工程管理專業(yè)英語(yǔ)市公開(kāi)課獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

1、Chapter 8Construction Planning施工計(jì)劃第1頁(yè)第1頁(yè)8.1 Basic Concepts in the Development of Construction Plans施工計(jì)劃制定基本概念第2頁(yè)第2頁(yè)P(yáng)aragraph OneSentence1:Construction planning is a fundamental and challenging activity in the management and execution of construction projects.Translation:在施工項(xiàng)目標(biāo)管理和執(zhí)行中，施工計(jì)劃是一項(xiàng)基本而且含有挑戰(zhàn)性

2、活動(dòng)。Sentence2: It involves the choice of technology, the definition of work tasks, the estimation of the required resources and durations for individual tasks, and the identification of any interactions among the different work tasks.Translation:它包括到技術(shù)選擇，工作任務(wù)定義，每一個(gè)任務(wù)所需資源和連續(xù)時(shí)間估算，以及明確不同工作任務(wù)之間相互作用等工作。第3

3、頁(yè)第3頁(yè)P(yáng)aragraph OneSentence3:A good construction plan is the basis for developing the budget and the schedule for work. Translation:一個(gè)好施工計(jì)劃是擬定預(yù)算和制定工作進(jìn)度基礎(chǔ)。Sentence4:Developing the construction plan is a critical task in the management of construction, even if the plan is not written or otherwise formal

4、ly recorded.Translation:制定施工計(jì)劃是建設(shè)管理當(dāng)中一項(xiàng)主要工作，即使這個(gè)施工計(jì)劃不是書面或其它正式統(tǒng)計(jì)形式。第4頁(yè)第4頁(yè)P(yáng)aragraph OneSentence5:In addition to these technical aspects of construction planning, it may also be necessary to make organizational decisions（制定組織決議） about the relationships between project participants and even which organi

5、zations to include in a project. Translation:除了施工計(jì)劃技術(shù)層面問(wèn)題之外，明確項(xiàng)目參與者之間關(guān)系，甚至定義那些組織將參與項(xiàng)目，也很必要。Sentence6:For example, the extent to which sub-contractors will be used on a project is often determined during construction planning. Translation: 比如，分包商在一個(gè)項(xiàng)目中所承擔(dān)范圍通常是在施工計(jì)劃期間決定。第5頁(yè)第5頁(yè)Summary:The concepts of c

6、onstruction plan The content of construction planThe importance of construction plan第6頁(yè)第6頁(yè)P(yáng)aragraph TwoSentence1:Forming a construction plan is a highly challenging task. As Sherlock Holmes noted: Translation:形成一個(gè)施工計(jì)劃是一個(gè)高挑戰(zhàn)工作。正如夏洛克.福爾摩斯所言：第7頁(yè)第7頁(yè)InformationGenderMaleOccupationConsulting detectiveFami

7、lyMycroft Holmes (brother)NationalityBritish第8頁(yè)第8頁(yè)Sherlock Holmes，又譯作夏洛克福爾摩斯，是一個(gè)虛構(gòu)偵探人物，是由19世紀(jì)末英國(guó)偵探小說(shuō)家阿瑟柯南道爾所塑造一個(gè)才華橫溢偵探形象。福爾摩斯自己稱自己是一名“征詢偵探”，也就是說(shuō)當(dāng)其它私人或官方偵探碰到困難時(shí)經(jīng)常向他求救。故事透露福爾摩斯經(jīng)常能夠足不出戶就能夠處理諸多疑難問(wèn)題，但是大部分故事都集中講述一些比較困難、需要福爾摩斯出門調(diào)查案子。福爾摩斯善于通過(guò)觀測(cè)與演繹法來(lái)處理問(wèn)題。柯南道爾是從自己見(jiàn)習(xí)于愛(ài)丁堡皇家醫(yī)院時(shí)一名善于觀測(cè)老師身上取得靈感，創(chuàng)造了福爾摩斯這一人物。其全名被認(rèn)為是威

8、廉歇洛克斯科特福爾摩斯（William Sherlock Scott Holmes）第9頁(yè)第9頁(yè)P(yáng)aragraph ThreeSentence1:Most people, if you describe a train of events to them, will tell you what the result would be.（a train of adj. 一列(一串, 一排)Eg:The pop star was followed by a train of admirers. ） Translation:若你向大多數(shù)人描繪一系列事情，多半會(huì)告訴你最后結(jié)局如何。Sentence2:

