新概念英語(yǔ)第四冊(cè)課堂筆記

1、新概念英語(yǔ)第四冊(cè)課堂筆記1fossilman（化石人）WhyarelegendshandeddownbystorytellersusefulWecanreadofthingsthathappened5,000yearsagointheNearEast,wherepeoplefirstlearnedtowrite.Buttherearesomepartsoftheworldwhereevennowpeoplecannotwrite.Theonlywaythattheycanpreservetheirhistoryistorecountitassagas-legendshandeddownfrom

2、onegenerationofstorytellerstoanother.Theselegendsareusefulbecausetheycantellussomethingaboutmigrationsofpeoplewholivedlongago,butnonecouldwritedownwhattheydid.AnthropologistswonderedwheretheremoteancestorsofthePolynesianpeoplesnowlivinginthePacificIslandscamefrom.Thesagasofthesepeopleexplainthatsome

3、ofthemcamefromIndonesiaabout2,000yearsago.Butthefirstpeoplewhowerelikeourselveslivedsolongagothateventheirsagas,iftheyhadany,areforgotten.Soarchaeologistshaveneitherhistorynorlegendstohelpthemtofindoutwherethefirstmodernmencamefrom.Fortunately,however,ancientmenmadetoolsofstone,especiallyflint,becau

4、sethisiseasiertoshapethanotherkinds.Theymayalsohaveusedwoodandskins,butthesehaverottedaway.Stonedoesnotdecay,andsothetoolsoflongagohaveremainedwheneventhebonesofthemenwhomadethemhavedisappearedwithouttrace.【Newwordsandexpression生詞和短語(yǔ)】fossilmanadj.化石人recountv.敘述sagan.英雄故事legendn.傳說(shuō)，傳奇migrationn.遷移，移居

5、anthropologistn.人類(lèi)學(xué)家archaeologistn.考古學(xué)家ancestorn.祖先Polynesianadj.波利尼西亞（中太平洋之一群島）的Indonesian.印度尼西亞flintn.燧石rotn.爛掉【課文注釋】down把.傳下去例句：Manyoldlegendswerehandeddownfromgenerationbymouth.許多古老的傳說(shuō)都是一代一代口傳下來(lái)了。of,讀到，和readabout是相同的意思。談到：speakof，talkof了解到：knowof聽(tīng)到：hearoffirstpeople，原始人people+s表示民族theyhadany:即便是

6、有，表假設(shè)例句：Hisrelatives,ifhehadany,neverwenttovisithimwhenhewashospitalized.他的親戚，即便他還有的話，在他住院時(shí)也從來(lái)不去看他。eventhebonesofthemenwhomadethemhavedisappearedwithouttrace，這個(gè)以when弓I導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句表示讓步的意思，而when可以譯成“雖然，“盡管。參考譯文】我們從書(shū)籍中可讀到5,000年前近東發(fā)生的事情，那里的人最早學(xué)會(huì)了寫(xiě)字。但直到現(xiàn)在,世界上有些地方，人們還不會(huì)書(shū)寫(xiě)。他們保存歷史的唯一辦法是將歷史當(dāng)作傳說(shuō)講述，由講述人一代接一代地將史實(shí)描述為傳

7、奇故事口傳下來(lái)。人類(lèi)學(xué)家過(guò)去不清楚如今生活在太平洋諸島上的波利尼西亞人的祖先來(lái)自何方，當(dāng)?shù)厝说膫髡f(shuō)卻告訴人們：其中一部分是約在2,000年前從印度尼西亞遷來(lái)的。但是，和我們相似的原始人生活的年代太久遠(yuǎn)了，因此，有關(guān)他們的傳說(shuō)既使有如今也失傳了。于是，考古學(xué)家們既缺乏歷史記載，又無(wú)口頭傳說(shuō)來(lái)幫助他們弄清最早的“現(xiàn)代人”是從哪里來(lái)的。然而，幸運(yùn)的是，遠(yuǎn)古人用石頭制作了工具，特別是用燧石，因?yàn)殪菔^之其他石頭更容易成形。他們也可能用過(guò)木頭和獸皮，但這類(lèi)東西早已腐爛殆盡。石頭是不會(huì)腐爛的。因此，盡管制造這些工具的人的骨頭早已蕩然無(wú)存，但遠(yuǎn)古時(shí)代的石頭工具卻保存了下來(lái)?！咀鳂I(yè)時(shí)間】我們?yōu)榇蠹姨峁┝藘煞N主

