高三英語議論說明文主題句

1、 高三議論說明文主題句專題精講 一 議論文說明文主題句的解析 英語段落的中心思想常用主題句表達。所謂主題句就是概括說明某一段落中心思想的句子。閱讀的主要目的就是讀懂文章段落的中心大意閱讀理解的技巧中非常重要的一點是在閱讀中迅速地抓住文章或段落的中心思想。段落的構(gòu)成有其內(nèi)在的規(guī)律，其中心思想往往是通過段落中的主題句來體現(xiàn)的。因此了解并掌握這些規(guī)律，迅速找出主題句，這些規(guī)律主要是通過主題句在段落中所處的不同的位置體現(xiàn)的。因此同學(xué)們首先應(yīng)對以下四種段型有所了解，然后通過一系列有意識的訓(xùn)練掌握它們。1.首句是主題句的規(guī)律給予例證、解釋或說明的段落;下定義的段落;對兩個或兩個以上的事物作比較或?qū)Ρ鹊亩温?/p>

2、;表明原因和結(jié)果(往往結(jié)果交代在前)的段落。主題句是首句的段落總是用演繹法撰寫，遵循從一般到個別或特殊的寫作程序，即以概述開段，隨之輔以細說。這樣的段落在文章中出現(xiàn)得最多，據(jù)專門研究閱讀理論與技巧的專家們統(tǒng)計，概率達到70%。請看下例：（1）Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries. Well-designed tools and equipment will require less force to operate them and prevent awkward（別扭的）hand positio

3、ns. They will allow the worker to keep the elbows（肘）next to the body to prevent damage to the shoulder and arm.解析：讀首段，找出首段中有主題句，文章很明顯的第一段就提出了說明的內(nèi)容“Good tool design is important in the prevention of overuse injuries.”（2）Two friends have an argument that bleaks up their friendship forever, even though

4、 neither one can remember how the whole thing got started. Such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country. In fact, according to an official report on youth violence, In our country today, the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvat

5、ion or abandonment, but the terrible reality of violence. Given that this is the case, why arent students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?解析：讀首段，找出首段中有主題句，文章很明顯的第一段就給我們論點“Given that this is the case, why arent students taug

6、ht to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems, drive cars, or stay physically fit?（3）People who talk and sing to plants have no mental problems at all, according to an agricultural expert. In fact, singing and talking to plants makes them grow better, says Dr Braymar. The reas

7、on is quite simple. When we sing or talk to plants, we exhale(呼出) CO2 which plants need to survive (continue to live)and grow better. Plants absorb (take in) CO2 through their pores(小孔) during the sunlight hours and produce oxygen which people to survive. Singing and talking have good effect on plan

8、ts, however, only during the daytime. Singing or talking at bedtime will not help plants to grow better or grow faster.解析：本段的首句是主題句，其后的句子或是解釋說明“對植物說話或唱歌有益于植物”，或是為這一主題思想提供論據(jù)。本段的結(jié)尾句呼應(yīng)主題句，在給予主題思想又一論據(jù)的同時，幽默地收尾。 2.段落尾句是主題句的規(guī)律(1)闡述一個不常見的或難以令人接受的觀點的段落。(2)旨在說服讀者相信甚至信服其論點的段落。尾句是主題句的段落總是用歸納法撰寫的，其程序是先表述細節(jié)或交代論據(jù)

9、，最后作出概括性的結(jié)論，以總結(jié)性的句子收尾。這種寫作方法的特點是從個別到一般，由特殊性到共性。請看下例：（1）The little boy smiled and thanked us. We wished him the best and he left. I was left with a good feeling.I had seen the love and goodness of others all around me.The woman in front of me smiled and said, “It sure feels good to give, doesnt it?”

