上、中、下-中國人民銀行

1、更廣泛的信息共享有助于擴大信貸 Broader information sharing expands credit獲得貸款的申請者的百分比 Percent of Applicants who Obtain a Loan39.874.8Negative only Positive andnegative info89% increase in approval rate75.483.4Bank informationonlyBank and otherLender information11% increase in approval rate如果只根據負面信息進行評估，每10萬名貸款申請者中

2、將會流失3.5萬名潛在優(yōu)質客戶 Out of 100,000 Applicants 35,000 potential good customers are lost if assessment is based on negative info only.貸款批準率上升89%貸款批準率上升11%只使用負面信息使用正面和負面信息只有來自銀行的信息有來自銀行和其它貸款人的信息來源：Barron and Staten (2000). 數(shù)據顯示了在目標違約率為3%時，所模擬的信貸可獲得性 Source: Barron and Staten (2000). Figure shows the simula

3、ted credit availability assuming a target default rate of 3%. 哪些是“無法評分”的客戶 Who are the unscoreables? 貧窮的消費者、非正規(guī)經濟、微型企業(yè) Poor consumers, informal economy, micro businesses 他們用現(xiàn)金支付，“信用記錄”很單薄甚至根本就沒有 They pay cash, have a “thin-credit history” or “no history” at all 在美國，大約有35005400萬人口尚未納入征信體系 In the US a

4、pprox. 35-54 million remain outside the credit system “非傳統(tǒng)”數(shù)據的重要性：為“無法評分”的客戶評分 The importance of “Non-traditional” data: Scoring the “unscoreables” “非傳統(tǒng)”/”替代性”數(shù)據來自哪里？ What are the sources of “Non-Traditional”/“Alternative” data? 電信公司、公用事業(yè)機構、有線電視、保險公司等 Telcos, Utilities, Cable TV, insurance, etc 對這些款

5、項支付的及時性可作為有效的風險指標，以及建立信用記錄的快捷方式 Regularity on these payments is a good risk indicator, and a shortcut to build a credit history 但是，因為規(guī)制方面的限制或者缺少信息共享的法律依據，征信局一般無法收集到這類數(shù)據 However this data rarely reaches the CBs because of regulatory hurdles or lack of legislation regulating its sharing 在巴西，新的征信法將允許共享

6、非傳統(tǒng)數(shù)據 In Brazil the new CB law project allows the sharing of non traditional data* 來源：2007年2月17日經濟學人 Source: The Economist February 17 2007“ 移動電話支付總額在2008年（*）將從32億美元攀升至370億美元到2010年，僅在中國/印度就會有12億部手機 Mobile phone payments will climb from $ 3.2 to $37 billion in 2008(*)By 2010 more than 1.2 billion han

7、dsets in China / India only”支付系統(tǒng)中的新贏家：移動電話 New winner emerging among payment systems: the mobile phone 2021/9/112 “非傳統(tǒng)數(shù)據”增加了信貸的滲透率 “Non traditional data” increases credit penetration來源：2006年，國際政治與經濟風險咨詢公司放貸給應得到信貸的人 Source: PERC, “Give Credit Where Credit Is Due”, 2006替代性（非傳統(tǒng)）數(shù)據對貸款批準率的影響 Impact of al

8、ternative data on acceptance rates示例：根據目標逾期率確定的貸款批準率（VantageScore評分模型）與公用事業(yè)機構有交易的個人與電信公司有交易的個人貸款逾期率含公用事業(yè)付費信息（#1）不含公用事業(yè)付費信息（#2）含電信付費信息（#1）不含電信付費信息（#2）替代性數(shù)據對逾期的影響 Impact of alternative data on delinquencies “非傳統(tǒng)數(shù)據”減少了不良貸款 “Non traditional data” decreases non performing loans示例：根據目標貸款批準率分類的嚴重逾期（Vantage

9、Score評分模式）與公用事業(yè)機構有交易的個人與電信公司有交易的個人貸款批準比例含公用事業(yè)付費信息（#1）不含公用事業(yè)付費信息（#2）含電信付費信息（#1）不含電信付費信息（#2）來源：2006年國際政治與經濟風險咨詢公司放貸給應得到信貸的人 Source: PERC, “Give Credit Where Credit Is Due”, 20065私營征信機構的主要發(fā)展領域 Main areas of development for private credit bureaus5%5%5%10%17%17%32%0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%Marketing & custom

10、er serviceInclude more data sourcesQuality controlTechnology upgradesImprove legal environmentExpand types of information distributedValue-added services5增值服務增加所發(fā)布信息的類型改善法律環(huán)境技術升級質量控制吸引更多數(shù)據來源市場營銷和客戶服務來源：世界銀行2006年全球投資環(huán)境報告Source: Doing Business 2006新興市場國家發(fā)展私營征信機構所面臨的挑戰(zhàn) Challenges in developing a privat