8、流英語(yǔ)發(fā)音的音頻，請(qǐng)大家下載自己喜歡的一種，放到MP3里反復(fù)聽(tīng)?。▌傞_(kāi)始練習(xí)英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)力和口語(yǔ)最好選定一種學(xué)習(xí)，不要英音美音混淆哦?。?背誦、并默寫(xiě)今天的課文。實(shí)在沒(méi)有時(shí)間的同學(xué)就抄寫(xiě)一遍吧。（希望大家多多開(kāi)口，我會(huì)幫大家做點(diǎn)評(píng)，可能偶爾會(huì)稍有點(diǎn)兒晚，還請(qǐng)見(jiàn)諒哈）用今天學(xué)到的單詞或句型造句一個(gè)。Lesson2Sparethatspider不要傷害蜘蛛Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingquestion.聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。HowmuchofeachyeardospidersspendkillinginsectsWhy,youmaywonder,should

9、spidersbeourfriendsBecausetheydestroysomanyinsects,andinsectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace.Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.Weowealottothebirdsandbeastswhoeati

10、nsectsbutallofthemputtogetherkillonlyafractionofthenumberdestroyedbyspiders.Moreover,unlikesomeoftheotherinsecteaters,spidersneverdotheharmtousorourbelongings.Spidersarenotinsects,asmanypeoplethink,norevennearlyrelatedtothem.Onecantellthedifferencealmostataglance,foraspideralwayshaseightlegsandinsec

11、tnevermorethansix.HowmanyspidersareengagedinthisworknoourbehalfOneauthorityonspidersmadeacensusofthespidersingrassfieldinthesouthofEngland,andheestimatedthatthereweremorethan2,250,000inoneacre;thatissomethinglike6,000,000spidersofdifferentkindsonafootballpitch.Spidersarebusyforatleasthalftheyearinki

12、llinginsects.Itisimpossibletomakemorethanthewildestguessathowmanytheykill,buttheyarehungrycreatures,notcontentwithonlythreemealsaday.IthasbeenestimatedthattheweightofalltheinsectsdestroyedbyspidersinBritaininoneyearwouldbegreaterthanthetotalweightofallthehumanbeingsinthecountry.T.H.GILLESPLESparetha

13、tspiderfromTheListenerNewwordsandexpressionsBeastn.野獸Censusn.統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)字Acren.英畝Contentadj.滿足的本文參考譯文你可能會(huì)覺(jué)得奇怪，蜘蛛怎么會(huì)是我們的朋友呢因?yàn)樗鼈兡芟麥缒敲炊嗟睦ハx(chóng)，其中包括一些人類(lèi)的大敵，要不是人類(lèi)受一些食蟲(chóng)動(dòng)物的保護(hù)，昆蟲(chóng)就會(huì)使我們無(wú)法在地球上生活下去，昆蟲(chóng)會(huì)吞食我們的全部莊稼，殺死我們的成群的牛羊。我們要十分感謝那些吃昆蟲(chóng)的鳥(niǎo)和獸，然而把它們所殺死的昆蟲(chóng)全部加在一起也只相當(dāng)于蜘蛛所消滅的一小部分。此外，蜘蛛不同于其他食蟲(chóng)動(dòng)物，它們絲毫不危害我們和我們的財(cái)物。許多人認(rèn)為蜘蛛是昆蟲(chóng)，但它們不是昆蟲(chóng)，甚至

