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1、1關于語音的幾個概念1)字母:語言的書寫形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,2)音標:詞的語音形式。3)音素:音的最小的單位。英語中有48 音素。4) 音節(jié):由元音和輔音構成的發(fā)音單位。apple, student,teacher, understand5)元音:發(fā)音響亮,是樂音;口腔中氣流不收阻礙;是構成音節(jié)的主要音。英語中有 20 元音。6)輔音:發(fā)音不響亮,是噪音;口腔中氣流受到阻礙;不是構成音節(jié)的主要音。英語中有 28 輔音。7)開音節(jié):a) 輔音 +元音 +輔音 +e name bike ;b) 輔音+ 元音 he, go, hi8)閉音節(jié): a) 輔音 +元音 +輔音
2、bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b)元音 + 輔音 it9)重讀音節(jié):單詞中發(fā)音特別響亮的音節(jié)。元音: (注意:下面空方括號是電腦無法輸入的音標 ) 1)i: sea, he, see, piece, ceiling2)i sit, build, miss, myth3)e bed, desk, head,4)A bad, land, bank, stamp5)a: car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt6)C hot, want7)C: door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought,
3、 caught8)u: good, who, blue, soup,9)u look, put, women, could10)Q cup, come, blood, rough11)E: girl, work, serve, nurse12)E cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday13)ei cake, they, play, eight, great,14)ai bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye15)Eu phone, cold, boat,
4、 soul, grow16)au house, town17)Ci boy, oil18)iE dear, idea, deer, here, fierce,19) ZE pear, care, there, fair20)uE tour, poor,容易混淆的元音1)e A bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land2)i: ei real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid3)e ai bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide4)au C: house horse;
5、 loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause5)au Q found fond; gown gone; down don輔音1)p pen,2)b bed, comb3)t tell,4)d, day, played, wanted5)k cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box6)g big, go, guess, language7)m man8)n nine, knife, autumn9) N bank, uncle, English, sing,10)l land,
6、world11)r read, write,12)f five, cough, laugh13)v voice, of14) W think,15)T this, bathe16)s sit, miss, science, case, scarf17)z zoo, close,18)F sure, she, social, nation19)V pleasure,20)h hot, who, hour21)w wall, what, answer22)j yes23)tF child, teach, catch24)dV joke, bridge,25)ts boats26)dz goods2
7、7)tr tree28)dr dream容易混淆的輔音1)v w vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well2)s W sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math3)z T closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes4)n N thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang讀音規(guī)則重讀音節(jié) (見元音和輔音的例句 )非重讀音節(jié) E banana, student, today, after, i orange,
8、 secret, evening, very, Monday7. 特殊讀音音的連讀: not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all失去爆破: good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme音的同化: this year, Would you do it? Cant you see it?重音單詞重音雙音節(jié)詞a)一般在第一個音節(jié)重讀。letter, sorry有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, e
9、s-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前綴的詞, 第二個音節(jié)是重音。about, believe, address, decide, report, condemn, respect, compare, inform, discuss,impress, mistake, enforce, prepare, employ, permit, escape, produce, exclaim,translatec)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前綴的重音與詞義和詞類有關 , 一般名詞的重音在第
