語法復(fù)習(xí)-特殊句式(主謂一致)

1、語法復(fù)習(xí)主謂一致PAGE PAGE 14一、語法一致1.不可數(shù)名詞、不定式（短語）、動名詞（短語）或名詞性從句作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。如：Knowledge is power.知識就是力量。Playing with fire is dangerous.玩火很危險。To see is to believe.眼見為實。Whether they will hold a party or not has not been decided他們還沒有決定是否舉行晚會。When and where to build the factory is not decided yet.何時何地建廠還未定下來。

2、2.由and 連接兩個單數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Tom and Mary have been married for ten years.湯姆和瑪麗結(jié)婚10年了。The bread and the butter taste good.奶油和面包很好吃。注意事項：（1）當(dāng)and連接的兩個名詞指同一個人，同一物，同一事，同一概念時，謂語用第三人稱單數(shù)形式（這時應(yīng)注意冠詞的用法：后一個名詞前無冠詞）。The poet and writer has gone to Beijing 那位詩人兼作家去北京了。There is a knife and fork on the table.桌上有一副

3、刀叉。Here is a needle and thread for you.這是給你的針線。Bread and butter tastes good.奶油面包很好吃。Time and tide waits for no man.歲月不待人。（2）and所連接的連個名詞前分別有every, each, no, many a等修飾時，謂語動詞用第三人稱單數(shù)形式。如：Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming. 每個男孩和每個女孩都喜歡去游泳。No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting.

4、 沒有老師也沒有學(xué)生開會缺席。Each teacher and(each)student was given a book每一位教師和學(xué)生都得到了一本書。Many a teacher and many a student has spoken at the meeting. 在會上，很多老師和學(xué)生發(fā)了言。（3）在某些諺語中，由and連接的兩個并列主語表示同一概念時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)。如：All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只工作不玩耍，聰明孩子也會傻。Early to bed and early to rise makes a man hea

5、lthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起使人健康、富裕又聰明。3.當(dāng)主語后面跟有with, together with, along with, accompanied by, like, except, but, besides, no less than, as well as, including, in addition to, rather than 等詞引起的短語時，謂語動詞與前面的主語一致。如：The teacher, together with his students is watching TV. 老師和學(xué)生們正在看電視。The girls as well

6、as the teacher are dancing.女生和那位老師在跳舞。Nobody but Tom and Jack knows the secret.除了湯姆和杰克沒人知道這個秘密。4.不定代詞either, each, one, another, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, some one, somebody, anything, nothing, something, everything, everyone, everybody, neither等作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。如：Somebody is asking for you. 有人在找你。

7、Everyone is here. 大家都來了。There is something wrong with my bike. 沒有的自行車有點毛病。注意事項：（1）each本身作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，但each作主語的同位語時，謂語動詞則用復(fù)數(shù)。如：Each of them has a dictionary.他們每人有本詞典。They each have a dictionary. 他們每人有本詞典。（2）當(dāng)none of后面接的是可數(shù)名詞時，謂語動詞用單復(fù)數(shù)都可以；如接的是不可數(shù)名詞，就只能用單數(shù)形式。如：None of us are (is) perfect. 人無完人。None of

8、the money was paid to me.連一分錢也沒有付給我。（3）all作主語，指人時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)；指物時，謂語用單數(shù)。如：All have gone home. 大家都走了。All that glitters is not gold. 發(fā)亮的不一定都是金子。5. “many a (an) +名詞” 和 “more than one +名詞”做主語，謂語用單數(shù)。Many a student is interested in English grammar. 很多學(xué)生對英語語法感興趣。More than one person was involved in the case.不止一人

9、卷入這個案子。6.在四則運算中謂語單復(fù)數(shù)均可（常用單數(shù)）。Three and four is (are) seven. 3加4等于7.Two times ten is (are) twenty.2乘10等于20.7.當(dāng)kind of, type o f, sort of, pair of等做主語時，謂語與of 前的kind, pair, type等保持一致。如：This pair of trousers was made by Master Li. 這條褲子是李師傅做的。The kind of the apple tastes delicious.這種蘋果很好吃。Some kinds of b