10、I smiled back and said, “Yes!”解析：找到主題句，即劃線句。主要是講述了Love and goodness的關(guān)系。（2）If you hadnt known them, you would have thought Joe and Jim were quite alike. They were both tall and wore long and fair hair. They both walked with a steady stride (堅定的步伐). They both spoke in a deep voice that made themselves

11、 seem much older than they really were. Both of them wore dark clothes as a rule, and they liked light coloured ties. But that was all the likeness they had. In other things they were sharply different. Joe was considerate and helpful, and everyone liked him. Jim, however, was very selfish and often

12、 flared into terrible anger (勃然大怒) at little things that displeased him. Alike as Joe and Jim were on the surface, they were really very different in nature.解析：這段文字從喬與吉姆兩個人相像和不同的細節(jié)敘述，最后一句作了歸納總結(jié)：這兩人表面相似，但實質(zhì)極不相同。3.段落中間句是主題句的規(guī)律表述某種觀點的段落的主題句往往處于段落的中間。這樣段落先以一句或幾句為主題句的出現(xiàn)作鋪墊，或是交代一個細節(jié)或論據(jù)。在主題句出場后，仍有適當(dāng)數(shù)量的句子陳述

13、細節(jié)或繼續(xù)給予例證。這類段落包括幾個層次：引題主題思想解釋或“提問”回答問題或繼續(xù)給予例證。這樣段落的撰寫總是遵循這條規(guī)律：先歸納后演繹。給出一兩個例證之后，作出概括性的總結(jié)，然后根據(jù)這一結(jié)論再給予例證來證實其論點。請看下例：（1）When you throw a ball up into the air as fast as you can, the ball reaches a point where it seems to pause for a moment, and then it comes down. When a bullet (子彈) is shot straight up,

14、 it will travel much faster and higher than a ball, but it, too, will come down. Whatever goes up must come down. We have al-ways thought this to be true. An airplane may climb to a height of seventeen miles and then travel far and long. Yet it does not stay up forever. Finally, like every-thing els

15、e, the plane must come down.解析：本段文字中間劃線的這句話是主題句。其行文順序與寫作方法與上述的發(fā)展程序完全吻合。（2）Some people think that success is only for those with talent or those who grow up in the right family, and others believe that success mostly comes down to luck. Im not going to say luck, talent, and circumstances dont come in

16、to play because they do. Some people are born into the right family while others are born with great intelligence, and thats just the reality of how life is.However, to succeed in life, one first needs to set a goal and then gradually make it more practical. And, in addition to that, in order to get

17、 really good at something, one needs to spend at least 10,000 hours studying and practicing. To become great at certain things, itll require even more time, time that most people wont put in.This is a big reason why many successful people advise you to do something you love. If you dont enjoy what y

18、ou do, it is going to feel like unbearable pain and will likely make you quit well before you ever become good at it.解析：本文有首段引出了話題在人生中要成功，雖然運氣、天賦、家庭出生固然很重要，但在第二段：說明成功首先要樹立目標(biāo)，由第二段開頭的However可知，本文的中心論題不是第一段而在第二段to succeed in life, one first needs to needs to 4. 主題句沒有明顯地表示出來，而用一種含蓄的方法加以表示。這時需要讀者對整段意思加以領(lǐng)

19、會，然后自己歸納出一句能體現(xiàn)全段中心思想的主題句來。如： （1）Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is pr

20、esently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.解析：全篇共四句，只陳述了四個細節(jié)(detail)性的事實。因此就答案本身看，個個都對。讀者只能將所有的details綜合起來，進行邏輯推理，才能構(gòu)成一個沒有言明的主題思想(unstated main idea)。由于文中主要涉及了Joshua Bingham接受教育的情況，即作者想告訴我們的是：Joshua Bingham接受過良好的教育。（2）First you must wait for a sunny day. Remember that the rays of the sun are mos

21、t direct between 11 a.m. and 2 p.m. This is the time when you will tan the quickest. At the right time and on the right day, pick an open spot outdoors and lay out a large towel or beach mat. You want to bring along several things: suntan oil, a portable radio, a book or magazine, sunglasses, a pill

22、ow. It is a good idea not to stay in the sun too long at first. Begin with a half hour, and then gradually increase the time you spend in the sun. Certain parts of you body will burn more quickly than others. These include the backs of you knees, the insides of your elbows, your shoulders, and your

23、nose. Be sure to cover these spots with suntan oil when you first go outside. Cover them again with oil after you have been out in the sun for a while.解析：(可能的含蓄主題句：Taking a sunbath calls for careful planning. 或 It calls for careful planning to take a sunbath.)要注意，這種包含在段落意義中的含蓄主題句對于初學(xué)者來說比較困難，只有在熟練掌握上