11、e credit bureau in emerging markets數(shù)據質量和征信機構的作用 Data quality and role of credit bureaus頒布適當?shù)姆煞ㄒ?guī)，支持私營征信機構的成長 Enact appropriate laws and regulations to support growth of PCBs確保消費者權利和數(shù)據保護：教育消費者，保護個人的權利 Ensure consumer rights and data protection: Educate consumers and protect their rights進行適當監(jiān)管，制定行為守則

12、Provide for proper supervision and codes of conduct改變觀念，提高認識 Change perceptions and build awareness獲得客戶信任 Build trust說服貸款人共享正面信息 Persuade lenders to share positive information確保征信機構在小國家的商業(yè)生存能力 Ensure commercial viability in smaller countries3. 公立與私營是競爭關系真的是這樣嗎？Public vs Private Really? 較難獲得貸款、需要很多擔保

13、品、信貸配給問題嚴重 Credit is limited, collateralized and selective 貸款申請被拒絕的比例非常高 Rejection rates are extremely high. .但壞賬比例也一樣高，特別是在消費信貸方面 but so is bad debt rate, particularly for consumer credit 盈利性低，特別是公立銀行，而且系統(tǒng)脆弱 Profitability is weak, risible for public banks, and the system is vulnerable 最高端客戶的風險最高 Th

14、e most affluent customers represent the poorest risk 而最優(yōu)質的客戶（中等收入者）卻遭到不公平的待遇 While the best customers (medium income) are penalized 顯而易見，這個系統(tǒng)急需征信機構 Clearly a system that needed Credit Bureaus!摩洛哥：央行（BAM）所面臨的問題 Morocco: a problem for the Central Bank (BAM) “原有制度體系”：2006年摩洛哥的征信狀況 The “Ancien Regime”:

15、credit reporting situation in Morocco in 2006風險 Risks: 信用信息共享體制是分割的，缺乏長期愿景，存在地盤之爭 Fragmentation of information sharing initiatives, lack of long term vision; turf battles; 主要貸款人不愿意共享信息（更不用說正面信息！） Reluctance of key lenders to share information (let alone positive information); 涉及所有利益相關人（貸款人、借款人）的規(guī)制框架

16、不明確 Uncertain regulatory framework for all stakeholders (lenders, borrowers); 摩洛哥央行計劃擴大其信貸登記，不設定最低貸款額門檻，將所有貸款都納入進來（威脅將來私營征信機構的生存空間） BAMs plans to expand its Credit Registry to include all loans without minimum threshold (crowding-out of any future private initiative)“原有制度體系”：2006年摩洛哥的征信狀況（續(xù)） The “An

17、cien Regime”: credit reporting situation in Morocco in 2006(Contd)機遇 Opportunities: 摩洛哥央行享有較高聲譽，并且是所有金融機構的監(jiān)管者，因此，它是唯一能夠推動整個進程，創(chuàng)建一個有利于征信的商業(yè)環(huán)境的機構 BAMs reputation and as supervisor/regulator of all Financial Institutions the only player who could drive the process and create an enabling business enviro

18、nment for credit reporting; 有多方力量在推動征信體系的發(fā)展（在法語國家中比較少見） Country dynamism with various initiatives (uncommon for francophone countries!) 2007年：努力構建新征信基礎設施的支柱 and in 2007: Pillars of the New Credit Reporting Infrastructure 國際金融公司的建議 The IFC recommendations私營征信機構需由央行頒發(fā)運營執(zhí)照 Private CBs are licensed by C

19、entral Bank所有處于央行監(jiān)管下的金融機構每月必須向央行提交所有貸款的所有信息，無論貸款額度大?。o需征求借款人個人同意） Every month, all regulated financial institutions must supply BAM with all information concerning all loans, regardless of the amount (consumers consent not required)央行須每月 On a monthly basis BAM 整合所有收到的數(shù)據 consolidates the data receive

20、d向所有獲得執(zhí)照的征信機構提供相同的信息 supplies all the licensed Credit Bureaus with the same information base 歷史數(shù)據必須是數(shù)據庫的一部分（理想的情況是有5年的歷史數(shù)據） Historical data must be part of the database (ideally 5 years)強制貸款人在授信前必須向征信機構進行查詢 Inquiring a CB before granting credit becomes mandatory for lenders2007年：努力構建新征信基礎設施的支柱（續(xù)） an

21、d in 2007: Pillars of the New Credit Reporting Infrastructure (Contd) 國際金融公司的建議 The IFC recommendations允許非監(jiān)管類放貸人與征信機構共享數(shù)據（需獲得客戶同意） Nonregulated lenders allowed to share data with CBs (customers consent required)央行是征信機構的唯一監(jiān)管和發(fā)證機構 BAM is the only supervising and licensing authority for CBs 以簡單的央行部門規(guī)章的