10、一個音節(jié)上,其它的詞性在第二個音節(jié)上。record, record; insult, insult; conduct, conduct; present present; content, content有些復合詞和帶有前綴 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的詞,有兩個重音。outside, retell, well-known, unreal, fifteen, Chinese, pre-war, post-warB)多音節(jié)詞a)一般倒數(shù)第三個音節(jié)是重音。 difficult, communist, family, economy, opportunity,demo
11、cracy.有一些雙音節(jié)詞,加了前綴和后綴成了多音節(jié),但這些詞按原來詞根的重音讀音。carefully, indefinite, comfortable, conductor, according, disturbance, complicated,establishment,c)詞尾有 -eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后綴的詞,重音在這些后綴的前一個音節(jié)上。courteous, calligraphy, editorial, historian, periodi
12、c, mathematics, experience,sufficient, identify, translation, religious, curiosity, protective詞尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后綴的詞,重音在該后綴上,而且有一個次重音。 entertain, employee, mountaineer, Japanese, cigarette句子重音英語的節(jié)奏:(輕) - 輕- 重-輕-(輕)或重 -輕-(輕)(輕)重英語句子的長短: 是由句子中的重讀詞的數(shù)目決定的, 而不是象漢語那樣由句子中的漢字數(shù)目決定的。實詞重讀(副詞重讀)
13、,虛詞輕讀 ( 冠詞,單音節(jié)介詞,單音節(jié)連詞,人稱代詞,反代詞,物主代詞,關系代詞,相互代詞,助動詞,情態(tài)動詞和系動詞 be.實詞不重讀的特殊情況a)實詞第二次出現(xiàn)He thinks of that as a child thinks.b)一個名詞被第二個名詞修飾I met her in the railway station.c)代替詞Which book do you want? The small one.d)感嘆詞中的what 和 howWhat a good day it is! How beautiful she is!e)street 在專有名詞中Wangfujing Stree
14、t.f)this 在這些短語中, this morning/afternoon/eveningE)虛詞重讀的特殊情況情態(tài)動詞,助動詞和系動詞 be 在句首,句尾和否定時。Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can.I dont like you. He isnt a worker.情態(tài)動詞表示可能,驚奇和肯定時。They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room.介詞在句首和
15、句尾。In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with.引導復合句的連詞在句首。If you wish, Ill visit you. When he comes, Ill tell him.e)反身代詞表示強調。He couldnt come himself.語音 (上)Aei在重讀開音節(jié)中grade,face,table,namehave hAvA在重讀閉音節(jié)中map,practice,that,plan,handE在非重讀音節(jié)中above, about, among,womanRw+awatch, what,was
16、h,walletwater 5wR:tEi在重讀音節(jié)后的音節(jié)中village, orange, comradeoperate5CpEreitB:a+n(或 ss,sp,sk, st,th,f)answer, grant, class, grasp, basket,fast,bath,after sandsAndstandstAndlandlAndbandbAndai,ayei在重讀音節(jié)中straight, afraid,paint,raini在非重讀音節(jié)中Monday,mountain,holiday ,captainweekday5wi:kdeibirthday5bE:WdeiAirZ在重讀
17、音節(jié)中repair,chair ,hair,stairAlC:在輔音之間chalk,call ,small, walkhalf hB:fsaltsC:ltArB:在重讀音節(jié)中party,artist ,farm,cardtowardtE5wC:d marry5mAriquarter5kwC:tE various5vZEriEsE在非重讀音節(jié)中grammar, collar,sugarAreZE在重讀音節(jié)中glare,care, stare,dareAuC:August,autumnauntB:ntbecausebi5kCzAustraliaCs5treiliEAughC:caught,taug
18、ht,daughterlaughlB:fAwC:draw,law ,saw2元音字母 e 及其字母組合的讀音(見表1.2)ei:在重讀開音節(jié)中complete,even, these,e在重讀閉音節(jié)中better, enter,freshpretty5pritiE讀音說明在非重讀音節(jié)中例詞happen,open, problem例外ii( y)在前綴和后綴中aidepend,behind,needed在重讀開音節(jié)中Friday,fine ,drivegiveiv元音字母和字母組合eaie在重讀閉音節(jié)中breath,head,ready,deadstrict,think ,artisti:wil