24、述各種主題句用法基礎(chǔ)上，才可靈活辨別。（3）Astronauts on shorter shuttle missions（使命） often work very long days. Tasks are scheduled so tightly that break times are often used to finish the days work. This type of schedule is far too demanding for long missions on the International Space Station（ISS）ISS crew members usu

25、ally live in space for at least a quarter of a year. They work five days on and two days off to mimic the normal way they do things on Earth as much as possible. Weekends give the crew valuable time to rest and do a few hours of housework. They can communicate with family and friends by email，intern

26、et phone and through private video conferences. While astronauts cannot go to a baseball game or a movie in orbit，there are many familiar activities that they can still enjoy .Before a mission，the family and friends of each ISS crew member put together a collection of family photos，messages，videos a

27、nd reading material for the astronauts to look at when they will be floating 370 kilometers above the Earth. During their mission，the crew also receives care packages with CDs，books，magazines，photos and letters. And as from early 2010，the internet became available on the ISS，giving astronauts the ch

28、ance to do some “web surfing（沖浪）”in their personal time. Besides relaxing with these more common entertainments，astronauts can simply enjoy the experience of living in space. Many astronauts say that one of the most relaxing things to do in space is to look out the window and stare at the universe a

29、nd the Earth. Both the shuttle and the ISS circle the planet several times each day，and every moment offers a new view of the Earths vast land mass and oceans. 解析：本文主要向我們介紹了宇航員在休息時做的事，但可以看出文章中的句首和句尾都沒有其主題句。但通過第一段中的They can communicate with family and friends by email，internet phone and through priva

30、te video conferences，第二段中的第一句do some “web surfing（沖浪）”in their personal time，以及最后一段的內(nèi)容可以看出本文向我們介紹了宇航員在太空中是如何打發(fā)他們的自由利用的時間的。二、專題過關(guān)實例演練（一）Eating too much fatty food, exercising too little and smoking can raise your future risk of heart disease. But there is another factor that can cause your heart prob

31、lems more immediately: the air you breathe.Previous studies have linked high exposure (暴露）to environmental pollution to an increased risk of heart problem, but two analyses now show that poor air quality can lead to heart attack or stroke (中風(fēng)）within as little as a few hours after exposure. In one re

32、view of the research, scientists found that people exposed to high levels of pollutants (污染物）were up to 5% more likely to suffer a heart attack within days of exposure than those with lower exposure. A separate study of stroke patients showed that even air that the U. S. Environmental Protection Age

33、ncy (EPA) considers to be of “moderate” (良好）quality and relatively safe for our health can raise the risk of stroke as much as 34% within 12 to 14 hours of exposure.The authors of both studies stress that these risks are relatively small for healthy people and certainly modest compared with other ri

34、sk factors such as smoking and high blood pressure. However, it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choices. So stricter regulation by the EPA of pollutants may not only improve environmental air quality but could also become

35、 necessary to protect public health.1.找出文章中第1段中的主題句：But there is another factor that can cause your heart problems more immediately: the air you breathe. 2.找出文章中最后一段中的主題句：However, it is important to be aware of these dangers because everyone is exposed to air pollution regardless of lifestyle choice

36、s.3. The text mainly discusses the relationship between .A. heart problems and air quality B. heart problems and exercisingC. heart problems and smoking D. heart problems and fatty food解析思路：A1，讀首段，引出了要說明的觀點：But there is another factor that can cause your heart problems more immediately: the air you

37、breathe.即：最新的研究表明，另外一項我們平時不注意的東西更使我們患心臟病的風(fēng)險大大增加，那就是我們所呼吸的空氣。說明了空氣的質(zhì)量和心臟病之間可能存在的某種關(guān)系。2，通過略讀全文，找出第二三段與第一段之間的關(guān)系，不難看出第二三段是舉出了大量的實驗的例子來說明空氣環(huán)境質(zhì)量差的患心臟病的肯能性要比空氣質(zhì)量差的患心臟病的可能性大。3，再回顧第一自然段的最后一句可知本文大意是說明空氣質(zhì)量和心臟病發(fā)病率之間的關(guān)系，選A。(二)Louis Armstrong had two famous nicknames (綽號). Some people called him Bagama. They said

