreud西格蒙德.費洛伊德(1856-1939)，猶太人，奧地利

36、精神病醫(yī)生及精神分析學(xué)家。精神分析學(xué)派的創(chuàng)始人。他認為被壓抑的欲望絕大部分是屬于性的，性的擾亂是精神病的根本原因。著有性學(xué)三論夢的釋義圖騰與禁忌日常生活的心理病理學(xué)精神分析引論精神分析引論新編等2.Carl Jung:卡爾.榮格，瑞士著名精神分析專家，分析心理學(xué)的創(chuàng)始人3.For example.the people in mens dreams are often other men，and the dreams often involve fighting.This is not true of womens dreams.例如，男人做夢會夢到男人，并且常與打斗有關(guān);女人做夢與男人則不同。

37、練習(xí)：1. Not everyone agrees that dreams are meaningful.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned2. According to Freud,people dream about things that they cannot talk about.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned3. Jung believed that dreams did not help one to understand oneself.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned4. In the past,p

38、eople believed that dreams involved emotions.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned5. According to Dornhoff,babies do not have the same ability to dream as adults do.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned6. Men and women dream about different things.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned7. Scientists agree that dreams predict

39、 the future.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned 1.A這句話恰好表達了本文第一段的意思。即有些心理學(xué)家認為，人腦睡眠中的活動沒有特別意義;而有些人則認為，夢可以揭示人的思維和情感。.2.A第三段的最后一句講的是弗洛伊德認為夢反映了人們在現(xiàn)實情況下害怕表達的情感、想法或恐懼。此句與本敘述一致。3.B第四段的第二句和第三句：Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer.(榮格認為夢的用途是向做夢者傳遞一個信息)He thought peo

40、ple could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.(他認為人們通過思考所做的夢能夠更好地了解自己)。他給出了兩個例子來說明他的論點。4.C文中沒有提及。5.A依據(jù)第六段，Domhoff研究得出：嬰兒不像成人做那么多的夢，做夢是一種需要時間提高的技能。這就說明了嬰兒不具備成人做夢的能力。6.A本文第七段講述了做夢與性別的關(guān)系。第二句更指出男人和女人做的夢是不同的。7.B最后一段的倒數(shù)第二句講的是：夢可能會有意義，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定會發(fā)生。因而不能預(yù)測未來。譯文：什么是夢？許多世紀(jì)以來，人們都對他們夢

41、到的奇異事情感到疑惑。一些心理學(xué)家認為，這種大腦的夜間活動并沒有特殊含義。另一些人則認為，夢是生命中重要的一部分。實際上，許多專家認為，夢能揭示人的心理和情感活動。 近代以前，很多人認為夢傳遞的是上帝的信息。直到20世紀(jì)，人們才開始從科學(xué)的角度研究夢。奧地利心理學(xué)家西格蒙德弗洛伊德或許是第一個用科學(xué)的方法研究夢的人。在他的著作夢的解析(1900)中，弗洛伊德寫道，夢是一個人愿望的表達。他認為夢打開了一扇窗，讓人們得以表達在生活中不敢表達的情感、思想和恐懼。 瑞士精神病學(xué)家卡爾榮格曾是弗洛伊德的學(xué)生，但他對夢的看法與弗洛伊德不同。他認為，做夢的目的是要給做夢的人傳遞一種信息。而人們想想自已做的夢

42、，便能對自己有一個更深刻的了解。比如，如果夢到從高處墜落，那么他應(yīng)該反思自己是不是白視過高。反過來，如果夢中自己成了英雄，應(yīng)該想想平時可能太看低自己了。 現(xiàn)代心理學(xué)家還在繼續(xù)發(fā)展關(guān)于夢的理論，來自位于圣克魯茲的加利福尼亞大學(xué)的威廉多姆霍夫就是其中一位。他認為，夢境和一個人的日常生活、思想和行為都緊密相關(guān)，比方說，一個罪犯就可能夢到犯罪。 多姆霍夫還認為，夢和年齡也有關(guān)系。他的研究表明，孩子不像成人做夢做的那么多。他認為，做夢也是一項心理機能，也需要隨著年齡增長而發(fā)展。多姆霍夫還發(fā)現(xiàn)夢和性別之間的關(guān)系。通過研究，他發(fā)現(xiàn)男性和女性的夢境常常是不同的。例如，在男性夢境中出現(xiàn)的通常是其他男性，而且常與

