漢英語篇銜接手段和連貫手段的對比市公開課金獎市賽課一等獎?wù)n件

1、漢英篇章銜接伎倆和連貫伎倆對比A contrastive study of cohesive devices and coherent devices in Chinese and English texts第1頁第2頁篇章篇章是表示整體概念語義單位。它在一定情景中產(chǎn)生，提供作者想傳達信息，各成份之間有語言伎倆將其銜接在一起，成為語義連貫整體，為交際受者所接收。銜接性和連貫性是篇章最主要特征。第3頁cohere, Lat. co- + haere (cling), to stick or held together, and to have internal elements or parts

2、 logically connected so that aesthetic consistency results.Cohesion & Coherence 第4頁Both constructs represent how words, constituents, and ideas conveyed in a text are connected. Cohesion deals with the connectedness between elements at low levels of text, that is, among sentence elements, and clause

3、s normally within a paragraph. Text cohesion models text in terms of relations between words or referring expressions to help determine how tightly connected the text is.Coherence expresses the continuity that exists between one part of text and another and the overall relation of all parts. Text co

4、herence displays text in terms of macro level relations between clauses or sentences to help determine the overall structure of the text. 第5頁The topic of cohesionhas always appeared to me the most useful constituent of discourse analysis or text linguistics applicable to translation.” （Newmark, 1987

5、：295）第6頁Cohesive devices語法銜接（grammatical cohesion）：指稱 /照應(yīng)(reference)替換（substitution）省略（ellipsis）連接/關(guān)聯(lián)（conjunction）詞匯銜接（lexical cohesion）：復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系(reiteration) 同現(xiàn)關(guān)系(collocation) -Halliday & Hasan: Cohesion in English, 1976.第7頁指稱關(guān)系 ReferenceReference is defined as a case where the information to be retrie

6、ved is the referential meaning, the identity of the particular thing or class of things that is being referred to. 指稱關(guān)系指指詞與所指對象之間語義關(guān)系，用代詞等語法關(guān)系表示。人稱指稱（personal reference）：人稱指稱關(guān)系指稱詞普通為第三人稱代詞，如，him、his、everybody等；指示指稱（demonstrative reference）：指示指稱詞包含this、that、these、those之類指示代詞以及定冠詞the 和such a一類詞，也包含her

7、e、there、now、then等地點指示詞和時間指示詞；比較指稱關(guān)系（comparative reference）：比較指稱關(guān)系中比較通常能夠經(jīng)過一些含有比較意義詞語如same、as、equal、such、similar、different、other、else等來實現(xiàn)。 第8頁9指稱銜接1.父親媽媽，你們也買個錢罐存錢吧。2.鉛筆在哪里？3.這種力，是普通人看不見生命力。（夏衍野草）4.人到了老年，會有一個似乎奇怪又不奇怪現(xiàn)象：即發(fā)生在昨天事，倒會忘得一干二凈；而二十年前對自己印象極深事情，卻像是昨天剛發(fā)生一樣，記得一清二楚。（鐘靈胡二笳子）第9頁10指稱銜接 ex.1.父親媽媽，你們也買

8、個錢罐存錢吧。 Daddy, Mummy, please buy a piggie（bank）for yourself.2.鉛筆在哪里？ Where are the/my/your propelling/ mechancial pencil?3.這種力，是普通人看不見生命力。 （夏衍野草） It is an invisible force of life.4.人到了老年，會有一個似乎奇怪又不奇怪現(xiàn)象：即發(fā)生在昨天事，倒會忘得一干二凈；而二十年前對自己印象極深事情，卻像是昨天剛發(fā)生一樣，記得一清二楚。 （鐘靈胡二笳子） When you are getting on in years, you

9、tend to have a feeling that seems rather odd but, in fact, not very much so: what happened to you just a couple of days ago, you clean forget about it, but what happened as long as decades earlier with a sharp impact on you, you remember as clearly as if it had occurred yesterday.第10頁英語指示代詞與漢語指示代詞相同

10、，不一樣是使用頻率有差異。有時，漢語指示代詞省略，要靠上下文了解英譯時添加出來。英語有定冠詞，漢語沒有。漢語“這”和“那”慣用英語“the”、“it”譯出。第11頁“這倒難以說定?？墒悄阒灰纯催@兒小客廳，就得了解答。這里面有一個金融界大亨，又有一位工業(yè)界巨頭；這小客廳就是中國社會縮影?！?（子夜） “Its a tall order, your question. But you can find an answer in the next room. There you have a successful financier and a captain of industry. That