38、 his mouth looked like a large bag, Musicians often called him Pops, as a sign of respect for his influence (影響) on the world of music.Born in 1901 in New Orleans, be grew up poor, but lived among great musicians. Jazz was invented in the city a few years before his birth. Armstrong often said,“Jazz

39、 and I grew up together.”Armstrong showed a great talent (天賦) for music when he was taught to play the cornet (短號) at a boys home. In his late teens, Armstrong began to live the life of a musician. He played in parades, clubs, and on the steamboats that traveled on the Mississippi River. At that tim

40、e, New Orleans was famous for the new music of jazz and was home to many great musicians. Armstrong learned from the older musicians and soon became respected as their equal.In 1922 he went to Chicago. There, the tale of Louis Armstrong begins. From then until the end of his life, Armstrong was cele

41、brated and loved wherever be went Armstrong had no equal when it came to playing the American popular song.His cornet playing had a deep humanity (仁愛) and warmth that caused many listeners to say, “Listening to Pops just makes you feel good all over.”He was the father of the jazz style(風(fēng)格) and also

42、one of the best-known and most admired people in the world. His death, on July 6, 1971, was headline news around the world.1.找出文章中第1段的主題句：Louis Armstrong had two famous nicknames (綽號). 2.找出或歸納文章中的第3段的主題句：He was talented in learning all kinds of music at different periods of ages .3. Which would be t

43、he best title for the text?A. The Invention of the Jazz Music B. The Father of the Jazz StyleC. The Making of a Musician D. The Spread of Popular Music解析：這篇文章講述了Armstrong稱為爵士音樂之父的過程，文章最后一段中“He was the father of the jazz style(風(fēng)格) and also one of the best-known and most admired people in the world.”點

44、明了文章的主題，是總結(jié)全文的主題句。很明顯本文是一篇人物傳記。由此我們可以選出正確答案B。（三）Michael, a typical American, stays home on workday. He plugs into his personal computer terminal in order to connect with the office. After work he puts on his headphones, watches a movie on his home video recorder or plays baseball on the computer. On

45、 many days, Michael does not talk to any other human beings, and he does not see any people except the ones on television. Michael is imaginary, but his life style is very possible. The inventions of modern technology seem to be cutting us off from contact with our fellow human beings. 找出文章中的主題句：The

46、 inventions of modern technology seem to be cutting us off from contact with our fellow human beings. 二、學(xué)法提煉1、專題特點理解一個段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要學(xué)會尋找主題句。主題句一般具有三個特點：（1）概括性強，表述的意思比較概括。（2）結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，句子結(jié)構(gòu)較簡單，多數(shù)都不采用長、難句的形式。（3）受它支撐，段落中其他的句子是用來解釋、支撐或發(fā)展該句所表述的主題思想。2、解題方法第一招：識別篇章或段落結(jié)構(gòu)、尋找篇章或段落主題句文章的首尾段往往揭士文章的主題，各段的首位也往往是各段主題句的

47、出處，因此，一般來說閱讀完首尾段及各段首尾句就可以準(zhǔn)確概括出文章的主旨大意。一般而言，主題句在句法結(jié)構(gòu)上有如下特點：所表達的思想有概括性；句子結(jié)構(gòu)簡單明了；文章和段落中的其他句子都是對主題句的進一步解釋、說明、論證或擴展。全文的主題句一般在首段開頭或第二段開頭；段落的主題句一般在段落的開頭和結(jié)尾。如果全文沒有主題句，文章的主旨也往往可以根據(jù)各段的主題句歸納概括出來。第二招：注意文中出現(xiàn)頻率較高的詞匯文章中重復(fù)頻率較高的詞匯很可能就是蘊含文章中心意思的關(guān)鍵詞，這類關(guān)鍵詞可能是同一個詞語多次出現(xiàn)，也可能是同一類詞語貫穿全文。第三招：概括性選項優(yōu)先，片面選項勿選能夠表現(xiàn)文章主旨大意的選項一般都有較強

