英語寫作基礎(chǔ)教程市公開課金獎(jiǎng)市賽課一等獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

1、A Basic Course in Writing英語寫作教程1第1頁Chapter I Using Proper WordsI. Using words correctlyII. Using words accurately2第2頁I. Using words correctly1.overcome ChinglishEg:Im not afraid of the hot weather. I dont mind the hot weather. I found the room rather cold. I felt the room rather cold. On Sundays I a

2、lways sleep late. On Sundays I always get up late.3第3頁The blanket felt soft to her. She felt the blanket soft. His level of English has been proved. His English has improved. He came out the fourth in the exam. He received the fourth place in the exam. Overcome Chinglish4第4頁2. Beware of archaisms, o

3、bsolete words, and newly-coined wordsWords or meaning of words which are no longer in common used but occur in special text (e.g. Religious works) and poetry are called archaic. Eg: mayhaps (v.hope; adv.maybe), quoth (vt.say), thy (pron. your), ere (prep. before) Words or meaning which have gone out

4、 of use altogether are called obsolete. Eg: admirable廢語令人驚奇 fine n. 廢語處罰，處罰；為接收處罰支付錢 Newly-coined words Eg: junior-high-schooler, tube-steak, water-sensitive-crops, snow-poor-winter, 5第5頁3.Avoid slangOn hearing that his father had kicked the bucket, we wrote him a letter to express our deep sympathi

5、es.The big banquet held in honor of the distinguished state guests was really neat.俚語呱呱叫；了不起，極好 Unexceptionable/ admirable/ excellent6第6頁II. Using words accuratelyThe shade of meaningEg1: eagle and hawkEagle is a bird that soars high and thus see far. to have an eagle eye (to have excellent vision)H

6、awk is a bird of pray, symbolizes harshness, thus people call the hard line politician “the hawk”.Eg2: dumb and muteHe is a dumb / mute man.7第7頁1. Specific and concrete wordsSpecific and generalA good man : kind / honest / just / generous / sympathetic / warm-hearted / selfless / honorableGood food:

7、 tasty / nourishing / rich / wholesome / high-priced / fresh / substantial8第8頁General: In spring, the weather in Beijing can be very bad.Specific: In spring, it is often windy and dusty here.More specific with the help of details:In spring, the wind blows all day long. The air is then filled with fi

8、ne dust which sometimes shuts out the sun. There is no escape from the fine dust. It gets into your eyes, your ears, your nostrils, and your hair.9第9頁2. Denotation and ConnotationDenotation is the basic ,direct, literal meaning of a word. As defined by the dictionary.Connotation is the association a

9、round and the overtone about the word. its the feeling or idea suggested by the word.10第10頁E.g . 國家Country emphasizes the territory.Nation emphasizes the people.State emphasizes political organization. Land is often used to connote certain feeling.An island country ; neighboring countrypeace-loving

10、nation; the awaking nation of AfricaState-owned enterprisesOur state system is the peoples democratic dictatorship.A far-away / foreign land; a land of liberty/ opportunity11第11頁 Different connotation reflects the different attitude of the speaker.Complimentary derogatory neutralPublic servant burea

11、ucrat government employeeFinancier speculator investorLaw officer cop policemanCaptain of industry tycoon successful businessman Investigator spy detectiveCaptive jailbird prisoner12第12頁3. SynonymsSynonyms :Two or more forms with very closely related meaning, which are often but not always, intersub

12、stitutable in a sentence.According to formality:Early English: small/little ask time rise French: petite question age mountLatin: diminutive interrogate epoch ascendGenerally, Latin words are more bookish than early English and French.13第13頁Examples:The concert concluded with a performance of Beetho

13、vens 5th symphony.They ended the concert with Beethovens 5th symphony. My father purchased a large automobile. My dad bought a big car.14第14頁Chapter II Making Correct and Effective SentencesElements of a sentenceII. Requirements of a correct sentenceIII. Requirements of an effective sentence15第15頁I.