11、little drawing room is Chinese society in miniature.” (Tr. Sidney Shapiro)第12頁替換 SubstitutionIn substitution, an item is replaced by another item. 替換指是用替換形式去指上下文所出現(xiàn)成份。名詞性替換（nominal substitution）：指用替換詞one, ones, the same來取代名詞或名詞短語;動詞性替換（verbal substitution）：指是用動詞替換詞通常是do一定形式去替換動詞或動詞短語；分句性替換（clausal s

12、ubstitution）：指用替換詞主要有so和not去取代分句。第13頁省略 EllipsisEllipsis involves the omission of an item. It is the “substitution by zero”. In other words, in ellipsis, an item is replaced by nothing.省略指篇章中句子或小句中一些基本結(jié)組成份缺省。省略包含名詞型省略(Nominal substitution)、動詞型省略(Verbal ellipsis)和小句型省略(Clausal ellipsis)。第14頁替換與省略 ex.

13、1. 現(xiàn)在農(nóng)民，也不像父輩那樣珍惜糧食了。2.他經(jīng)常不顧危險，這種態(tài)度他朋友稱為勇敢，而他敵人則稱之為有勇無謀。第15頁替換與省略現(xiàn)在農(nóng)民，也不像父輩那樣珍惜糧食了。（ 翻譯擂臺賽賽題）Many farmers today do not treasure grains as much as the older generations did.他經(jīng)常不顧危險，這種態(tài)度他朋友稱為勇敢，而他敵人則稱之為有勇無謀。He showed his usual disregard for dangeran attitude his friends called bravery and his enemies

14、foolhardiness.(OALD8) 第16頁連接 ConjunctionConjunction is a relationship indicating how the subsequent sentence or clause should be linked to the preceding or the following sentence or part of a sentence. Conjunction involves the use of formal markers, that is, conjunctions, to relate sentences, clause

15、s to each other.連接指用連詞、副詞、或詞組（短語）把兩個命題聯(lián)絡(luò)起來伎倆。第17頁連接 ex.1. 我喜歡看小孩子追逐著旋轉(zhuǎn)火焰，心里重溫起少年愉悅。2. 在生活越來越富足今天，越來越多長輩選擇“壓歲書”作為送給孩子們過年禮品。 連日來市里各大書店門庭若市，少兒類圖書銷售量直線上升。第18頁連接 ex.1. 我喜歡看小孩子追逐著旋轉(zhuǎn)火焰，心里重溫起少年愉悅。 I love gazing upon kids chasing the spinning fireworks as it reminds me of my teenage glees. 2. 在生活越來越富足今天，越來越多

16、長輩選擇“壓歲書”作為送給孩子們過年禮品。 連日來市里各大書店門庭若市，少兒類圖書銷售量直線上升。 Today with more and more people living a better-off life, seniors in the family would give books to the children as a lunar New Year gift. As a result, in the past few days, people have beating a path (?) to the big bookstores in the city and sales v

17、olumes for various childrens books have increased by large margins. 第19頁詞匯銜接 Lexical cohesionLexical cohesion deals with connections based on the words used. It is achieved by selection of vocabulary, using semantically close items. There are two types of lexical cohesion: reiteration and collocatio

18、n.詞匯銜接指篇章中詞匯之間存在著語義聯(lián)絡(luò)，經(jīng)過原詞重復(fù)、同義、近義、反義、上下義和整體與部分等關(guān)系來實現(xiàn)，可歸納為詞重復(fù)和搭配兩大類。 第20頁21詞匯銜接 ex.1.孔乙己便漲紅了臉，額上青筋條條綻出，爭辯道，“竊書不能算偷竊書！讀書人事，能算偷么？”2.黃浦夕潮不知怎已經(jīng)漲上了，現(xiàn)在沿這蘇州河兩岸各色船只都浮得高高地，艙面比碼頭還高了約莫半尺。第21頁22詞匯銜接1.孔乙己便漲紅了臉，額上青筋條條綻出，爭辯道，“竊書不能算偷竊書！讀書人事，能算偷么？”（魯迅孔乙己） At that Kong Yiji would flush, the veins on his forehead stan