48、的概括性，因此在選擇時應(yīng)優(yōu)先考慮這類選項。主旨大意題的干擾項經(jīng)常是文中部分內(nèi)容的概括，其本身內(nèi)容與原文相符，但只是文章所陳述主體的一部分，而不能概括整篇文章的主旨，因此在解答主旨大意題時，要從文章的整體來考慮，切記根據(jù)某一段落而誤選內(nèi)容片面的選項。3、注意事項 (一) 夾敘夾議文: 主題句常在議論中 說明文: 一般在首段 議論文: 一般為總分總模式, 即主題句（作者的觀點） 常在首段或末段（作者觀點的重申）。當(dāng)然，由于寫 作需要，主題句偶爾也可在一段 文章中間。 (二) 文中出現(xiàn)的連詞（轉(zhuǎn)折but/ however，因果 so/ therefore，或一些常見但在文章中間出現(xiàn)有一定目的的詞（i

49、n fact, the study shows that, for example, in short）, 這些詞后面所闡述的往往就是主題句 。(三)有的文章無明顯主題句，主題句隱含在段意之中，這就需要讀者對每段文章的段意進行歸納，在段落大意的基礎(chǔ)上再進一步加工概括了。(四)首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時,對該問題的解答就是文章主旨.能力培養(yǎng)綜合題1 Too much TV-watching can harm childrens ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree, new studies su

50、ggest in the latest effort to examine the effects of television on children.One of the studies looked at nearly 400 northern California third-graders. Those with TVs in their bedrooms scored about eight points lower on math and language arts tests than children without bedrooms TVs.請找出第一段話的主題句：Too m

51、uch TV-watching can harm childrens ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree, 解析：通過文章的句首中的Too much TV-watching can harm childrens ability to learn and even reduce their chances of getting a college degree，以及第二段中對上述的觀點進行了例證，可以看出是整個文章中的主題句。綜合題2There are three separate

52、sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power（原子能） First，the radioactive material must travel from its place of production to the power stationAlthough the power stations themselves are strongly built，the containers used for the transport of the materials are notNormally，only two methods of

53、 transport are in use，namely road or railUnfortunately，both of these may have an effect on the general public，since they are sure to pass near，or even through，heavily populated areasSecond，there is the problem of wasteAll nuclear power stations produce wastes that in most cases will remain radioacti

54、ve for thousands of yearsIt is impossible to make these wastes nonradioactive，and so they must be stored in one of the inconvenient ways that scientists have inventedFor example，they may be buried under the ground，or dropped into deserted mines， or sunk in the seaHowever，these methods do not solve t

55、he problem，since an earthquake could easily break the containersThird，there may occur the danger of a leak（泄漏）or an explosion at the power stationAs with the other two dangers，this is not very likely，so it does not provide a serious objection to the nuclear programHowever，it can happenSeparately，the

56、se three types of dangers are not a great cause for worryTaken together， though，the probability of disaster（災(zāi)難）is extremely high請分別找出文章中第1段，第2段和第3段的主題句，并總結(jié)文章的主旨大意：第1段There are three separate sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power（原子能） First，the radioactive material must travel from i

57、ts place of production to the power station第2段Second，there is the problem of waste第3段Third，there may occur the danger of a leak（泄漏）or an explosion at the power station主旨大意通讀全文：可以看出文章的結(jié)構(gòu)是總分的結(jié)構(gòu)模式。首句There are three separate sources of danger in supplying energy by nuclear power（原子能）即三中原子能所帶來的危害。最后分別用Fi

58、rst，the radioactive material must travel from its place of production to the power stationSecond，there is the problem of wasteThird，there may occur the danger of a leak（泄漏）or an explosion at the power station即：Dangers from nuclear power二、 能力點評通過綜合（1）可知主題句在段首 一個主題句常常是一個段落的開頭，其后的句子則是論證性細節(jié)。在議論文，科技文獻和新聞

59、報道中多采用這種格式。 而通過綜合（2）可以看出文章中重復(fù)頻率較高的詞匯很可能就是蘊含文章中心意思的關(guān)鍵詞，這類關(guān)鍵詞可能是同一個詞語多次出現(xiàn)，也可能是同一類詞語貫穿全文。課后作業(yè)請劃出下面段落的主題句（一）People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they havent eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Othe

60、rs prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink.（二）Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population