對語義網(wǎng)文章的翻譯

1、Today, for the most part, services on the Web are created for human consumption, with interfaces intended for humans, not for software agents. In contrast, a DAML-enabled Web, while still allowing for human consumption of services, will make software agents rst-class citizens of the Web, with full a

2、ccess to its services. This, in turn, will allow the number and variety of services offered on the Web, and the efficiency with which they are used, to continue to increase at a dramatic rate.今天，在大多數(shù)情況下，人類消費(fèi)的創(chuàng)建Web上的服務(wù)，以供人類，而不是為軟件代理的接口。相比之下，DAML的Web，同時還允許用于人類消費(fèi)的服務(wù)，將會使軟件代理科幻網(wǎng)絡(luò)的第一個一流的公民，具有完全訪問其服務(wù)。這，反過來

3、，將允許在數(shù)量和種類所提供的網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的服務(wù)，并與它們所使用的，將繼續(xù)增加，在一劇烈的速率的效率。Web services can be of many types, including but not limited to the types that are already familiar to human users: querying of databases, catalogs, digital libraries, and other types of information repositories, searches and classication services provi

4、ded by portals, business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions, business-to-business (B2B) transactions, etc. It is worth noting that Web services are not limited to the two-party, client/server approach most commonly used. Services can involve any number of parties, with complex patterns of interaction be

5、tween them. For example, a business-to-business transaction may well involve a buyer, a seller, a nancer, and a shipper.Web服務(wù)可以是許多類型，包括但不限于那些已經(jīng)熟悉的人的用戶類型：數(shù)據(jù)庫，目錄，數(shù)字圖書館查詢，以及其他類型的信息庫，搜索和通過門戶提供分類音響陽離子服務(wù)，企業(yè)對-consumer（B2C）交易，企業(yè)對企業(yè)（B2B）交易等，這是值得注意的是，Web服務(wù)并不局限于最常用的兩方，客戶機(jī)/服務(wù)器的方法。服務(wù)可以涉及任何數(shù)目的機(jī)構(gòu)，復(fù)雜的他們之間的互動模式。例如，一

6、個企業(yè)對企業(yè)的交易可能涉及買方，賣方，一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)nancer和托運(yùn)人。To make use of a Web service, a software agent needs a formal description of the service, and the means by which it is accessed. An important goal for DAML, then, is to establish a framework within which these descriptions are made and shared.要使用Web服務(wù)，軟件代理需要該服務(wù)的正式描述

7、，并通過其訪問的手段。對于DAML的一個重要目標(biāo)，那么，是建立在這些描述是由和共享的框架。The author of a DAML-annotated web page will need to provide sufficient information to link the services provided by the web page with the concepts in an appropriate theory or ontology. Usually there will not be an exact match between the service and a sy

8、mbol in the theory; rather, the author will need to describe a logical relationship between each service and the concepts of the theory.一個DAML-注釋網(wǎng)頁的作者將需要提供足夠的信息，以在適當(dāng)?shù)睦碚摶虮倔w連結(jié)的概念所提供的網(wǎng)頁服務(wù)。通常將不會有該服務(wù)，并在理論上一個符號之間的精確匹配;相反，作者將需要描述每個服務(wù)和理論的概念之間的邏輯關(guān)系。For one thing, the web site functions are dened on concrete

9、data types, such as strings or real numbers; the functions and relations in the theory will be dened on abstract entities, such as cities and people, independently of how they are represented. A query will not necessarily be phrased in terms of the same representation selected by a web site. Most pe

10、ople will not even know the concrete functions and relations computed by particular web sites.一方面，網(wǎng)站功能去連接的定義在具體的數(shù)據(jù)類型，比如字符串或?qū)崝?shù);功能和關(guān)系，在理論上會去連接獨(dú)立的他們是如何定義代表抽象的實(shí)體，如城市和人民。查詢不一定會措辭在由一個網(wǎng)站中選擇的相同的代表性的方面。大多數(shù)人甚至不知道被特定網(wǎng)站計算的具體功能和關(guān)系。For example, the Travelocity site HYPERLINK computes many functions. One of them r