10、amboo grow very fast.有些種類的竹子生長的非?？?。注意事項：“名詞+of this kind”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，謂語與其中的名詞保持一致。如：Apples of this kind are highly priced.這種蘋果定價很高。Men of this kind are dangerous.這種人很危險。8.由“some of，plenty of，a lot of，lots of，most of，the rest of，all of，half of，part of或分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞”等短語作主語時，謂語動詞常與of后的名詞保持?jǐn)?shù)的一致。一般來說，如果of后面所接名詞

11、為復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動詞為復(fù)數(shù)；如果of后面所接名詞為單數(shù)形式或不可數(shù)名詞，謂語就用單數(shù)形式。如：The rest of the lecture is dull講座的其余部分是枯燥的。The rest of the bicycles are on sale today剩余的自行車今天出售。Half of the apple is rotten這個蘋果的一半腐爛變質(zhì)了。Half of the apples are rotten這些蘋果有一半腐爛變質(zhì)了。注意事項：（1）當(dāng)“a number ofa variety ofvarieties of+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。但“the n

12、umber of(表數(shù)目)和the variety of(表種類)等+可數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：A number of new houses have been built there在那兒已建起許多新房子。There are a variety of goods on sale in the shop那個商店出售各種各樣的商品。The number of the people who know the secret is very limited知道這個秘密的人數(shù)很有限。The variety of goods on sale in the shop is surprising

13、那個商店商品的品種多得驚人。（2）“a large amount of+不可數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語用單數(shù)?！發(fā)arge amounts of+不可數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)?！癮 large quantity of+不可數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。“a large quantity of+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語常用復(fù)數(shù)?！發(fā)arge quantities of+不可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)?！癮 goodgreat deal of+不可數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語用單數(shù)。如：A large amount of clean water is wasted every day每天有大量干凈的水被浪

14、費掉。Vast amounts of money are being invested in the local market大量的資金投在當(dāng)?shù)氐氖袌錾?。Large quantities of beer are consumed in the city every year這個城市每年要消費大量的啤酒。A large quantity of money was spent on the bridge很多錢花在建這座橋上。A large quantity of materials were spent on the building建這個大樓耗費了大量的建筑材料。A good deal of w

15、ork has to be done today今天有大量的工作要做。9.在“one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+定語從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句謂語單復(fù)形式根據(jù)先行詞來判斷：若是one of結(jié)構(gòu)，定語從句謂語用復(fù)數(shù)；若是the only one of結(jié)構(gòu)，定語從句謂語用單數(shù)。如：Mary is one of the girls who like hiking.Mary is the only one of the girls who has passed the exam.10.“one and a half +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”或“a / one +單數(shù)名詞+ and a half”作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如：One

16、 and a half months has passed. 已經(jīng)過去了一個半月。A month and a half has passed. 已經(jīng)過去了一個半月。但是，國外一些詞書則認(rèn)為，謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于這兩個結(jié)構(gòu)中名詞的數(shù)：One and a half months have passed. 已經(jīng)過去了一個半月。A month and a half has passed. 已經(jīng)過去了一個半月。11.“one or two+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：One or two students were planting trees yesterday afternoon昨天下午有

17、一兩個學(xué)生在植樹?！揪毩?xí)一】1.（09陜西）Dr. Smith, together with his wife and daughters, _ (be) going to visit Beijing this summer.2.（2012湖南）All the scientific evidence _ (show) that increasing use of chemicals in farming _ (be) damaging our health.3.（11安徽卷）The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials, the rest o

18、f which _ (be) saved for other purposes.4.（11湖南卷) One third of the country _ (be) covered with trees and the majority of the citizens_ (be) black people.5.（10全國）Barbara is easy to recognize as shes the only one of the women who _ (wear) evening dress.6.（10湖南）Listening to loud music at rock concerts

