閱讀理解題中的詞義猜測(cè)題 解題 講義-2023屆高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)

1、閱g那么題中的酸翻題解題義正確理解文章中單詞或短語的含義是理解文章的第一步，也是理解文章的基 礎(chǔ)，不懂單詞含義根本就談不上理解文章。英語單詞的含義并非完全等同于詞 典中所標(biāo)注的漢語意思，其含義隨不同語境會(huì)有所不同。能根據(jù)上下文正確理 解靈活變化的詞義，才算是真正初步具備了一定的閱讀理解能力。止匕外，閱讀 文章時(shí)，常常會(huì)遇到一些過去未見過的詞，但許多這類生詞的詞義可以通過上 下文推斷出來。這種不使用詞典而是通過閱讀上下文來推斷生詞含義的能力， 是一個(gè)合格的讀者必須具備的能力，因此也是閱讀測(cè)試中經(jīng)常檢測(cè)的一種能力。一、考題特點(diǎn)詞義猜想題包括猜想生詞、短語、句子的意義，推斷熟詞生義和判斷畫線部 分指

2、代內(nèi)容。二、命題形式猜想詞語意義試題的題干中常含有mean, refer to, be closet in meaning to, could best be replaced by 或 can take the place of.如：.What does the (underlined) word in the . paragraph refer to?The underlined word in the third letter refers to.Which of the following can best replace the phrase in paragraph.?What d

3、oes the underlined expression/word in paragraph .(probably ) mean?The underlined word “ in paragraph . ( probably ) means.Which of the following is closet in meaning to.Which of the following best explains the underlined part in the last paragraph?The (underlined) word (paragraph) is closet in meani

4、ngto .三、解題方法.通過上下文線索猜想詞義。一個(gè)單詞在句中并不是一個(gè)孤立的成分，它和同一句中的其他單詞有著密切 的關(guān)系；一篇文章中的任何一個(gè)句子在內(nèi)容上也不是絕對(duì)孤立的，都與句子所 在的段落及整篇文章有關(guān)系，這兩個(gè)關(guān)系稱為上下文線索。利用上下文提供的 情景和線索，進(jìn)行符合邏輯的綜合分析，并依此來推測(cè)詞義，是一種重要的解 題方法?！究祭?1 Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, uni

5、versities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.解析：根據(jù)下文修飾語“from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility （從受到家庭的庇護(hù)到獨(dú)立自主承當(dāng)起成年人的責(zé)任）”可知，上 大學(xué)是可以完成人生蛻變的，因此passage在這里的意思是change?！究祭?2 I am peter Hades, a volunteer stem cell courier

6、. Since March 2012, Pve done 89 trips -of those , 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells （干細(xì)胞）in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thafs how long they last, in alb from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor（捐獻(xiàn)者）to the time they can be implanted in the pat

7、ient, weve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.解析：根據(jù)下文89 trips及carry stem cells可猜想作者是運(yùn)送干細(xì)胞的人, 而且下文又提到運(yùn)到后干細(xì)胞被移植到病人身上，所以作者不可能是干細(xì)胞的 收集者（collector）,因此，courier的意思是運(yùn)送者（delivery man）?！究祭?3 What Theresa Loe is doing proves that a large farm isnt a_ prerequisite for a modern grow-your-own

8、lifestyle. On a mere 1/10 of an acre in Los Angeles , Loe and her family grow, can （裝罐）and preserve much of the food they consume.解析:根據(jù)下文的“On a mere 1/10 of an acre in Los Angeles , Loe and her family grow, can （裝罐）and preserve much of the food they consume. 可以知道，大農(nóng)場(chǎng)并非是必要的東西，故prerequis讓e意為requiremen

9、t?！究祭?4And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal.解析：根據(jù)上句的強(qiáng)調(diào)句可知，受到人造光干擾，夜晚不睡覺的不僅是 robins ,再根據(jù)下文中的also可以猜想出nocturnal是指Blackbirds and seagulls在夜晚也不睡覺,也很活躍，即active at nighto【考例 51 Then they would have dragged them along