43、打斗有關(guān)，而女性的夢境則不是這樣。多姆霍夫通過研究包括來自現(xiàn)代文化以及傳統(tǒng)文化背景在內(nèi)的11種不同文化背景的人群夢境中的性別差異得出了上述結(jié)論。 夢能幫助我們更好地理解自己嗎？心理學(xué)家還在嘗試通過不同方式來解答這個問題，不過，有一件事他們是意見一致的：如果你夢到有不好的事要發(fā)生，不要慌張。夢可能會有意義，但也不意味著你夢到的一些恐怖事情就一定會發(fā)生。要記住，夢中的世界并不是真實的世界。第10篇：The Biology of Music（B級）The Biology of MusicHumans use music as a powerful way to communicate. It may

44、 also play an important role inlove. But what is music, and how does it work its magic? Science does not yet have all theanswers.What are two things that make humans different from animals? One is language, and the other is music. It is true that some animals can sing ( and many birds sing .better t

45、han a lot of people). However,the songs of animals, such as birds and whales, are very limited. It is also true that humans, not animals ,have developed musical instruments.Music is strange stuff. It is clearly different from language. However, people can use music to communicate things - especially

46、 their emotions. When music is combined with speech in a song, it is a very powerful form of communication. But, biologically speaking, what is music?If music is truly different from speech, then we should process music and language in different parts of the brain. The scientific evidence suggests t

47、hat this is true.Sometimes people who suffer brain damage lose their ability to process language. However, they dont automatically lose their musical abilities. For example, Vissarion Shebalin, a Russiancomposer, had a stroke in 1953. It injured the left side of his brain. He could no longer speak o

48、runderstand speech. He could, however, still compose music until his death ten years later. On theother hand, sometimes strokes cause people to lose their musical ability, but they can still speak and understand speech. This shows that the brain processes music and language separately.By studying th

49、e physical effects of music on the body, scientists have also learned a lot about how music influences the emotions. But why does music have such a strong effect on us? That is a harder question to answer. Geoffrey Miller, a researcher at University College, London, thinks that music and love have a

50、 strong connection. Music requires special talent, practice, and physical ability. Thats why it may be a way of showing your fitness to be someones.mate. For example, singing in tune or playing a musical instrument requires fine muscular control. You also need a good memory to remember the notes. An

51、d playing or singing those notes correctly suggests that your hearing is in excellent condition. Finally ,when a man sings to the woman he loves (or vice versa), it may be a way of showing off.However ,Millers theory still doesnt explain why certain combinations of sounds influence our emotions so d

52、eeply. For scientists, this is clearly an area that needs further research.詞匯：note n音符stroke n中風(fēng)注釋：1.It is also true that humans，not animals，have developed musical instruments：人研制出了樂器，而動物則不能。develop：研制，例如：Scientists are developing new drugs to treat cancer.科學(xué)家們正在研發(fā)新藥用以治療癌癥。練習(xí)：1. Humans,but not anima

53、ls, can sing.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned2. People can use music to communicate their emotions.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned.3. We use the same part of the brain for music and language.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned4. Geoffery Miler has done research on music and emotions.A RightB WrongC Not mention

54、ed5. Its hard for humans to compose music.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned6. Memory is not an important part in singing in tune.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned7. Scientists does not know all the answers about the effects of music on humans.A RightB WrongC Not mentioned答案與題解：1.B 第二段的第三句：It is true that so