19、_ (have) caused hearing loss in some teenagers.7.（10四川）Such poets as Shakespeare _ (be) widely read, of whose works, however, some _ (be) difficult to understand.8.（09山東）The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities _ (be) rising steadily since1990.9.（08陜西）Did you go to the show last

20、 night?Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area _ (be) invited.10.（06江蘇）A poet and artist _ (be) coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon. 11.（05山東）With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _ (wash) away each year.12.（07江西）Professor James will

21、 give us a lecture on the Western culture, but when and where _ yet.A. hasnt been decided B. havent decided C. isnt being decided D. arent decided二、意義上一致1.表示時間、距離、金錢、重量、長度、價值、數(shù)目等名詞作主語時，盡管其形式是復(fù)數(shù)，但在概念上通常把這些名詞看作是一個整體，因此根據(jù)意義一致的原則，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)形式。如：Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt25美元買那件襯

22、衣太貴了。Fifty minutes isnt enough to finish this test50分鐘完成這個測試是不夠的。Ten miles seems like a long walk to me對我來說，10英里步行似乎很遠(yuǎn)。當(dāng)然，在許多情況下，也可根據(jù)語法一致的原則，把這些名詞復(fù)數(shù)看作一個個的個體，使用復(fù)數(shù)動詞。如：Ten years have passed before I realized it.不知不覺10年過去了。2.當(dāng)“the+形容詞（過去分詞）”指一類人作主語時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。指個人或抽象概念時，謂語用單數(shù)。The poor live a hard life.窮人的日子

23、不好過。The sick and wounded were sent home.病人和傷員被送回家。The beautiful lives forever.美是永存的。The wounded is our headmaster.那個傷員是我們的校長。3.當(dāng)maths(mathematics), politics, physics等學(xué)科名詞作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。Politics is his favorite subject.政治學(xué)是他最喜歡的學(xué)科。Maths is a subject that is difficult to learn.數(shù)學(xué)是一門很難學(xué)的課程。4.書名、報刊名以及某些以-s結(jié)

24、尾的專有名詞作主語時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。如：Roots was a novel about a slave family.根是一本有關(guān)奴隸家庭的小說。Arabian Nights is full of interesting stories.一千零一夜充滿了有趣的故事。The United States is a developed country.美國是個發(fā)達(dá)國家。5.當(dāng)集合名詞audience, family, class, army, group, team, enemy, government, public, couple等作主語時，如果主語看作一個整體，謂語用單數(shù)，如果強調(diào)其中的

25、成員（個體時）謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。My family is a big one.我們家是個大家庭。My family are all music lovers.我們家全是音樂愛好者。The football team is the best one in this area.這只球隊是這個地區(qū)最好的一支球隊。The football team are having a bath.球員們正在洗澡。但有些集合名詞，如police, cattle, people等沒有單數(shù)形式，作主語時，謂語只能用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The people hope to live a happy life人民希望過上好日子。The p

26、olice have caught the criminal警察已經(jīng)逮捕了那個罪犯。Cattle feed on grass牛以草為食。6.有的名詞是單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)相同，如sheep, deer, aircraft, means, fish, works, species,等，作主語時，如表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，動詞用復(fù)數(shù)；如表示單數(shù)意義，動詞用單數(shù)。例如：Every possible means has been tried.每種方法都嘗試過了。All possible means have been tried.所有方法都嘗試了。The crossroads isare dangerous.這個(些)十

27、字路口很危險。There are two iron and steel works in our province.我省有兩家鋼鐵廠。A sheep is over there.那邊有只羊。Some sheep are over there.那邊有些羊。7.由兩個對稱部分組成一個物體的名詞，如trousers, shoes, glasses, compasses, jeans, pants, scissors等作主語時，謂語動詞一般用復(fù)數(shù)。如：His black trousers are too long.他的黑褲子太長。Your glasses are on your nose.你的眼鏡在你