22、形式來執(zhí)行行為守則和其它規(guī)范（無需專門的征信法律） Code of Conduct and other norms enforced through simple BAM regulations (no CB Law required)央行有權使用所有征信機構的數(shù)據庫，以服務于監(jiān)管目的 BAM can access any CB database for supervision purposes向摩洛哥推薦的模式 Recommended Model for Morocco 摩洛哥信息共享流程客戶（信息）非監(jiān)管類實體摩洛哥央行SCIP私營征信機構1、2、3、4銀行、非銀行金融機構、小額金融機構、

23、非監(jiān)管類實體受監(jiān)管的銀行受監(jiān)管的非銀行金融機構受監(jiān)管的小額金融機構建立了一個透明的、先進的、具有競爭力和非分割性的信息共享基礎設施 Build a transparent, advanced, competitive and non-fragmented information sharing infrastructure使得所有符合央行要求的征信機構都能運作（不論是本地的，還是國際的），并在質量、價格和增值服務方面展開競爭 Allow all CB providers which fulfill BAMs requirements to operate (local or internati

24、onal) and compete on quality, pricing and value-added services吸引跨國征信機構為摩洛哥帶來先進的技術和投資 Attract to Morocco know how and investments of international CBs“新體系”的好處 Some Benefits of the “Nouveau Regime” 使央行獲得無償?shù)某渥阈畔ⅲ苑沼谒罡镜哪繕耍罕O(jiān)管全國的系統(tǒng)性信貸風險 Supply BAM with a wealth of information at no cost that can be use

25、d for its primary objective: supervision of the country systemic credit risk允許非監(jiān)管類金融機構和“替代性數(shù)據”來源成為征信機制的一部分（需獲得個人同意） Allows non-regulated FIs and “Alternative data” sources to be part of the mechanism (with consumers consent) 使央行從其它次要責任（向借款人提供客戶服務、技術性基礎設施建設、投資、提升內部技能等）中解脫出來，發(fā)揮最關鍵的作用（監(jiān)管和發(fā)證）Give BAM a

26、key role (supervising and licensing authority) while disposing of any other petty responsibility (customer service for borrowers, technical infrastructure, investment, building internal skills, etc.)“新體系”的好處（續(xù)） Some Benefits of the “Nouveau Regime” (Contd)總結 Conclusion簡而言之 In Short擴大征信機構的數(shù)據范圍會帶來巨大的好

27、處 There are huge benefits derived from broadening the scope of data held in the bureau:正面數(shù)據 Positive data非傳統(tǒng)/替代性數(shù)據 Non traditional / alternative data:縮小信息差距，增加可評分個人的比例 reduces infomation gap, increases percentage of consumers who can be scored 使更多的有信用的人群可以獲得融資，而他們以前往往被排除在外或服務程度不夠 increases access to

28、 credit for creditworthy segments of the population previously excluded or underserved 降低信貸風險/壞賬 decreases credit risk / bad loans是建立信用記錄的第一步 it is a first step to build a credit history國際金融公司全球征信機構發(fā)展項目的主要工作，也是全球的趨勢，就是發(fā)展私營征信機構，但這并不排除諸如公私合營之類的補充/混合模式，如摩洛哥 The majority of IFC work under the Credit Bur

29、eau Program, and the global industry trend, is in the development of private credit reporting, but this does not exclude complementary/hybrid solutions such as private/public partnerships, e.g. Morocco全球征信機構發(fā)展項目 Global Credit Bureau Program向41個國家提供了咨詢服務 Number of countries in which advisory services

30、 was provided: 41 countries在8個國家創(chuàng)建了征信機構和/或使征信機構能力顯著提升 Number of credit bureaus created and/or significantly improved in: 8 countries2006年這些國家的征信機構查詢數(shù)量達到930萬次 Total number of credit bureau inquiries in those countries in 2006: 9.3 million共起草或協(xié)助起草了14部新法律/法規(guī) Number of new laws/regulations drafted or co

31、ntributed to the drafting: 14在27個國家舉辦了33次圓桌會議、研討會、大型會議和其它征信推廣活動 Number of roundtables, seminars, conferences and other outreach events supported: 33 events in 27 countries在國際金融公司提供征信機構咨詢服務的國家，共儲存了6.16億個成年人的記錄 Number of people positively affected: 616 million individual records in all countries where

32、 IFC provided credit bureau advisory services通過世界銀行的全球投資環(huán)境報告，對170多個國家的征信環(huán)境進行監(jiān)測 Monitoring of credit reporting environment: over 170 countries through Doing Business Report 來自澳大利亞、意大利、荷蘭、挪威、新西蘭、瑞士、Visa國際和國際金融公司的捐贈資金 Multi-donor funding from Australia, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Switzerland, Visa International and IFC聯(lián)系方式 CONTACTS相關鏈接和聯(lián)系方式 Useful links & contact information研究資料鏈接 RESEARCH LINKS /ifcext/gfm.nsf/Conten