14、 Elements of a sentence1. Completeness in structure;2. Begin with a capital letter;3. End with a full stop, or a question mark, or an exclamation mark;4. Express a single complete idea.16第16頁II. Requirements of a correct sentence1. completeness in structure2. the right subject3. agreement between th

15、e subject and the predicate verb4. agreement between pronoun and antecedent5. clear pronoun reference6. ending sentences with full stops7. joining clauses with conjunctions8. a main clause in a complex sentence9. proper use of comparisons10.correct use of the tense17第17頁Correct the following sentenc

16、es:Because he hadnt finish his assignment, so he continued working in the classroom. completeness in structureNot knowing his name, it was difficult to introduce him. the right subjectA number of spelling mistakes was found in his composition. agreement between the subject and the predicate verbEver

17、ybody should return the books he borrowed within a week. agreement between pronoun and antecedent18第18頁She told my sister that her idea was practicable. clear pronoun referenceNo one come to the party, it was a complete failure. ending sentences with full stops / joining clauses with conjunctionsBec

18、ause he had not heard about that important decision. a main clause in a complex sentenceThe Sahara is larger than any desert in the world. proper use of comparisonsWe have revised our work plan last night. correct use of the tenseCorrect the following sentences:19第19頁Fragment and EllipseA fragment i

19、s a part of sentence (such as a phrase or dependant/ subordinate clause) which begins with a capital letter and ends as a sentence does. E.g.Fragment The result being that he lost the presidential election. Sentence The result is that he lost the presidential election.20第20頁As exclamations Oh! Nonse

20、nse! Well done! What a day! How kind of you! Susan a singer!?In spoken English A: how about this? B: very good! A: Your name and your address, please? B: All right , here. More Fragment-like sentences21第21頁As transitions And a final instance, To return from our digression, Now, a few more words abou

21、t the meeting today. For emphasis and vividness There is a price to pay for success. The demanding price of self denial, the price of blood and sweat and tears.22第22頁III. Requirements of an effective sentence一. Unity 一致性Unity: A sentence should express a single complete idea, no more, no less. If it

22、 contains too much, then the sentence becomes confusing . If it contains too little, then the idea in it is incomplete.In other words, a sentence violates the principle of unity if it contains ideas that are not closely related; whats more, a sentence is not unified if it does not express a complete

23、 thought.23第23頁 Eg:Ideas not closely related: Born in a small town in South China in 1937, he grew up to be a great musician.He was born in a small town in South China in 1937, and grew up to be a great musician.Idea incomplete: Dream of the Red Mansion is the best-known novel. Dream of the Red Mans

24、ion is one of the best-known classical Chinese novel.24第24頁1. Avoid chopped-up sentenceIn the following sentence, the idea of one unified sentence is chopped into several short sentences.E.g: My best friend in high school was our literature teacher. Her name was Wang Li. She taught us literature for

25、 three years.Revised: My best friend in high school was our literature teacher, Wang Li, who taught us for three years.25第25頁2.Avoid Fused sentence: several ideas are fused into one sentence.Fused: She suddenly paused and it seemed wonderful that she could speak so easily but she was usually bashful

26、.Improved: She suddenly paused. It seemed wonderful that she could speak so easily, but she was usually bashful.Fused: They did not win the game so far as I could see they did not even try. Improved: They did not win the game. So far as I could see, they did not even try.26第26頁Coherence requires tha

27、t the parts of a sentence are so arranged that they stick together, and that the ideas progress in a logical sequence.1. Parallelism E.g: I forgot that my research paper was due on Tuesday and my teacher had said he would not accept late papers.二. Coherence 連貫性27第27頁The child was pretty and had brai

28、ns. The child was pretty and intelligent.He sat down and was beginning to work. He sat down and began to work.I will wait until you call or she comes. I will wait until you call or until she comes.I went to the dance with a girl from Memphis and who has a southern accent. I went to the dance with a

29、girl who is from Memphis and who has a southern accent.In parallel construction it is necessary to balance word for word, phrase with phrase, clause with clause, sentence with sentence. It is sometimes necessary to repeat the introductory word or phrase or clause.28第28頁2. Consistency(1) keep the sam