28、鼻梁上。注：如果在這類名詞前用了量詞pair,piece等時，其謂語動詞應(yīng)與pair,piece等的單復(fù)數(shù)相一致。如：A pair of glasses costs quite a lot now.現(xiàn)在一副眼鏡值很多錢。There are two pairs of gloves on the desk.桌上有兩副手套。8.有些以-ch, -sh, -ese結(jié)尾的表示國家、民族的形容詞與定冠詞the連用，指整個民族，表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The English are said to be conservative.據(jù)說英國人是保守的。The Chinese are kind and

29、 friendly.中國人民友好善良。9.當(dāng)姓氏復(fù)數(shù)前加定冠詞表示一家人時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)。如：The Smiths were also invited.斯密斯夫婦也受到邀請?！揪毩?xí)二】【真題再現(xiàn)】1.（07江西）A survey of the opinions of experts _ (show) that three hours of outdoor exercise a week _ (be) good for ones health. 2.（00上海春）Every possible means _ (use) to prevent the air pollution, but the

30、 sky is still not clear.三、就近一致1.由or, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut (also)連接兩個或多個并列主語時，謂語動詞應(yīng)根據(jù)就近一致的原則，與其靠近的一個相一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are to blame或者老師或者學(xué)生們應(yīng)受到指責(zé)。Not only the students but also their teacher doesnt know about it不僅學(xué)生們不知道這件事，他們的老師也不知道。Neither the students nor the teac

31、her knows anything about it 學(xué)生和老師都不知道這事.He or you have taken my pen. 他或你拿了我的鋼筆。2.在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中和here開頭的句子，如果主語不只是一個，謂語通常和鄰近的那個主語相一致。如：There is a book，two ball-pens and several notebooks on the desk桌子上有一本書、兩支圓珠筆和幾個筆記本。There are four chairs and a table in the room房間里擺有4把椅子和一張桌子?！揪毩?xí)三】1.（09湖南）Either you o

32、r one of your students _ (be) to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.2. Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ (be) tired of having one examination after another. (89)【鞏固練習(xí)】1.Nobody but Jane _ (know) the secret. (86)2.All but one _ (be) here just now. (87)3.A library with five thousand books _ (off

33、er) to the nation as a gift. (90)4.When and where to build the new factory _ (not; decide) yet. (91)5.Either you or the headmaster_(be) to hand out the prizes to these gifted students at the meeting(1994上海)6.The number of people invited _ (be) fifty, but a number of them _ (be) absent for different

34、reasons. (96)7.E-mail, as well as telephones,_ (play) an important role in our daily life(1999上海)8.（2000全國春）All the preparations for the task _(complete), and we are ready to start.9.（2000 NMET）Two fifths of the land in that district _ (be) covered with trees and grass.10.（2000上海春）I told him what I

35、was surprised at _ (be) his attitude towards his study.11.（2001上海）As a result of destroying the forest, a large quantity of desert _ (have) covered the land.12.（02上海春）He is the only one of the students who _(be) a winner of scholarship for three years.13.（04福建）She has set a new record, that is, the

36、sales of her latest book _ (reach) 50 million.14.（04上海春）No one in the department but Tom and I _ (know) that the director is going to resign.15.（04廣東）All the employees except the manager _(encourage) to work online at home.16.（04北京）The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, _ (be) visiting a

37、 museum when the earthquake struck.17.（05遼寧）Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside, _ (work) in the clothing industry.18.（05上海）Professor Smith, along with his assistants, _ (work) on the project day and night to meet the deadline.19.（05山東）The country life he was use

38、d to _ (change) greatly since 1992.20.（06浙江）The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third _ (be) used regularly. Now we have 60 working all day long. 21.（06安徽）Most of what has been said about the Smiths _ (be) also true of the Johnsons.22.（06遼寧）The father as well as his three childr

39、en _ (go) skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter.23.（07湖南）We live day by day, but in the great things, the time of days and weeks _ (be) so small that a day is unimportant. 24.（07陜西）As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area_(need) repairing.25.（0

40、9四川）The teacher together with the students _ (be) discussing Reading Skills that _ (be) newly published in America.26. （2012陜西）The basketball coach, as well as his team, _ (be) interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.27.(2013江蘇) Generally, students inner motivation with