14、與昆蟲(chóng)毫無(wú)關(guān)系。人們幾乎一眼就能看出二者的差異，因?yàn)橹┲攵际?條腿，而昆蟲(chóng)的腿從不超過(guò)6條。有多少蜘蛛在為我們效力呢一位研究蜘蛛的權(quán)威對(duì)英國(guó)南部一塊草坪上的蜘蛛作了一次調(diào)查。他估計(jì)每英畝草坪里有225萬(wàn)多只蜘蛛。這就是說(shuō)，在一個(gè)足球場(chǎng)上約有600萬(wàn)只不同種類(lèi)的蜘蛛。蜘蛛至少有半年在忙于吃昆蟲(chóng)。它們一年中消滅了多少昆蟲(chóng)，我們簡(jiǎn)直無(wú)法猜測(cè)，它們是吃不飽的動(dòng)物，不滿意一日三餐。據(jù)估計(jì)，在英國(guó)蜘蛛一年里所消滅昆蟲(chóng)的重量超過(guò)這個(gè)國(guó)家人口的總重量?！拘赂拍钣⒄Z(yǔ)四】第3課Matterhornman馬特霍恩山區(qū)人聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。Whatwasthemainobjectiveofearlymounta

15、inclimbersModernalpiniststrytoclimbmountainsbyaroutewhichwillgivethemgoodsport,andthemoredifficultitis,themorehighlyitisregarded.Inthepioneeringdays,however,thiswasnotthecaseatall.Theearlyclimberswerelookingfortheeasiestwaytothetop,becausethesummitwastheprizetheysought,especiallyifitandneverbeenatta

16、inedbefore.Itistruethatduringtheirexplorationstheyoftenfaceddifficultiesanddangersofthemostperilousnature,equippedinamannerwithwouldmakeamodernclimbershudderatthethought,/bbuttheydidnotgooutoftheirway/btocourtsuchexcitement.Theyhadasingleaim,asolitarygoal-thetop!Itishardforustorealizenowadayshowdiff

17、icultitwasforthepioneers.ExceptforoneortwoplacessuchasZermattandChamonix,whichhadrapidlybecomepopular,Alpinevillagetendedtobeimpoverishedsettlementscutofffromcivilizationbythehighmountains.Suchinnsasthereweregenerallydirtyandflea-ridden;thefoodsimplylocalcheeseaccompaniedbybreadoftentwelvemonthsold,

18、allwasheddownwithcoarsewine.Oftenavalleyboastednoinnatall,andclimbersfoundshelterwherevertheycould-sometimeswiththelocalpriest(whowasusuallyaspoorashisparishioners),sometimeswithshepherdsorcheese-makers.Invariablythebackgroundwasthesame:dirtandpoverty,andveryuncomfortable.Formenaccustomedtoeatingsev

19、en-coursedinnersandsleepingbetweenfinelinensheetsathome,thechangetotheAlpsmusthavebeenveryhardindeed.WALTERUNSWORTHMatterhornManNewwordsandexpressions生詞和短語(yǔ)】Matterhornn.馬特霍恩峰（阿爾卑斯山之一，在意大利和瑞士邊境）Alpinistn.登山運(yùn)動(dòng)員pioneerv.開(kāi)辟，倡導(dǎo)；n.先鋒，開(kāi)辟者summitn.頂峰attainv.到達(dá)perilousadj.危險(xiǎn)的shudderv.不寒而栗courtv.追求solitaryadj.唯

20、一的impoverishv.使貧困Alpineadj.阿爾卑斯山的flea-riddenadj.布滿跳蚤的coarseadj.粗劣的boastv.自恃有parishionern.教區(qū)居民shepherdn.牧羊人linenn.亞麻布床單theAlpsn.阿爾卑斯山脈【新概念英語(yǔ)四】第4課Seeinghands能看見(jiàn)東西的手HowdidVeradiscovershehadthisgiftofsecondsightSeveralcaseshavebeenreportedinRussiarecentlyofpeoplewhocanreadanddetectcolourswiththeirfinger

21、s,andevenseethroughsoliddoorsandwalls.Onecaseconcernsaneleven-year-oldschoolgirl,VeraPetrova,whohasnormalvisionbutwhocanalsoperceivethingswithdifferentpartsofherskin,andthroughsolidwalls.Thisabilitywasfirstnoticedbyherfather.Onedayshecameintohisofficeandhappenedtoputherhandsonthedoorofalockedsafe.Su