30、e grammatical subject unless there is good reason for changing. Eg: The cast first discusses the play and then nightly rehearsals begin.The cast first discusses the play and then begin nightly rehearsals.(2) Keep the person of pronoun consistent. Eg: Having eaten our lunch, they departed by boat.Hav

31、ing eaten their lunch, they departed by boat.29第29頁(3) Keep the number of nouns and pronouns consistent Eg: Being a student, we all wish to learn to write well. One can never write effectively, unless they write as much and as often as they can.(4) Keep the mood and the voice that you have decided u

32、pon. Eg: First build a fire and then you should make the coffee. He drove the car into the garage and the motor was quickly stopped.30第30頁3. Subordination Correct subordination clarifies the relationships between ideas, thus strengthens the coherence of a sentence.Subordination also leads to greater

33、 economy in writing, permitting one to express oneself in the fewest possible words.31第31頁It can be achieved by turning the other clause into:(1)an adverbial clause (2) an adjective clause (3) a present participial phrase(4) a past participial phrase(5) an appositiveEg: A. I was in college. I had a

34、roommate. He was studying to be a lawyer.B. I ran out of ink, thus being unable to finish my theme.C. The dean issued a bulletin, and it said the library would remain open on weekends.32第32頁三. Conciseness 簡練性1. No wordinessWordiness also violates the principle of unity, the idea gets blurred by unne

35、cessary words which obscure it like clouds and smoke. Sorry, Im not in a position to offer assistance to him.Sorry, I am unable to help him.The maid put the letter that came from Prague on my desk.The maid put the letter from Prague on my desk.There are several advantages to buying a motorbike.Buyin

36、g a motorbike offers several advantages .Id like to take the opportunity to say thank you.Thank you.33第33頁2. Clarity Clarity requires that a sentence should be written with its meaning unmistakably clear.Misunderstanding is often caused by the position of modifiers：The meaning of a sentence can be c

37、hanged drastically by changes in the position of modifiers.Eg： I really dont mind waiting. I dont really mind waiting. In one word, the modifier must be placed as near to the modified as possible.34第34頁四. Emphasis 強(qiáng)調(diào)性Emphasis is the means by which you give desired force to your writing.1. positionin

38、g for emphasisThe sentence end-the place of strongest emphasisThe sentence beginning-the place of secondary emphasisThe middle - the place of least emphasisE.g.He will not have the endurance needed for the long training required to be a dentist, I think.Attention: move the point to be emphasized, ou

39、t of order, to the front, this process is often called fronting or inversion. E.g: This I will never do.35第35頁2. use of the appropriate voice for verbsIn general the active voice is preferable because it is more direct and precise, but sometimes the passive is more appropriate than the active.E.g.Th

40、e advice which was given to me by you will be followed by me.Television was watched by the whole family in the evenings.Passive voice is preferable:when the receiver of an action is more important than the doer.when the doer is vague or unknown.when the doer is to be especially emphasized.36第36頁3. C

41、limactic orderClimacte order is the order that goes from the least important to the most important or that goes from the general to the specific.She was a kind-hearted, goodlooking, and well-mannered lady.Revised: She was goodlooking, well-mannered and kind-hearted.He said he had lost interest in li

42、fe, fame, position and money after that tragedy.Revised: He said after that tragedy he had lost interest in Note:The opposite of climatic order results in anticlimax. it is often used deliberately for humorous effects.E.g. At one fell swoop, he lost his wife, his child, his household goods, and his

43、dog.37第37頁4. Rhetorical questionA rhetorical question differs from an ordinary question in that it does not need an answer, it is used for emphasis.The rhetorical question is often reserved for special occasion to exert its great force. A positive rhetorical question is like a strong negative statem

44、ent, while a negative rhetorical question is like a strong positive statement.E.g.If winter comes, can spring be far behind?Isnt it beautiful weather?38第38頁5.The balanced sentenceThe balanced sentence, by positioning together two or more parallel items, makes for poignancy and emphasis.E.g.Reading m