9、 They can put those events together in their minds, and argue from them that something will come to pass(發(fā)展). Translation:他們也許將這些事件都記住，并且爭(zhēng)論（猜想）哪些事情將會(huì)發(fā)生。第10頁(yè)第10頁(yè)P(yáng)aragraph ThreeSentence3: There are few people（幾乎沒(méi)有些人，很少有些人）, however, who, if you told them a result, would be able to evolve from（演繹、推斷） t

10、heir own inner（內(nèi)在） consciousness（內(nèi)心結(jié)識(shí)） what the steps were which led up to that result（修飾step）. Translation:假如你告訴人們某事結(jié)局，很少有些人能夠從這件事結(jié)局去反向推斷這件事發(fā)生這個(gè)結(jié)局各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。Sentence4: This power is what I mean when I talk of reasoning backward. Translation:這種力量就是我說(shuō)反向推理。第11頁(yè)第11頁(yè)P(yáng)aragraph FourSentence1: Like a detective,

11、a planner begins with a result (i.e. a facility design) and must synthesize （綜合;用綜合法處理;人工合成2. 綜合;合成） the steps required to yield（產(chǎn)生） this result. Translation:像偵探同樣，計(jì)劃者以結(jié)果（建筑設(shè)計(jì)）開(kāi)始，必須整合產(chǎn)生這一結(jié)果所需環(huán)節(jié)。Sentence2: Essential aspects of construction planning include the generation（定義） of required activities, a

12、nalysis of the implications（內(nèi)涵） of these activities, and choice among the various alternative（可選） means of performing activities.Translation:施工計(jì)劃基本內(nèi)容包括定義所需要各項(xiàng)活動(dòng)，分析這些活動(dòng)之間內(nèi)在聯(lián)系和選擇適當(dāng)辦法來(lái)完畢這些活動(dòng)。第12頁(yè)第12頁(yè)P(yáng)aragraph FourSentence3: In contrast to a detective discovering a single train of events, however, const

13、ruction planners also face the normative（標(biāo)準(zhǔn),規(guī)范） problem of choosing the best among numerous alternative plans（眾多備選方案）. Translation:不過(guò)和偵探不同之處于于，偵探能夠發(fā)覺(jué)一系列事件（single一個(gè)事件中不同階段不同情況），而建設(shè)項(xiàng)目標(biāo)計(jì)劃人員碰到是在多個(gè)備選方案中怎樣選擇最好這么一個(gè)規(guī)范性問(wèn)題。Sentence4: Moreover, a detective is faced with an observable result, whereas a planner

14、must imagine the final facility（最終產(chǎn)品、最終止果） as described in the plans and specifications. Translation:更深入來(lái)說(shuō)，偵探面臨是可視結(jié)果，而計(jì)劃者必須按計(jì)劃和規(guī)劃想象建筑結(jié)果。第13頁(yè)第13頁(yè)逆向工程，有人也叫反求工程。大意是依據(jù)已有東西和結(jié)果，通過(guò)度析來(lái)推導(dǎo)出詳細(xì)實(shí)現(xiàn)辦法。比如你看到別人寫某個(gè)exe程序能夠做出某種美麗動(dòng)畫效果，你通過(guò)反匯編、反編譯和動(dòng)態(tài)跟蹤等辦法，分析出其動(dòng)畫效果實(shí)現(xiàn)過(guò)程，這種行為就是逆向工程 PS:逆向工程第14頁(yè)第14頁(yè)在加拿大首都渥太華附近，有這樣一些公司，其專長(zhǎng)是分解拆卸

15、市場(chǎng)上各種電子產(chǎn)品。該項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)又稱為逆向工程技術(shù)，工程技術(shù)人員使用電子顯微鏡對(duì)電子 產(chǎn)品微電子結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行分析解剖，這樣分析研究能夠進(jìn)一步到硅原子級(jí)別。隱藏在這些微細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)內(nèi)部，也許就是某位人士專利技術(shù)。這些加拿大公司正是利用此 道來(lái)尋找隱藏在其中專利技術(shù)證據(jù)。逆向工程已成世界專利戰(zhàn)秘密武器第15頁(yè)第15頁(yè)在加拿大，這項(xiàng)新興逆向工程技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展勢(shì)頭迅猛，許多過(guò)去在北方電訊等高技術(shù)公司從事計(jì)算機(jī)芯片設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)人員正參與其中，為客戶對(duì)各種新型微處理器進(jìn)行分解分析。位于渥太華附近UBM技術(shù)公司、芯片工場(chǎng)公司以及全球知識(shí)戰(zhàn)略公司等，構(gòu)成了加拿大逆向工程產(chǎn)業(yè)關(guān)鍵力量。他們?cè)阡滋A地域 雇傭了成千上萬(wàn)名員工，向世界