11、eturns the airports local to a city, with their respective distances from the city. We cannot assume that the user knows that Travelocity provides this service. There may, however, be an ontology that denes an relation city-airport, that holds between a city and its local airports, which are abstrac

12、t entities.例如，Travelocity的站點(diǎn)計算的許多功能。其中一人返回本地城市的機(jī)場，從城市各自的距離。我們不能想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為用戶知道Travelocity提供這項(xiàng)服務(wù)。有可能，但是，是一個本體論德網(wǎng)絡(luò)網(wǎng)元的關(guān)系，城市的機(jī)場，一個城市，當(dāng)?shù)貦C(jī)場，這是抽象的實(shí)體之間保存。The service that Travelocity provides for nding local airports can then be advertised using the following logical axiom.這Travelocity為網(wǎng)絡(luò)nding當(dāng)?shù)貦C(jī)場的服務(wù)，然后可以使用下面的邏輯

13、公理廣告。While city-airport is the abstract relation between a city and its local airports, city-airport-tvl is the concrete relation computed by the Travelocity web site that nds airports local to a given city, and their distances in miles from the city. While city-airport applies to cities and airport

14、s, which are abstract entities, city-airport-tvl applies to concrete strings and real numbers, which are a particular representation of the abstract entities. The relationship between the concrete strings and numbers and the abstract entities is expressed by functions and relations from the ontology

15、 itself.雖然城市機(jī)場是一個城市，當(dāng)?shù)貦C(jī)場之間的抽象關(guān)系，城市機(jī)場TVL是具體關(guān)系由Travelocity的網(wǎng)站計算，發(fā)現(xiàn)在距離城市里當(dāng)?shù)貦C(jī)場給定的城市，它們的距離。而城市的機(jī)場適用于城市和機(jī)場，這是抽象的實(shí)體，城市機(jī)場TVL適用于具體的字符串和實(shí)數(shù)，這是抽象的實(shí)體的特定表示。具體的字符串和數(shù)字和抽象實(shí)體之間的關(guān)系是由功能和關(guān)系從本體本身表達(dá)。Travelocity choses to represent a city with three name-strings, for the city, the state (or region), and the country, respec

16、tively. For instance, the function city maps these name-strings into the appropriate city, an abstract entity. Thus，A is the abstract entity New York City. Similarly, the function airport maps a name-string or a code for an airport into the corresponding airport.Travelocity選擇，狀態(tài)（或區(qū)域），和國家，分別代表一個城市三個名

17、稱字符串，為城市。例如，該功能的城市地圖，這些名稱字符串轉(zhuǎn)換成相應(yīng)的城市，一個抽象的實(shí)體。因此，A是抽象的實(shí)體紐約市。同樣，函數(shù)映射機(jī)場的名稱字符串或代碼，進(jìn)行機(jī)場到相應(yīng)的機(jī)場。This service provided by Travelocity can be advertised in terms of other concepts from the same or other ontologies. For instance, the above assertion does not say anything about the distances that the web site

18、computes, between a city and its local airport. That information is provided by an additional assertion.由travelocity提供此服務(wù)才能被發(fā)布在來自相同或其他本體其他概念術(shù)語。例如，上述說法并沒有說明該網(wǎng)站計算，一個城市，當(dāng)?shù)貦C(jī)場之間的距離任何東西。這些信息是通過一個額外的斷言提供。Here,distance-between gives the abstract distance between two places, independent of unit of measuremen

19、t; miles maps a concrete real number into an abstract distance, the corresponding distance in miles. There are other functions, for kilometers, feet, etc. This representation does not identify numbers with distances; rather, it allows web sites that only deal with miles to communicate with web sites

20、 that only deal with kilometers.在這里，兩者之間的距離使兩地獨(dú)立的計量單位的，之間的抽象距離;英里映射一個具體的實(shí)數(shù)到一個抽象的距離，英里相應(yīng)的距離。還有其他功能，千米，腳等，這表示不能識別的數(shù)字與距離;相反，它允許Web站點(diǎn)，只有處理英里的網(wǎng)站，只有應(yīng)對公里進(jìn)行溝通。These examples show the importance of having some logical power to advertise the services of web sites. We can see the value of a sorted logic with e