41、 high expectations from others _ (be) essential to their development.28.(2013湖南) The university estimates that living expenses for international students _ (be) around $8,450 a year, which _ (be) a burden for some of them.29.（2013福建）The famous musician, as well as his students, _ (invite) to perform

42、 at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.語法復(fù)習(xí)主謂一致答案【練習(xí)一】1. is 2. shows; is 3. were 4. is; are 5. wears 6. has 7. are；are 8. has been 9. was 10.is 11. are being washed 12.A【練習(xí)二】1. shows; is 2. has been used 【練習(xí)三】1. is 2. are 【鞏固練習(xí)】1. knows 2. were 3. is offered 4. is not decided/hasnt

43、been decided 5.is 6. was; were 7. plays 8. have been completed 9.is 10. was 11.has 12. has been 13. have reached 14. knows 15. are encouraged 16. was 17. work/are working 18. is working 19. has changed 20. were 21. is 22. goes 23. is 24. need 25. is; was 26. was 27. is 28. are; is 29. was invited 附錄

44、資料：不需要的可以自行刪除 竹材重點知識1竹材及非木質(zhì)材料作為原料的應(yīng)用特點與局限A非木質(zhì)原料應(yīng)用中具有的優(yōu)點來源廣泛，價格低廉；原料單一，對穩(wěn)定產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量有利，生產(chǎn)工藝易于控制；備料工段設(shè)備簡單（竹材除外）；工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中動力消耗較木質(zhì)原料少（加工、干燥等）。B不利因素原料收獲季節(jié)性強。為保證常年生產(chǎn)，工廠需儲備8-9個月的原料，而該類原料體積蓬松，占用地面與空間很大，造成儲存場地之困難；原料收購局限性強。非木質(zhì)原料質(zhì)地松散，造成收集與運輸上的不便，為降低成本，收集半徑一般不超過100公里；非木質(zhì)原料儲藏保管較難。非木質(zhì)原料所含糖類、淀粉及其它易分解的物質(zhì)較木質(zhì)材料高，易于蟲蛀或產(chǎn)生霉變與腐爛（采

45、取的措施：高密度打包儲存，切段堆積儲存，干燥后儲存，噴灑藥劑儲存等，但增加了工序和成本）；非木質(zhì)原料含雜雜物多（蔗渣含20%以上的蔗髓，棉桿含殘花和泥沙，蘆葦有葦髓和葉鞘，稻殼含米坯等），對產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量有影響，生產(chǎn)前應(yīng)分離，增加了工序與成本；其它尚未解決的問題：棉桿皮韌性大，纏繞設(shè)備造成堵塞、起火；原料易水解，濕法生產(chǎn)中造成的污染大；稻殼板硬度大，對刀具磨損十分嚴(yán)重等，目前尚無參考模式，有待進(jìn)一步研究克服。2.分布概況： 竹子是森林資源之一。中國竹類資源分為四個區(qū)：黃河-長江竹區(qū)、長江-南嶺竹區(qū)、華南竹區(qū)、西南高山竹區(qū)。3地下莖：竹類植物在土中橫向生長的莖部，有明顯的分節(jié)，節(jié)上生根，節(jié)側(cè)有芽，可萌

46、發(fā)而為新的地下莖或發(fā)筍出土成竹，俗稱竹鞭，亦名鞭莖。因竹種不同，地下莖有下列三種類型：單軸型、合軸型、復(fù)軸型。4.竹稈：竹稈是竹子的主題部分，分為稈柄、稈基和稈莖三部分。1）稈柄：竹稈的最下部分，與竹鞭或母竹的稈基相連，細(xì)小、短縮、不生根，俗稱螺絲釘或龍眼雞頭，是竹子地上和地下系統(tǒng)連接輸導(dǎo)的樞紐。2）稈基：竹稈的入土生根部分，由數(shù)節(jié)至10數(shù)節(jié)組成，節(jié)間短縮而粗大。稈基各節(jié)密集生根，稱為竹根，形成竹株獨立根系。稈基、稈柄和竹根合稱為竹蔸。3）稈莖：竹稈的地上部分，端正通直，一般形圓而中空有節(jié)，上部分枝著葉。每節(jié)有兩環(huán)，下環(huán)為籜環(huán)，又叫鞘環(huán)，是竹籜脫落后留下的環(huán)痕；上環(huán)為稈環(huán)，是居間分生組織停止生