16、各國(guó)尤其是來(lái)自于美國(guó)、歐洲和亞洲客戶提供服務(wù)。知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)處理業(yè)務(wù)已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)巨大行業(yè)。人們結(jié)識(shí)到自己投入大量資金開(kāi)發(fā)出專利技術(shù)，能夠產(chǎn)生巨大收益。美國(guó)法院判賠專利侵權(quán)案件經(jīng)常是天文數(shù)字，如加拿大RIM公司被美國(guó)法院鑒定補(bǔ)償受損方6億多美元。因此許多高技術(shù)公司都對(duì)其擁有專利潛在價(jià)值看護(hù) 得極端嚴(yán)密。一項(xiàng)專利也許需要幾百萬(wàn)美元開(kāi)發(fā)，還需要每年花上10萬(wàn)美元左右資金來(lái)保護(hù)專利不被世界上其它公司侵權(quán)。第16頁(yè)第16頁(yè)P(yáng)aragraph FiveSentence1: In developing a construction plan, it is common to adopt a primary emp

17、hasis on（重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)） either cost control or on schedule control as illustrated in Fig. 8-1.Translation:在制定一項(xiàng)施工計(jì)劃時(shí)，通常需要選定是以成本控制或進(jìn)度控制為重點(diǎn)，如圖8-1所表示。Sentence2: Some projects are primarily divided into expense categories with associated costs. Translation:一些項(xiàng)目主要?jiǎng)澐譃橘M(fèi)用類別以及相關(guān)成本。第17頁(yè)第17頁(yè)P(yáng)aragraph FiveSentence3: In

18、these cases, construction planning is cost or expense oriented. Translation:在這些情況下，施工計(jì)劃是成本或費(fèi)用導(dǎo)向。Sentence4:Within the categories of expenditure, a distinction is made between costs incurred directly in the performance of an activity and indirectly for the accomplishment of the project.Translation:在劃分

19、支出類別時(shí)，我們將對(duì)執(zhí)行一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)所發(fā)生直接成本和整個(gè)項(xiàng)目完畢所需間接成本予以特殊看待。第18頁(yè)第18頁(yè)P(yáng)aragraph FiveSentence5: For example, borrowing expenses for project financing and overhead items are commonly treated as indirect costs. Translation:比如，為項(xiàng)目融資而產(chǎn)生借款費(fèi)用和日常開(kāi)支項(xiàng)目（管理費(fèi)用）通常被認(rèn)為是間接成本。Sentence6:For other projects, scheduling of work activities

20、over time（按時(shí)間） is critical and is emphasized in the planning process. Translation:對(duì)其它項(xiàng)目來(lái)說(shuō)，在計(jì)劃過(guò)程中強(qiáng)調(diào)按時(shí)間制定工作活動(dòng)，這是很主要。第19頁(yè)第19頁(yè)P(yáng)aragraph FiveSentence7: In this case, the planner insures that the proper precedence（先后順序、前導(dǎo)順序） among activities are maintained and that efficient scheduling of the available re

21、sources prevails（奏效、效力）. Translation:在這種情況下，施工計(jì)劃人員確保維持各項(xiàng)工作適當(dāng)先后順序關(guān)系，確保對(duì)各項(xiàng)可用資源效用得到有效安排。Sentence8: Traditional scheduling procedures emphasize the maintenance of task precedence (resulting in critical path scheduling procedures) or efficient use of resources over time (resulting in job shop scheduling

22、procedures). Translation:老式進(jìn)度排序強(qiáng)調(diào)保持任務(wù)先后順序（關(guān)鍵路徑法）關(guān)系或隨時(shí)間推移有效利用資源（作業(yè)排序法）第20頁(yè)第20頁(yè)P(yáng)aragraph FiveSentence9: Finally, most complex projects require consideration of both cost and scheduling over time, so that planning, monitoring and record keeping must consider both dimensions. Translation:最后，大部分復(fù)雜項(xiàng)目要求同時(shí)考

23、慮成本和進(jìn)度，因此計(jì)劃、監(jiān)控和統(tǒng)計(jì)必須考慮這兩個(gè)尺度。Sentence10:In these cases, the integration of schedule and budget information is a major concern. Translation:在這些情況下，進(jìn)度和預(yù)算信息綜合是一個(gè)主要考慮方面。第21頁(yè)第21頁(yè)The critical path method (CPM) is an algorithm（算法） for scheduling a set of project activities. It is an important tool for effect