21、quality. Although one could phrase the same assertions in unsorted logic without equality, they would be unwieldy to write and more inefcient to reason with. In particular, without sorts we would need to prex each assertions with conditions, such as這些事例例示出了具有以廣告的網(wǎng)站的服務(wù)的一些邏輯力量的重要性。我們可以看到與平等的排序邏輯的意義。雖然

22、一個人能短語不公平排序的邏輯相同的斷言，他們將是更加繁瑣的編寫和更多的低效網(wǎng)絡(luò)。特別是，沒有各種我們需要每個前綴與條件，如Without equality, it is peculiarly awkward to reason about functions, for example to express the uniqueness of their values. In addition to such linking assertions, we will need other assertions for background inference, to link queries wi

23、th web sites and to link different web sites together. For example, the following assertion tells us that the time required to travel from one place to another is limited by the distance between them and by the persons best speed.沒有平等的，這是獨(dú)有的尷尬推理功能，例如以表達(dá)他們的價值觀的獨(dú)特性。除了這些鏈接的斷言，我們需要其他斷言背景推斷，鏈接查詢與網(wǎng)站和鏈接不同的

24、網(wǎng)站一起。例如，下面的斷言告訴我們，從一個地方到另一個地方旅行所需要的時間是由在它們之間，并通過該人的最佳速度的距離的限制。While this assertion does not directly refer to any particular web site, it is useful in handling queries that do invoke web sites. For instance, if we are using Travelocity to book a trip, the decision about which ight to book might be d

25、etermined by the time required to travel between the airport and the ultimate destination city.雖然這種主張不直接參考任何特定的網(wǎng)站，它是在處理的查詢執(zhí)行調(diào)用的網(wǎng)站是有用的。舉例來說，如果我們使用Travelocity預(yù)訂行程，決定哪些飛行到預(yù)定可能是由機(jī)場和最終目的地城市之間旅行所需的時間確定。It may not be necessary to express background assertions in the DAML language, but it will be necessary

26、to invoke such assertions in the course of handling queries. It will be important that people writing DAML-annotated web pages should nd it easy to write declarative statements that describe how the services offered by that web page are related to some theory. While they need not write them in logic

27、 directly, they will need to write them with some tool that translates them into logic. If the logical language is less expressive, that translation will be more difcult. It is not true that using a less expressive language will give us more efciency of inference. If we paraphrase the above assertio

28、ns without using equality and sorts, the result will be less efcient inference, not more.它可能不是必要的表達(dá)背景斷言在DAML語言，但它有必要在處理查詢的過程中調(diào)用這樣的聲明。這將是非常重要的人寫DAML標(biāo)注的網(wǎng)頁會發(fā)現(xiàn)很容易地編寫描述了該網(wǎng)頁所提供的服務(wù)是如何相關(guān)的一些理論聲明語句。雖然他們不必在邏輯上直接寫他們，他們將需要一些工具，將其轉(zhuǎn)換為邏輯寫出來。如果邏輯語言表現(xiàn)力不足，那翻譯會更加困難。這是不正確的使用更少的語言表達(dá)能力將會給我們的推論更有效率。如果我們套用在不使用的平等和排序上述說法，往往不

29、是想要得到的結(jié)果。MODELING SERVICE PROCESSES 建模服務(wù)流程Much of the Web-based ontological content (developed using DAML, OIL and other languages) is based on static attribute-value feature structures arranged in taxonomies. This representation is ideal for describing and representing complex objects (nouns) such

30、as documents, organizations, or bibliographies in a manner that supports structured queries such as the rst three of our example queries.許多基于Web的本體論的內(nèi)容（使用DAML，OIL和其他語言開發(fā)）是基于安排在分類的靜態(tài)屬性值特征結(jié)構(gòu)。這種表示是理想的描述和表示復(fù)雜的對象（名詞）如文檔，組織或參考書目在支持結(jié)構(gòu)化查詢的方式，例如在網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接前三個我們的例子中的查詢。A signicant missing piece in the currently ava