19、dwaildbreathe,season,least, deal, teachieaiiE在重讀詞尾really, real,theatre, idealie,tie, die, pierealityri5Alitii:eibelieve,piece,fieldgreat,breakfriendfrend quiet5kwaiEteeiri:E:greet,deep,keep,meetgirl , bird,first ,birthei(ie)mirror5mirEi:ighreceive,thief, believeaieighteit friendfrend heighthaitfight
20、 ,right , tight,nighterildE:aild在重讀音節(jié)中wild ,child , mildverb,her,term,serveterrible5terEbl merry5meriireaiEEadmire,hire,fire, entire在非重讀音節(jié)中worker,paperindaindearbehind, find ,kindiEwind winddear, clear,near,hear-iedE:idsearch,learn,earth, earnworried,carried,hurried ,studiedhearthB:tterrified5terifa
21、ideer4元音字母 o 及其字母組合的讀音(見表1.4)iEpioneer,deero-edEut在重讀開音節(jié)中前面是清輔音spoke,pole ,note(t 除外)improveim5pru:v,lovelQv,whosehu:z,loselu:z,jumped,talked,worked,helpedtombtu:m, provepru:vdC前面是濁輔音在重讀閉音節(jié)中(d 除外)和元音monument,along,shop,clothloved,answered, closed, stayedidE在非重讀音節(jié)中前面是 t 或dobserve,towards,politeneeded
22、,shouted, skatedEu3元音字母 i 及其字母組合的讀音(見表1.3)在某些詞的詞尾envelope, piano, photo,radio表 1.3Qworry , another,son, cover元音字母和字母組合uEwoman, wolf ,into在非重讀音節(jié)中oahonour,favour,colourEu5元音字母 u 及其字母組合的讀音(見表1.5)coat,boat,road,coalbroadbrC:duju:oi, oy在重讀開音節(jié)中Cistudent, use, pupil,hugenoise,enjoy,choice,boysugar5FuEooQu:
23、在重讀閉音節(jié)中school, soon,fool ,loosebut,cut,up,hurrytruthtru:W busy5biziu后面是 t,d,k 時Egood,book, look,foot在某些非重讀音節(jié)中foodfu:d, shootFu:t bootbu:tautumn, difficult ,successQinstitute5institju:t, communism5kCmjunizEmflood ,bloodurE:orhurt,nurse, turn,burnC:hurry5hQri在重讀音節(jié)中worn,horseEE:surprise, Saturday在重讀音節(jié)中
24、world ,work ,worse6輔音字母的讀音(見表 1.6)worry5wQri, foreign5fCrin表 1.6forest5fCrist, borrow5bCrEutomorrowtE5mCrEu輔音字母和字母組合E讀 音在非重讀音節(jié)中說明actor,doctor,visitor例詞例外ouaucmouse,ground,southssoulsEul在元音字母 e,i,(y )之前nice,twice,cityu:musicianmju: 5ziFEnyouth,group,woundkQ在 a,o,u 或輔音字母之前trouble,touch, countrycall,ca
25、rd,uncle,medicalowchautFdown,town,how, allowchoose,change,child ,beachknowledge5nClidVSandwichEuksnow,grow , windowheadache, stomach, chemical,schooloughFC:moustache,machinebought, thought, oughtcoughkCf, enoughi5nQfhtoughtQf, ploughplauhthroughWru:help,hand,hopeour不發(fā)音auEhour,honest,exhibition在重讀音節(jié)中
26、flour ,hour,ourntourtuEnanswer,line,fan,neckC:N在重讀音節(jié)中four,pour,course在輔音 或 k 之前journey5dVE:nithink,uncle, English, finger, wrongstrangestreindVchangetFeindVthW在實詞中tooth, three,health,breath,think ,bath, youth breathe, father 等詞中讀 TT在虛詞和部分代詞中the,thus,these, other,with ,thatxz在重讀元音中之前exam,exampleksexp
27、ect,explain,exercise,extend二、單詞重音單詞重音如表1.7 所示。表 1.7重讀音節(jié)情況例詞單音節(jié)詞一般都重讀,為方便在單標中一般略去重音符號 mapmAp ,penpen,timetaim ,roserEuz雙音節(jié)詞的重音多落在第一音節(jié)上brother5brQTE ,letter5letE ,yellow5jelEu ,photo5fEutEu續(xù)表重讀音節(jié)情況例詞單音節(jié)詞加上后綴 -er,-ly, -ing ,-ed 等的雙音節(jié)詞,重音也在第一個音節(jié)上careless5kZElis , sadly5sAdli , teacher5ti:tFE , wanted5wCntid , strongerstrCNE有前綴 a-,be-,mis- ,en-,ex-, im-,in- ,re-等雙音節(jié)詞,重音一般落在第二個音節(jié)上aboutE5baut ,
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