10、 paths. To make the work easier, workers may have lubricated the paths either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle.解析：根據(jù)上文的“drag them along paths （沿路拖著它們）”和目的狀語“To make the work easier （為了使拖著他們這項(xiàng)工作更容易）及下文的either w代h wet clay or with the fat from cattle （要么用濕草要么用牛油）”可以猜出，畫線 詞的意思是使光滑（make the roa

11、ds slippery）。.通過定義或重述猜想詞義。有時(shí)在一篇文章中，作者估計(jì)到某一個(gè)詞一般讀者不熟悉。就常采取直接定 義法或用另一種方式進(jìn)行解釋的方法，這種解釋可能是一種重述，即對(duì)前面的 一句話作重新補(bǔ)充說明，這種重新說明往往暗示了對(duì)前面句子中的某個(gè)生詞的 解釋。下定義常見的方式有使用破折號(hào)、冒號(hào)、分號(hào)、引號(hào)、括號(hào)對(duì)生詞內(nèi)容 加以解釋或使用 mean, be, deal with, be called, refer to 等標(biāo)志詞?！究祭?1 The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as a

12、dults was surprisingly sharp. Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed.解析：畫線詞后面的句子“Those who had done the most boyhood activities wer

13、e twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed.是對(duì)畫線詞的解釋，所以sharp的詞義是clear and definite?！究祭?2 Other forms of parental involvement ， including volunteering at school and observing a childs cla

14、ss , also fail to help , according to the most recent study on the topic.解析：根據(jù)畫線詞后面的補(bǔ)充說明“including volunteering at school and observing a childs class”可猜想出畫線詞詞義為“parents participating in childrens education （家長(zhǎng)對(duì)孩子教育的參與）考例 31 Do you know what a territory is? A territory is an area that an animal, usu

15、ally the male, claims as its own.解析：根據(jù)畫線詞后面的定義可知territory指的是“動(dòng)物的地盤”。.通過同位關(guān)系猜想詞義。構(gòu)成同位關(guān)系的兩局部之間通常用連接詞連接，有時(shí)也直接用逗號(hào)分隔開。 常用的連接詞有 that, or, or other, say, that is to say, namely, similarly 等。【考例 1 In fact, only about 80 ocelots, an endangered wild cat, exist in the US today.解析：由同位語an endangered wild cat可知oc

16、elot是一種瀕危的野貓。【考例 2】The new tax law supersedes , or replaces , the law that was in effect last year.解析：由同位語or replaces可知supersedes意為代替”。.通過轉(zhuǎn)折、比照、選擇關(guān)系猜想詞義。如果一個(gè)句子或段落中有對(duì)兩個(gè)事物或現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行比照或選擇的描述，可以根 據(jù)它的反義詞或可選擇的另一方面來猜想生詞的意義，表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞有： but, however, otherwise, though 等。表示比照關(guān)系的詞有：while, like, unlike, in contrast,

17、rather than, on the other hand 等。表示選擇關(guān)系的詞 有： or, either.or., not.but.等。【考例 1 Another brand store seeks to be much more than a shop, but rather a destination.解析： 根據(jù) much more than 和 but rather 可矢口 a destination 與 a shop ( 般的商店)是一種比照，而且遠(yuǎn)勝過a shop,應(yīng)該是顧客很喜歡去的地方。【考例 2 The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopi

18、an National Museum in the capital, Addis Ababa, is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom.解析：while表示前后兩局部是比照關(guān)系，the real remains是真正的遺跡”， 所以可推測(cè)出畫線詞的意思是傷制品，復(fù)制品”?！究祭?3 Building owners were faced with a choice： either change the first floors of their buildings into base