24、ive project management.CPM is commonly used with all forms of projects, including construction, aerospace and defense, software development, research projects, product development, engineering, and plant maintenance, among others. Any project with interdependent activities can apply this method of m

25、athematical analysis. 關(guān)鍵路徑法Critical path method第22頁(yè)第22頁(yè)Basic techniqueThe essential technique for using CPM is to construct a model of the project that includes the following:A list of all activities required to complete the project (typically categorized within a work breakdown structure工作細(xì)分結(jié)構(gòu)),The

26、 time (duration) that each activity will take to completion, and每一活動(dòng)連續(xù)時(shí)間The dependencies between the activities.活動(dòng)間互相依賴關(guān)系第23頁(yè)第23頁(yè)CPM calculates the longest path（最長(zhǎng)路徑） of planned activities to the end of the project, and the earliest and latest that each activity can start and finish（最早最晚動(dòng)工竣工時(shí)間） with

27、out making the project longer. This process determines which activities are “critical” （關(guān)鍵）(i.e., on the longest path) and which have “total float”（總時(shí)差）. 第24頁(yè)第24頁(yè)關(guān)鍵路徑法(Critical Path Method, CPM)是一個(gè)基于數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃管理辦法，是網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖計(jì)劃辦法一個(gè)。關(guān)鍵路徑法將項(xiàng)目分解成為多個(gè)獨(dú)立活動(dòng)并擬定每個(gè)活動(dòng)工期，然后用邏輯關(guān)系（結(jié)束-開(kāi)始、結(jié)束-結(jié)束、開(kāi)始-開(kāi)始和開(kāi)始結(jié)束）將活動(dòng)連接，從而能夠計(jì)算項(xiàng)目的工期、

28、各個(gè)活動(dòng)時(shí)間特點(diǎn)（最早最晚時(shí)間、時(shí)差）等。在關(guān)鍵路徑法活動(dòng)上加載資源后，還能夠?qū)?xiàng)目的資源需求和分派進(jìn)行分析。關(guān)鍵路徑法是當(dāng)代項(xiàng)目管理中最主要一個(gè)分析工具。關(guān)鍵路徑法第25頁(yè)第25頁(yè)依據(jù)繪制方法不同，關(guān)鍵路徑法能夠分為兩種，即箭線圖（ADM）和前導(dǎo)圖（PDM）。箭線圖（ADM）法又稱為雙代號(hào)網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖法，它是以橫線表示活動(dòng)而以帶編號(hào)節(jié)點(diǎn)連接活動(dòng)，活動(dòng)間能夠有一個(gè)邏輯關(guān)系，結(jié)束-開(kāi)始型邏輯關(guān)系。前導(dǎo)圖（PDM）法又稱為單代號(hào)網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖法，它是以節(jié)點(diǎn)表示活動(dòng)而以節(jié)點(diǎn)間連線表示活動(dòng)間邏輯關(guān)系，活動(dòng)間能夠有四種邏輯關(guān)系，結(jié)束-開(kāi)始、結(jié)束-結(jié)束、開(kāi)始-開(kāi)始和開(kāi)始-結(jié)束。第26頁(yè)第26頁(yè)Job shop sche

29、duling (or Job-shop problem) is an optimization problem in computer science in which ideal jobs are assigned to resources at particular times. The most basic version is as follows:We are given n jobs J1, J2, ., Jn of varying sizes, which need to be scheduled on m identical machines, while trying to

30、minimize the makespan（竣工期）. 作業(yè)排序法第27頁(yè)第27頁(yè)P(yáng)aragraph SixSentence1: In this chapter, we shall consider the functional requirements for construction planning such as technology choice, work breakdown, and budgeting. Translation:在本章中，我們將考慮施工計(jì)劃功效要求，比如技術(shù)選擇，工作細(xì)分和預(yù)算。Sentence2:Construction planning is not an

31、activity which is restricted to the period after the award of a contract for construction. Translation:制定施工計(jì)劃并不是僅限于施工協(xié)議達(dá)成之后一個(gè)階段性活動(dòng)。第28頁(yè)第28頁(yè)P(yáng)aragraph SixSentence3:It should be an essential activity during the facility design.Translation:而是一個(gè)建筑設(shè)計(jì)必要活動(dòng)。Sentence4: Also, if problems arise during construct

32、ion, re-planning is required.Translation:并且，假如施工中發(fā)生問(wèn)題，會(huì)要求重新制定計(jì)劃。第29頁(yè)第29頁(yè)8.2 Defining Work Tasks定義工作任務(wù)第30頁(yè)第30頁(yè)專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)活動(dòng)，Activity 活動(dòng)定義，Activity Definition 活動(dòng)描述/闡明，AD=Activity Description 活動(dòng)歷時(shí)估算，Activity Duration Estimating 箭線網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖（雙代號(hào)網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖），AOA=Activity-On-Arrow 節(jié)點(diǎn)式網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖（單代號(hào)網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖），AON=Activity-on-Node 已執(zhí)行工作實(shí)際成本，