45、aketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. -Francis Bacon: “Of Studies”39第39頁6. Periodic sentencesA periodic sentence is one that is not complete in structure or meaning until it reaches the last word, which is the most important word of the sentence.Eg: It is generally ackn

46、owledged that the sole criterion of truth is practice. He said for buying a house he had prepared everything but money.40第40頁Chapter 3 Developing ParagraphsI. General Introduction to Paragraph:1.In form: set off by indentation or spacing2. In content: closely-related sentences41第41頁II. Typical struc

47、ture of paragraphTopic Sentence Supporting DetailsClosing Sentence42第42頁Topic sentenceWhat is the topic sentence? The topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph. What does it do? It introduces the main idea of the paragraph. How do I write one? Summarize the main idea of your paragraph. Ind

48、icate to the reader what your paragraph will be about. 43第43頁Supporting sentencesWhat are supporting sentences? They come after the topic sentence, making up the body of a paragraph. What do they do? They give details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph. How do I write them? You sh

49、ould give supporting facts, details, and examples. 44第44頁Closing sentenceWhat is the closing sentence? The closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph. What does it do? It restates the main idea of your paragraph. How do I write one? Restate the main idea of the paragraph using different wo

50、rds. 45第45頁Example There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First, Canada has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education. Students are taught by well-traine

51、d teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university. Finally, Canadas cities are clean and efficiently managed. Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result, Canada is a desirable place to live. 46第46頁III. Requirements for paragraph writingUnitySingl

52、eness of purposeFullnessBrevityTopic sentence47第47頁Requirements for paragraph writing2. Coherence(1) Ways of developing paragraph(2) Transition48第48頁Ways of developing paragraph Definition Paragraph Classification Paragraph Description Paragraph Compare and Contrast Paragraph Sequence Paragraph Choi

53、ce Paragraph Explanation Paragraph Evaluation Paragraph49第49頁Requirements for paragraph writing3.Emphasis(1)Proportion(2)Position(3)Climatic order(4)Repetition and parallelism50第50頁Chapter 5 SummarizingA summary is a brief , concise restatement of the main facts or points of a passage or a book.It i

54、s different from a composition in that it does not express the writers but someone elses ideas.51第51頁Requirements for summary writinggenerally a summary should not be longer than a third of the length of the original passage.it should be faithful to the original, with no change in facts or views, an

55、d no important points left out.it should be written in continuous prose, not in the form of an outline.52第52頁P(yáng)rocedures readingwritingomitting the detailsreducing the examplessimplifying the descriptionseliminating all repetitionmaking phrases do the work of clauses or sentencesusing general words i

56、nstead of specific wordsusing the shortest possible transitionsavoiding figurative languagerevision53第53頁Chapter 6 Essay WritingI. Basic OrganizationIntroduction (beginning)Body (middle)Conclusion (end)54第54頁Introduction ParagraphWhat is an introduction paragraph?What does it do?How do I write one?

57、E.g. Hockey has been a part of life in Canada for over 120 years. It has evolvedinto an extremely popular sport watched and played by millions of Canadians.The game has gone through several changes since hockey was first played inCanada.55第55頁Supporting ParagraphsWhat are supporting paragraphs? Supp

58、orting paragraphs make up the main body of your essay What do they do? They develop the main idea of your essay. How do I write them? 1. List the points that develop the main idea of your essay.2. Place each supporting point in its own paragraph.3. Develop each supporting point with facts, details,

59、and examples.56第56頁Summary ParagraphWhat is a summary paragraph?What does it do? How do I write one?Example: Overall, the changes that occurred in hockey have helped to improve the game. Hockey is faster and more exciting as a result of changes in the past 120 years. For these reasons, modern hockey

60、 is a better game than hockey in the 1890s. 57第57頁II. Steps Essay writingPrewriting EssaysWriting Essays Editing Essays Publishing Essays 58第58頁III. Types of outlinesA topic outline uses words or phrases for all entries and uses no punctuation after entries.Advantages: presents a brief overview of w