47、長后留下的環(huán)痕。兩環(huán)之間稱為節(jié)內(nèi)，兩節(jié)之間稱為節(jié)間。相鄰兩節(jié)間有一木質(zhì)橫隔，稱為節(jié)隔，著生于節(jié)內(nèi)。竹稈的節(jié)、節(jié)間形狀和節(jié)間長度因竹種而有變化。5.竹子各部位之間的關(guān)系 竹連鞭，鞭生芽，芽孕筍，筍長竹，竹又養(yǎng)鞭，循環(huán)增殖，互為因果，鞭竹息息相關(guān)的統(tǒng)一有機整體。6竹林的采伐竹林采伐時必須做到“采育兼顧”，才能達(dá)到竹林永續(xù)利用、資源永不枯竭之目的。正確確定伐竹年齡、采伐強度、采伐季節(jié)、采伐方法四個技術(shù)環(huán)節(jié)是竹林采伐的關(guān)鍵所在。7.采伐竹齡：竹林為異齡林，一般只能采取齡級擇伐方式，根據(jù)竹類植物的生長發(fā)育規(guī)律，竹筍成竹后，稈形生長基本結(jié)束，體積不再有變化，但材質(zhì)生長仍在進(jìn)行，密度和力學(xué)強度仍在增長和變化

48、，根據(jù)其變化情況可分為三個階段，即材質(zhì)增進(jìn)期，材質(zhì)穩(wěn)定期和材質(zhì)下降期。竹子的采伐年齡最好在竹材材質(zhì)穩(wěn)定期，遵循“存三（度）砍四（度）不留七（度）”的原則。8.伐竹季節(jié)：春栽夏劈秋冬伐。 一般竹林應(yīng)該在冬季采伐，應(yīng)在出筍當(dāng)年的晚秋或冬季（小年春前）?；曛窳郑瑧?yīng)砍伐竹葉發(fā)黃、即將換葉的小年竹，而不應(yīng)砍伐竹葉茂密正在孵筍的大年竹；叢生竹林，一般夏秋季節(jié)出筍，采伐季節(jié)選在晚秋或早春，使新竹能發(fā)枝展葉。 原因：a.該季節(jié)竹子處于休眠狀態(tài)，竹液流動慢，同化作用較弱； b.可溶性物質(zhì)變成復(fù)雜的有機物儲存，竹材力學(xué)性質(zhì)好，不易蟲蛀； c.冬季，林地中主要害蟲處于越冬狀態(tài)，不會對采伐后的竹林造成傷害； d.該

49、季節(jié)新竹尚未發(fā)出，可避免采伐時造成損傷。9.竹材的儲藏與保管具體要求：1）按照不同質(zhì)量分類保管；2）按照規(guī)格大小，分別存放；3）先進(jìn)先出，推陳出新；4）防蟲防蛀，噴熏藥物。10.竹材的缺陷及其發(fā)生規(guī)律：1）蟲蛀和霉腐一般發(fā)生規(guī)律如下：a.竹黃較竹青嚴(yán)重；b.6-7年生竹材較輕，3-5年生以下較重；c.冬季采伐的較輕，秋季次之，春季采伐的較重；e.山地生長的較平地生長的輕；f.通風(fēng)透光儲藏遭受損害的較少，陰暗不透風(fēng)的則多。11.竹壁：竹稈圓筒狀的外殼。一般根部最厚，至上部遞減，自內(nèi)向外分為竹青、竹肉和竹黃三個部分。 12.影響竹材密度的因素：竹種：與其地理分布有一定的關(guān)系，分布在氣溫較低、雨量較