31、ilable ontological content is the representation of the dynamic content of services (procedures, protocols, behaviors and transactions). Much of the Web is about providing and using services such as reserving a ticket, interacting with a secure site, buying/selling/trading, and making an appointment

32、 with a doctor. Services are distinguished from objects in that they require representing changes in the state of the world and the dynamics of interaction. In this way, services are more like verbs and actions than like nouns. Thus representing services requires tapping into an ontology/theory of a

33、ctions, processes and events.一個顯著的缺失一塊，在現(xiàn)有的本體論內(nèi)容的服務(wù)（程序，協(xié)議，行為和交易）的動態(tài)內(nèi)容的表示。大部分網(wǎng)站的是關(guān)于提供和使用服務(wù)，如預(yù)留票，用一個安全的網(wǎng)站，購買/賣出/交易互動，并正與醫(yī)生預(yù)約。服務(wù)是由對象區(qū)分的，因?yàn)樗鼈冃枰硎澜绲臓顟B(tài)變化和相互作用的動力學(xué)。以這種方式，服務(wù)是更像像名詞動詞和行動。因此，代表服務(wù)，需要攻到行動，過程和事件的本體/理論。A Core Theory of Processes and Events 過程和項(xiàng)目的核心理論Consider the examples of Queries 4 and 5 (Secti

34、on 1). These queries are information requests that result in actions changing the state of the world in a specic way (one results in a buying action from , the other in placing a library hold on a book). In order for these queries to be processed, the Web agent needs to know at least the following:

35、a) input/output format/protocol(OAA, Jini), b) parameters of interaction (payment method, shipping method, etc., c) dynamics of interaction (steps involved and the internal temporal structure of a buying action), d) preconditions/effects of a specic action (selecting a book results in its being in t

36、he shopping cart), e) resources consumed (money), produced or locked (credit card number), f) ways of controlling the transaction, such as short cuts (using stored prole information), interrupting or canceling from various stages/states in the interaction (you can cancel an order before shipping).考慮

37、查詢的例4和5（第一部分）。這些查詢都是導(dǎo)致改變一個特定的方式行動的信息請求（一個導(dǎo)致從買入的動作，另外在放置庫扶住一本書）。為了使這些查詢處理，網(wǎng)絡(luò)代理需要知道至少有以下：A）輸入/輸出格式/協(xié)議，B）interaction的參數(shù)（付款方式，送貨方式等，C）interaction的動態(tài)（步驟參與和買入動作內(nèi)部時間結(jié)構(gòu)），D）特定動作的影響（選擇一本書，導(dǎo)致其存在于購物車），E）資源消耗，生產(chǎn)或鎖定（信用卡號），F(xiàn)）控制的事務(wù)，如捷徑（使用存儲文件信息），中斷或取消不同階段的互動方式（你可以取消發(fā)貨前訂單）。Continuing with the example, note that buyi

38、ng is not an isolated concept but is integrated with a cluster of concepts in what might be called the commercial transaction frame. The commercial transaction frame involves such concepts as possession, change of possession (giving, taking/receiving), exchange (the parties in the exchange accept an

39、d are expected by their community to accept the results of the exchange), and money. The basic parameters/roles of this frame, then, will include Money, the Goods (standing for goods or services), the Buyer (the person who surrenders money in exchange for the goods), and the Seller (the person who s

40、urrenders the goods in exchange for the money). Further elaborations, needed for describing some of the peripheral terms in this frame, involve certain details of the exchange: in some cases, for example, we need to identify the Price, a ratio between the quantity of money given and the quantity of

41、goods received (e.g. two dollars an ounce), temporal features of the exchange (perhaps the payment is spread over a period of time), the difference between the tender and the price (Change), and so on. Still further elaborations can separate the owner of the goods or the owner of the money from the

42、actual participants in the exchange arrangement.繼續(xù)上面的例子，注意買的不是一個孤立的概念，而是被集成的概念，可稱之為商業(yè)交易框架集群。在商業(yè)交易框架涉及這些概念的占有，變更持有，交流，和金錢?；緟?shù)/該幀的角色，那么，包括金錢，貨物，買方和賣方。進(jìn)一步的解釋，需要用于描述在該幀部分的周邊上，涉及的交流的某些細(xì)節(jié)：在某些情況下，例如，我們需要確定價格，對給定的貨幣量和接收到的貨物的數(shù)量之間的比率，交流的時空特征，招標(biāo)和價格（變化）之間的差異，等等。更進(jìn)一步的闡述可以分出貨主或錢從交易所安排的實(shí)際參與者的所有者。We have been deve