33、ACWP=Actual Cost of Work Performed實(shí)際完畢日期，AF=Actual Finish Date 實(shí)際開(kāi)始日期，AS=Actual Start Date 箭線，Arrow 箭線圖示法，ADM=Arrow Diagramming Method 逆推計(jì)算法，Backward Pass 竣工預(yù)算，BAC=Budget At Completion并行工程， Concurrent Engineering 趕工，Crashing第31頁(yè)第31頁(yè)關(guān)鍵工序，Critical Activity關(guān)鍵路線，Critical Path關(guān)鍵路線法，CPM=Critical Path Meth

34、od 當(dāng)前完畢日期，Current Finish Date 當(dāng)前開(kāi)始日期，Current Start Date 依賴關(guān)系，Dependency 虛活動(dòng)，Dummy Activity延續(xù)時(shí)間，DU=Duration 延續(xù)時(shí)間壓縮，Duration Compression 最早竣工日期，EF=Early Finish Date最早開(kāi)始日期，ES=Early Start Date 在完畢時(shí)費(fèi)用估算，EAC=Estimate At Completion 到完畢時(shí)估算，ETC=Estimate To Complete 單節(jié)點(diǎn)事件圖，Event-on-Node 完畢日期，F(xiàn)inish Date 第32頁(yè)第

35、32頁(yè)完畢到完畢關(guān)系，F(xiàn)F=Finish-to-Finish 完畢到開(kāi)始關(guān)系，F(xiàn)S=Finish-to-Start 時(shí)差，機(jī)動(dòng)時(shí)間，浮動(dòng)時(shí)間，F(xiàn)loat順推計(jì)算法，F(xiàn)orward Pass 自由時(shí)差，F(xiàn)F=Free Float 甘特圖，Gantt Chart 圖解評(píng)審技術(shù)，GERT=Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique關(guān)鍵事件進(jìn)度計(jì)劃，Key Event Schedule 最晚完畢日期，LF=Late Finish Date 最晚開(kāi)始日期，LS=Late Start Date 提前量，Lead 回路，Loop 主進(jìn)度計(jì)劃，Master Schedu

36、le 里程碑，Milestone 里程碑進(jìn)度計(jì)劃，Milestone Schedule 次關(guān)鍵工作，Near-Critical Activity 網(wǎng)絡(luò)，Network網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析，Network Analysis網(wǎng)絡(luò)邏輯，Network Logic 第33頁(yè)第33頁(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)路線，Network Path 節(jié)點(diǎn)，Node組織分解結(jié)構(gòu)，OBS=Organizational Breakdown Structure 線路，Path 線路時(shí)差，Path Float 完畢百分比，PC=Percent Complete 計(jì)劃評(píng)審技術(shù)，PERT=Program Evaluation and Review Techni

37、que計(jì)劃評(píng)審技術(shù)圖，PERT Chart計(jì)劃完畢日期，PF=Planned Finish Date計(jì)劃開(kāi)始日期，PS=Planned Start Date 優(yōu)先圖示法，PDM=Precedence Diagramming Method優(yōu)先關(guān)系，Precedence Relationship 緊前工作，Predecessor Activity項(xiàng)目網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖，Project Network Diagram目的完畢日期，TF=Target Finish Date目的開(kāi)始日期，Ts=Target Start Date 總時(shí)差，TF=Total Float工作分解結(jié)構(gòu)，WBS=Work Breakdown

38、 Structure 工作包，Work Package第34頁(yè)第34頁(yè)P(yáng)aragraph OneSentence1: At the same time that the choice of technology and general method are considered, a parallel step in the planning process is to define the various work tasks that must be accomplished. Translation:在考慮技術(shù)和辦法選擇同時(shí)，計(jì)劃過(guò)程中同時(shí)進(jìn)行另一項(xiàng)工作是對(duì)項(xiàng)目中必須完畢各項(xiàng)工作任務(wù)進(jìn)行定義?；颍涸诳紤]技術(shù)和辦法選擇同時(shí)，計(jì)劃過(guò)程中并行環(huán)節(jié)是定義項(xiàng)目中必須完畢各項(xiàng)工作任務(wù)。Sentence2:These work tasks represent the necessary framework to permit scheduling of construction activities, along with estimating the