50、少的北部地區(qū)的竹材（如剛竹）密度較大，反之，則密度較小。竹齡：隨著年齡的增長，密度不斷的提高和變化（因竹材細(xì)胞壁和內(nèi)容物是隨竹齡的增加而逐漸充實和變化的），可根據(jù)其規(guī)律性作為確定竹材合理采伐年齡的理論依據(jù)之一。立地條件：氣候溫暖多濕，土壤深厚肥沃的條件下生長好，竹竿粗大，但組織疏松，維管束密度小，從而密度小，反之密度大。竹稈部位：同一竹種，自基部至稍部，密度逐漸增大，同一高度上，竹壁外側(cè)高于內(nèi)側(cè)，有節(jié)部分大于無節(jié)部分。13竹材特性竹材與木材相比，具有強度高、韌性大，剛性好、易加工等特點，使竹材具有多種多樣的用途，但這些特性也在相當(dāng)程度上限制了其優(yōu)越性的發(fā)揮，竹材的基本特性如下：1）易加工，用途

51、廣泛：剖篾、編織、彎曲成型、易染色漂白、原竹利用等；2）直徑小，壁薄中空，具有尖削度：強重比高，適于原竹利用，但不能像木材一樣直接進(jìn)行鋸切、刨切和旋切，經(jīng)過一定的措施可以獲得高得率的旋切竹單板和紋理美觀的刨切竹薄木；3）結(jié)構(gòu)不均勻：給加工利用帶來很多不利影響（如竹青、竹黃對膠粘劑的濕潤、膠合性能幾乎為零，而竹肉則有良好的膠合性能；4）各向異性明顯：主要表現(xiàn)在縱向強度大，橫向強度小，容易產(chǎn)生劈裂5）易蟲蛀、腐朽和霉變：竹材比木材含有更多的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)造成；6）運輸費用大，難以長期保存：壁薄中空，體積大，車輛實際裝載量小，不宜長距離運輸；易蟲蛀、腐朽和霉變，不宜長時間保存；砍伐季節(jié)性強，規(guī)?；a(chǎn)與原

52、竹供應(yīng)之間矛盾較為突出。14. 竹材人造板的構(gòu)成原則：以克服竹材本身固有的某些缺陷，使竹材人造板具有幅面大且不變形、不開裂等特點為出發(fā)點的，主要遵循以下兩個原則：對稱原則：對稱中心平面兩側(cè)的對應(yīng)層，竹種、厚度、層數(shù)、纖維方向、含水率、制造方法相互對應(yīng)。奇數(shù)性原則：主要針對非定向結(jié)構(gòu)的多層人造板15.竹材人造板的結(jié)構(gòu)特性：1）結(jié)構(gòu)的對稱性：盡可能的克服各向異性2）強度的均齊性：材料在各個方向強度大小的差異，以均齊系數(shù)表達(dá)（竹纖維板、碎料板趨于1）。 3）材質(zhì)的均勻性：能提高板材外觀質(zhì)量，也可減少應(yīng)力集中造成的破壞。(板材優(yōu)于竹材，結(jié)構(gòu)單元越小的板材均勻性越好).16.膠層厚度：不產(chǎn)生缺膠的情況下

53、，越薄越好（2050微米）？1）薄膠層變形需要的應(yīng)力比厚膠層大2）隨著膠層厚度的增加，流動或蠕變的幾率增大3）膠層越厚，由膨脹差而引起界面的內(nèi)應(yīng)力與熱應(yīng)力大4）堅硬的膠粘劑，膠合界面在彎曲應(yīng)力的作用下，薄膠層斷裂強度高5）膠層越厚，氣泡或其他缺陷數(shù)量增加，早期破壞幾率增加17. 竹材膠合板：是將竹材經(jīng)過高溫軟化展平成竹片毛坯，再以科學(xué)的、比較簡便的、連續(xù)化的加工方法和盡可能少改變竹材厚度和寬度的結(jié)合形式獲得最大厚度和寬度的竹片，減少生產(chǎn)過程中的勞動消耗和膠粘劑用量，從而生產(chǎn)出保持竹材特性的強度高、剛性好、耐磨損的工程結(jié)構(gòu)用竹材人造板。竹材的高溫軟化-展平是該項工藝的主要特征。A原竹截斷截斷：先