22、ddenlysheaskedherfatherwhyhekeptsomanyoldnewspaperslockedawaythere,andevendescribedthewaytheyweredoneupinbundles.VerascurioustalentwasbroughttothenoticeofascientificresearchinstituteinthetownofUlyanovsk,nearwhereshelives,andinAprilshewasgivenaseriesoftestsbyaspecialcommissionoftheMinistryofHealthoft

23、heRussianFederalRepublic.Duringthesetestsshewasabletoreadanewspaperthroughanopaquescreenand,strangerstill,bymovingherelbowoverachildsgameofLottoshewasabletodescribethefiguresandcoloursprintedonit;and,inanotherinstance,wearingstockingsandslippers,tomakeoutwithherfoottheoutlinesandcoloursofapicturehid

24、denunderacarpet.Otherexperimentsshowedthatherkneesandshouldershadasimilarsensitivity.DuringallthesetestsVerawasblindfold;and,indeed,exceptwhenblindfoldshelackedtheabilitytoperceivethingswithherskin.Itwasalsofoundthatalthoughshecouldperceivethingswithherfingersthisabilityceasedthemomentherhandswerewe

25、t.ERICDEMAUNYSeeinghandsfromTheListener【Newwordsandexpressions生詞和短語(yǔ)】solidadj.堅(jiān)實(shí)的safen.保險(xiǎn)柜ulyanovskn.烏里揚(yáng)諾夫斯克commissionn.委員會(huì)opaqueadj.不透明的lotton.一種有編號(hào)的紙牌slippern.拖鞋blindfoldadj.&adv.被蒙上眼睛的ofpeoplewhocanread.,這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)修飾主語(yǔ)cases,由于太長(zhǎng)，因此被移至謂語(yǔ)之后。throughsolidwalls與withdifferentpartsofherskin并列，作perceive的狀語(yǔ)。

26、perceivethings辨認(rèn)東西。perceive表示注意到、觀察到、辨認(rèn)出某事物。例句：丨perceivedachangeinhisbehaviour/thathisbehaviourhadchanged.我發(fā)覺(jué)他的行為有些變化。percievesthassth表示理解或領(lǐng)悟某事物。例句：丨perceivedhiscommentasachallenge.我認(rèn)為他的批評(píng)是對(duì)我的激勵(lì)。locksomethingaway，把某物鎖起來(lái)。lockup（給門(mén)窗）上鎖；lock.in.把鎖在；lockontosth追蹤目標(biāo)doup,捆，包，也表示收拾。例句：Atcamp,theboyshavetod

27、ouptheirowncabins.在營(yíng)地，男孩們不得不自己打掃小屋。bring.tothenoticeof，弓I起某人注意。例句：ItwasSusanwhobroughttheproblemtoournotice.是蘇珊提醒我們注意那個(gè)問(wèn)題的。takenoticeof表示注意，留心。例句：Pleasetakenoticeofmyannouncement.請(qǐng)注意聽(tīng)我的通知。exceptwhenblindfold，其中when之后省略了shewas。themomentherhandswerewet，這是一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句,themoment有“一.就.”的意思，省略了when。例句：Themeom

28、entwhenIgothome,itstartedtorain.我剛到家，外面就開(kāi)始下雨了?！緟⒖甲g文】俄羅斯最近報(bào)導(dǎo)了幾個(gè)事例，有人能用手指看書(shū)識(shí)字和辨認(rèn)顏色，甚至能透過(guò)厚實(shí)的門(mén)和墻看到東西。其中有一例談到有一個(gè)名叫維拉.彼托洛娃的11歲學(xué)生。她的視力與常人一樣，但她還能用皮膚的不同部位辨認(rèn)東西，甚至看穿堅(jiān)實(shí)的墻壁。是她父親首先發(fā)現(xiàn)她這一功能的。一天，維拉走進(jìn)父親的辦公室，偶然把手放在一個(gè)鎖著的保險(xiǎn)柜的門(mén)上，她突然問(wèn)父親為什么把這么多的舊報(bào)紙鎖在柜子里，還說(shuō)了報(bào)紙捆扎的情況。維拉的特異功能引起了她家附近烏里揚(yáng)諾夫斯克城一個(gè)科研單位的注意。4月里，俄羅斯衛(wèi)生部一個(gè)特別委員會(huì)對(duì)她進(jìn)行了一系列的測(cè)