55、me animals can sing(and many birds sing better than a lot of people).可以看出有些動物會唱歌，而不只人類會唱歌。2.A第三段的第三句：However，people can use music to communicate thingsespecially theiremotions.這句清楚表明，人們可以用音樂來表達情感。3.B第四段說明：科學(xué)證明人們用大腦的不同區(qū)域處理語言和音樂。在第五段，作者用Vissarion Shebalin的例子進一步說明人腦處理語言和音樂的位置不同，Shebalin中風(fēng)以后不能講話也聽不懂別人的話

56、，但他卻能創(chuàng)作樂曲。4.A 第六段的第四句：Geoffrey Miller，a researcher at University College，London，thinks thatmusic and love have a strong connection.這句說明Miller對音樂和愛(情感)的關(guān)系進行了研究，他得出的結(jié)論是：音樂和愛有密切的關(guān)聯(lián)。5.C文中沒有提及創(chuàng)作樂曲是否困難。6.B第六段有一句：You also need a good memory to remember the notes.此句說明必須具備好的記憶力記音符才能唱得符合調(diào)子。7.A最后一段講的是：科學(xué)家們需要做更

57、多的研究才能解釋為什么有些聲音影響我們的情感會如此之深。也就是說，科學(xué)家不能全部解釋音樂對人類的影響。譯文：第十篇 音樂生物學(xué)人們把音樂作為一種高效的交流方式，在愛情中它也可能會起到重要的作用。但是音樂是什么？它又是如何起到神奇的效果？科學(xué)界還沒有給出答案。 哪兩項事物使得人類不同于動物？一個是語言，另一個是音樂。當(dāng)然一些動物會唱歌(并且許多鳥唱得比很多人都好聽)，但是，動物的歌聲是有限的，比如鳥類和鯨魚。同樣，是人類而不是動物開發(fā)出了樂器。 音樂是個奇怪的東西，它與語言有明顯的不同。但是，人們能夠用音樂去傳達尤其是情感。當(dāng)音樂與歌曲中的語言結(jié)合在一起的時候，它就是一種強有力的表達方式。但是，

58、從生物學(xué)來講，音樂是什么？如果音樂與語言真的不同，那么我們應(yīng)該在大腦的不同區(qū)域內(nèi)對音樂和語言進行加工處理，科學(xué)證據(jù)也證實了這一點。有時，受過腦損傷的人會喪失他們處理語言的能力。但是，他們不會自動地丟失音樂才能。比如，維沙翁舍巴林，一位蘇聯(lián)作曲家，在1953年得了中風(fēng)。他的大腦的左半邊受到損害，他再也不能說話或是理解別人的話，但是他仍然能夠譜曲，直到十年后他離開人世。另一方面，中風(fēng)有時會使人們喪失音樂能力，但是他們?nèi)匀荒軌蛘f話也能聽懂別人的話。這就說明大腦是分別加了處理音樂和語言的。 通過研究音樂在人身體上的物理效應(yīng)，科學(xué)家也了解到許多關(guān)于音樂是如何影響情感的。但是，為什么音樂對我們有如此強烈的

59、影響？這是一個更難回答的問題。倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院的研究員杰弗里米勒認為音樂和愛有緊密的關(guān)，音樂需要特殊才能、練習(xí)和體能。這也許是一種方式讓你展示你適合做某人的伴侶。比如，按調(diào)唱歌或者彈奏樂器需要有很好的肌肉控制力。你也需要有好的記憶力來記住音符。能正確地演奏或者唱出這些音符也證明你的聽力也非常好。所以，當(dāng)一個男人唱給他心愛的女人時(反之亦然) 音樂就可能成為一種展示的方式。 然而，米勒的理論仍然不能解釋為什么聲音的特定結(jié)合可以深深地影響我們的情感。對于科學(xué)家來說，這顯然是一個需要深入研究的領(lǐng)域。二、閱讀理解第29篇：Ill Be Bach（B級）Ill Be BachComposer David C

60、ope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music. It took Cope 30 years to develop the software. Now most people cant tell the difference between music by the famous German composer J. S. Bach (1685-1750) and the Bach-like compositions from Copes computer.It al