19、ments, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level.解析：eitheror.表示兩種比照選擇，第一種選擇是change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors”， 那么第二種選擇就應(yīng)該是使整棟樓上升，因此hoist的意思應(yīng)該是“ (lift)提 升，使上升”。.通過因果關(guān)系猜想詞義。根據(jù)句子間

20、的因果關(guān)系來推斷某個(gè)生詞或短語的意思，可由表原因的句義推 測(cè)出表結(jié)果的句子中的某個(gè)生詞或短語的意思，即由因推果；也可由表示結(jié)果 的句義推測(cè)出表原因的句子中的某個(gè)生詞或短語的意思，即由果推因。表示因 果關(guān)系的詞有：because, since, as, for, so, therefore, as a result, thus, so that, so/such . that.等?！究祭?1 One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reunite, but youll need a warm, sheltered

21、place with perfect soil to grow it, so its a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it.解析：根據(jù)文中的句子“but youll need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it”和so可知，對(duì)于大多數(shù)迷戀這種蘋果的人來說，perfect soil是基本不存在的，因此只是a pipe dream,相當(dāng)于a vain hope （徒勞的希 望，枉然）。【考彳列 2The set worked so beautifully when

22、I first got it home that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night.解析：根據(jù)so beautifully可以推測(cè)出結(jié)果狀語從句that I would keep it on until stations signed off for the night”的意思是我一直讓電視開著直到電視臺(tái)停 臺(tái)”，故畫線短語的意思應(yīng)該是“停播，停臺(tái)”?！究祭?3 Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or

23、young leaves.解析： 根據(jù)原因狀語從句“because it encourages the growth of tender shoots, or young leaves可知，Pruning能促進(jìn)嫩芽或嫩葉的生長(zhǎng)，可判斷出 Pruning有“剪枝，修剪”的意思。.通過定語從句、狀語從句等從句的功能，結(jié)合生活常識(shí)來猜想詞義。根據(jù)從句的功能和意義可推知主句中某個(gè)生詞的意義，或者結(jié)合主句的意義 和從句功能來推測(cè)從句中某個(gè)生詞的意義?！究坚芰?1 These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self-support

24、ing hunting lifestyle with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic, which brings with_iL not only necessary state welfare, but also alcoholism, betrayal and even suicide.解析：which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句補(bǔ)充說明的是the modern French Republic,文中提到the modern French Republic給這些當(dāng)?shù)厝颂峁┝爽F(xiàn)代的 生活方式。故 it 指代的是 the mode

25、rn French lifestyleo【考例 2 It didnt look that bad, and after the first wave had shut down my ability to smell, it didn,t offend the nose so much, either.解析:由“after the first wave had shut down my ability to smell”可知，我的 鼻子已基本沒有聞的能力，所以它(燉湯)再也不會(huì)使鼻子難受了，offend意 為“使難受(upset) %【考例 3 And for chocolate snobs,

26、 who think that they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others, the Connoisseur Series uses cocoa Beans from Togo, Cuba, Venezuela ， and Ghana, among others.解析：根據(jù)畫線詞后面的非限制性定語從句who think that they have a better knowledge of chocolate than others”所作的補(bǔ)充， 可猜出 chocolate snobs指的是對(duì)巧克力很講究的人(the peopl

27、e who are particular about chocolate)。.利用所舉例子來猜想詞義。有時(shí)考生可以用上下文所舉的例子，運(yùn)用具體到一般的歸納法來悟出某個(gè)單 詞或詞組的含義。用來舉例的常見詞有：for example, for instance, such, such as, like, as, as.as 等?！究祭縒ith the communication gadgets, such as mobile phones and ipads, people often do not take the effort to visit one another personally.解析：such as后列舉的手機(jī)和ipad都是電子產(chǎn)品，所以可推測(cè)gadgets有 “電子產(chǎn)品”之意。.通過代詞所指代內(nèi)容猜想詞義。【考例 1 My friends said： Now we believe your stories, Welty added. “And I said：