54、去斜頭；由基至稍，分段截取；截彎存直，提高等級；留足余量。B竹片軟化的目的：將半圓形的竹筒展平，則竹筒的外表面受壓應(yīng)力，內(nèi)表面受拉應(yīng)力，其應(yīng)力大小為：=ES/2r減小E值是減小竹材展平時反向應(yīng)力的有效手段，從而可以減少展平時竹材內(nèi)表面的裂縫的寬度和深度。減小竹材彈性模量的方法和措施統(tǒng)稱為竹材軟化。C.軟化方法 ：在目前的技術(shù)條件下，提高竹筒含水率和溫度是提高竹材本身塑性、減小竹材彈性模量，從而達(dá)到減小展開過程中方向彎曲時拉伸應(yīng)力的有效措施。D.刨削加工目的：1）去青去黃，改善竹材表面性能，提高膠粘效果； 2）使竹片全長上具有同一厚度，以獲得較高膠粘性能和較小的厚度偏差。E.竹片干燥: 實踐證明

55、，使用PF時，竹片的含水率應(yīng)低于8%，而使用UF時，應(yīng)小于12%，才能獲得理想的膠合強度。預(yù)干燥：目的為了提高竹片的干燥效率，主要設(shè)備是高效螺旋燃燒爐竹片干燥窯，干燥周期較長，一般10-12小時，終含水率由35-50%降至12-15%。定型干燥：因竹片是由圓弧狀經(jīng)水煮、高溫軟化、展平而成平直狀，但在自然狀態(tài)中仍具有較大的彈性恢復(fù)力，故需采用加壓的干燥和設(shè)備。F組坯：將面、背板竹片和涂過膠的芯板竹片組合成板坯的過程成為組坯。1）板坯厚度的確定：s=100s合/（100-）式中：s為板坯厚度（各層竹片厚度之和，mm），s合為竹材膠合板厚度（mm），為板坯熱壓時的壓縮率（%）。板坯的壓縮率與熱壓時的

56、溫度、壓力和竹材的產(chǎn)地、竹齡等多種因素有關(guān)。通常溫度為140-145，單位壓力為3.0-3.5Mpa時，板坯的壓縮率為13.0%-16.0%。2）組坯操作注意事項：a. 面、背板竹片應(yīng)預(yù)先區(qū)分好。b.組坯時芯板與面、背板竹片纖維方向應(yīng)互相垂直。面板與背板竹片組坯時，竹青面朝外，竹黃面朝內(nèi)；芯板竹片組坯時，為防止竹材膠合板由于結(jié)構(gòu)不對稱而產(chǎn)生變形，應(yīng)將每張竹片的竹青、竹黃的朝向依次交替排列。c.竹片厚度較大，寬度較?。ㄆ骄?00毫米左右），涂膠量不大，因而其吸水膨脹值（絕對值）不大，故芯板組坯時不必留有吸水膨脹后的間隙，只需將竹片涂膠后緊靠排列即可。d.組坯時面、背板及芯板竹片組成的板坯要做到“一邊一角一頭”平齊，可為鋸邊工序提供縱邊和橫邊兩個基準(zhǔn)面。G熱壓膠合1)工藝過程：竹片涂膠以后組成板坯，經(jīng)過加溫加壓使膠粘劑固化，膠合成竹材膠合板的過程稱為熱壓膠合，這是一個十分復(fù)雜的物理和化學(xué)變化過程?？蓧毫ψ兓闆r可分為三個階段：A第一階段：從放第一張板坯進(jìn)入熱壓板至全部熱壓板閉和并達(dá)到要求的單位壓力，稱為自由加熱期。B第二階段：從熱壓板內(nèi)的板坯達(dá)到要求的單位壓力至降壓開始，稱為壓力保持期；C第三階段：從熱壓板的板坯降壓開始到熱壓板全部