29、試。在這些測(cè)試中，她能隔著不透明的屏幕讀報(bào)紙。更為奇怪的是，她把肘部在兒童玩的“羅托”紙牌上移動(dòng)一下，便能說(shuō)出印在紙牌上的數(shù)字和顏色。還有一次，她穿著長(zhǎng)筒襪子和拖鞋，能用腳步識(shí)別出藏在地毯下面的一幅畫(huà)的輪廓和顏色。其他實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，她的膝蓋和雙肩有類(lèi)似的感覺(jué)能力，在所有這些實(shí)驗(yàn)中，維拉的雙眼都是蒙著的。如果不蒙上雙眼她的皮膚就不再具有識(shí)別物體的能力。這是千真萬(wàn)確的。同時(shí)還發(fā)現(xiàn)，盡管她能用手指識(shí)別東西，但她的手一旦弄濕，這種功能便會(huì)立即消失。第5課Youth青年英音課文朗讀】點(diǎn)擊下載此音頻美音課文朗讀】點(diǎn)擊下載此音頻課文】Firstlistenandthenanswerthefollowingque

30、stion.聽(tīng)錄音，然后回答以下問(wèn)題。HowdoesthewriterliketotreatyoungpeoplePeoplearealwaystalkingabouttheproblemofyouth.Ifthereisone-whichItakeleavetodoubt-thenitisolderpeoplewhocreateit,nottheyoungthemselves.Letusgetdowntofundamentalsandagreethattheyoungareafterallhumanbeings-peoplejustliketheirelders.Thereisonlyone

31、differencebetweenanoldmanandayoungone:theyoungmanhasagloriousfuturebeforehimandtheoldonehasasplendidfuturebehindhim:andmaybethatiswheretherubis.WhenIwasateenager,IfeltthatIwasjustyounganduncertain-thatIwasanewboyinahugeschool,andIwouldhavebeenverypleasedtoberegardedassomethingsointerestingasaproblem

32、.Foronething,beingaproblemgivesyouacertainidentity,andthatisoneofthethingstheyoungarebusilyengagedinseeking.Ifindyoungpeopleexciting.Theyhaveanairoffreedom,andtheyhavenotadrearycommitmenttomeanambitionsorloveofcomfort.Theyarenotanxioussocialclimbers,andtheyhavenodevotiontomaterialthings.Allthisseems

33、tometolinkthemwithlife,andtheoriginsofthings.Itsasiftheywere,insomesense,cosmicbeingsinviolentandlovelycontrastwithussuburbancreatures.AllthatisinmymindwhenImeetayoungperson.Hemaybeconceited,ill-mannered,presumptuousorfatuous,butIdonotturnforprotectiontodrearyclichesaboutrespectforelders-asifmereage

34、wereareasonforrespect.Iacceptthatweareequals,andIwillarguewithhim,asanequal,ifIthinkheiswrong.FIELDENHUGHESfromOutoftheAir,TheListene【Newwordsandexpressions生詞和短語(yǔ)】leaven.允許fundamentalsn.基本原則gloriousadj.光輝燦爛的splendidadj.燦爛的rubn.難題identityn.身份drearyadj.沉郁的commitmentn.信奉meanadj.吝嗇，小氣socialclimber追求更高社會(huì)地位的，向上爬的人devotionn.熱愛(ài)cosmicadj.宇宙的suburbanadj.見(jiàn)識(shí)不廣的，偏狹的conceitedadj.自高自大的presumptuousadj.自以為是的，放肆的fatuousadj.愚蠢的clichen.陳詞濫調(diào)whichItakeleavetodoubt,這是一個(gè)插入成分，用兩個(gè)破折號(hào)與句子的主要部分分開(kāi)。takeleavetodosth.是