19、ding out as he protested, “Taking books cant be counted as stealing Taking books for a scholar cant be counted as stealing.” 2.黃浦夕潮不知怎已經(jīng)漲上了，現(xiàn)在沿這蘇州河兩岸各色船只都浮得高高地，艙面比碼頭還高了約莫半尺。（茅盾子夜） The evening tide from the Whangpoo had turned (?) imperceptibly, and now the assortment of boats along both sides of the

20、 creek were riding high, their decks some six inches above the landing-stages.第22頁Any differences in terms of cohesive devices used in Chinese and English texts？第23頁漢語沒有定冠詞,而英語可用定冠詞;英語代詞用得多，漢語代詞用得少;英語人稱代詞以及對應(yīng)限定詞使用率也大大高于漢語。漢譯英時，要在適當?shù)胤皆黾佣ü谠~和代詞，尤其是物主代詞、人稱代詞。漢語往往能夠不用連接詞語了表示句間或句內(nèi)語義關(guān)系，依靠句子之間或句內(nèi)各部分之間內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系

21、到達連結(jié)目標，漢語中短語與小句(單句)之間，(復(fù)句)小句與句子之間，句子與更大單位句群之間，界限也不是截然分明，而英語中，連接詞是使用最頻繁銜接伎倆。漢譯英時則要適當增加關(guān)聯(lián)詞語，把原文這種內(nèi)在聯(lián)絡(luò)揭示出來，以防止句子結(jié)構(gòu)渙散或脫節(jié)。漢語傾向于用重復(fù)伎倆，英語傾向于用替換伎倆。漢譯英中必要時候要防止重復(fù)，多用代詞或其它形式替換。漢語中最常見省略是主語省略，謂語省略則較少，而英語句子普通不能省略主語，會話英語中省略謂語現(xiàn)象較多。漢譯英時要恰當?shù)靥砑又髡Z，注意譯文句子結(jié)構(gòu)完整。 漢英兩種語言部分語篇銜接伎倆在使用上各有偏重。第24頁Coherence devicesUnlike cohesion,

22、 coherence refers to the overall sense of unity in a passage. The sense is in turn fulfilled through a certain structure, organization or pattern with a guiding topic or theme. Though it is not so easy to identify as cohesion, it will, after all, be embodied and detected through some devices like te

23、xt markers, lexical coherence, and text pattern, etc. 第25頁Text markers as coherence device indicate the relationship between different parts of text in the same way cohesive conjunction signals cohesion. They usually involve the use of conjunctions as well. Lexical coherence refers to the role playe

24、d by the selection of vocabulary in organizing relations on the text level. Compared with lexical cohesion, lexical coherence contributes to textual unity in a similar way but work at rather global levels.The topical pattern involves the dividing of a topic into its components or logical parts and e

25、ach component represents a main section of information. Five patterns of organization are chronological, spatial, compare-and-contrast, advantage-disadvantage, cause-effect, problem-solution. 第26頁Tendencies in terms of coherence漢語：意合信息紛雜“畫龍點睛”邏輯關(guān)系渙散先因后果英語：形合信息清楚易懂“開門見山”邏輯關(guān)系嚴謹先果后因第27頁篇章連貫性也是篇章內(nèi)聚力表達。它

26、首先經(jīng)過篇章標示詞如連詞和副詞來取得，更主要首先則取決于各概念或命題之間與主題語義邏輯上聯(lián)絡(luò)。翻譯時除充分利用篇章標示詞外，還要尤其注意吃透原文，理順文字底層聯(lián)絡(luò)，譯于字里行間，而且要充分注意兩種語言在謀篇布局方面差異，努力再現(xiàn)原文語義結(jié)構(gòu)上連貫性。 第28頁修改譯文：1、長安城內(nèi)街道寬廣筆直，主要大街寬度都在一百米以上，宮門前一條東西向大街，足有二百二十米之寬。道路兩旁種有青槐和榆樹，并有完整排水系統(tǒng)。The streets were straight and wideThe avenues were over 100m in widthThe one outside the palace，

27、running from east to west，was fully 200m wideAsh and elm trees lined the streets，all of which had a sewerage system第29頁2、在四川西部有一美妙去處它背依岷山主峰雪寶頂，樹木蒼翠，花香襲人，鳥語婉轉(zhuǎn)，流水潺潺，名勝古跡薈萃。它就是松潘縣黃龍。In the West of Sichuan there is a fine spot. It lies beneath Xuebao, the main peak of Min Mountain. It has green forest, fragrant flowers, bubbling streams and songbirds, and historical interests. That