43、loping just such a parameterized model of the structure of events and processes, and it can support tools for agents to enter, modify, advertise and communicate the capabilities, types and details of events they can observe, monitor, model and control. The abstract theory of event structure has thre

44、e major components.我們一直在開發(fā)項(xiàng)目和過程的結(jié)構(gòu)就是這樣一個參數(shù)化模型，它可以支持代理商進(jìn)入，修改，宣傳和溝通的能力，類型和事件，他們可以觀察，監(jiān)測，模型和控制的詳細(xì)信息。事件結(jié)構(gòu)的抽象理論有三個主要組成部分。Temporal structure and evolution trajectories: 時空結(jié)構(gòu)和演變軌跡The ne structure of events comprises of a set of key states (such as enabled, ready, ongoing, done, suspended, canceled, stopped,

45、 aborted) and a partially ordered directed graph that represents possible evolution trajectories as transitions between key states (such as prepare, start, interrupt, nish, cancel, abort, iterate, resume, restart). Each of these transitions may be atomic, timed, stochastic or hierarchical (with a re

46、cursively embedded event-structure).事件的精細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)由一組關(guān)鍵詞和部分有序向圖表示可能的進(jìn)化軌跡的關(guān)鍵詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。這些轉(zhuǎn)變可能是原子，定時，隨機(jī)或分層。Process primitives and event construals: 流程原語和事件構(gòu)念Events may be punctual, durative, (a)telic, (a)periodic, (un)controllable, reversable, (ir)reversable, ballistic or continuous. Thay may describe their reso

47、urce interactions through relations such as locking, producing, creating, transforming, consuming or destroying.事件可能是精準(zhǔn)的，持續(xù)性，有目標(biāo)性的，周期性的，可控的，可逆的，不可逆的，連續(xù)行的。他們可能會通過諸如鎖定，生產(chǎn)，創(chuàng)造，轉(zhuǎn)化，消耗或破壞的關(guān)系形容他們的資源交互。3.Inter-event relations: 事件間的關(guān)系A(chǔ) rich theory of inter-event relations allows sequential and concurrent enab

48、ling, disabling, or modifying relations. Examples include interrupting, starting, resuming, canceling, aborting or terminating relations. In each of these cases, we have a precise semantics in terms of the overall structure of the interacting events.豐富的事件之間的關(guān)系的理論允許順序和并發(fā)啟用，禁用或修改的關(guān)系。例子包括中斷，啟動，恢復(fù)，取消，中止

49、或終止關(guān)系。在這些情況下，我們已經(jīng)在交互事件的整體結(jié)構(gòu)方面具有精確的語義A DAML Encoding of Processes 進(jìn)程的DAML編碼We have a preliminary DAML implementation of many aspects of our core theory of processes and events. Some aspects of this core ontology are described below.我們有一個初步的DAML實(shí)現(xiàn)我們的核心的流程和事件理論的許多方面。這個核心本體的一些方面描述如下。The basic class that

50、 implements process-specic information is appropriately termed the EVENT class. Event specic information includes parameters such as the name of the event, where it is to execute, documents updated, read or written as part of execution. These properties obviously refer to noun ontologies like name o

51、ntologies or document ontologies (developed by us or other ontology developers).實(shí)現(xiàn)過程中，特定網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息的基本類是適當(dāng)稱為事件類。事件特定網(wǎng)絡(luò)相關(guān)信息包括參數(shù)，例如事件，它是要執(zhí)行的名稱，更新文件，讀出或?qū)懭氲膱?zhí)行的一部分。這些特性顯然是指名詞本體，如姓名本體或文檔本體（由美國或其他本體開發(fā)者開發(fā)）。Processes have a name, inputs, outputs, participants, parameters, preconditions, and effects. Each input, out

52、put, parameter, precondition or effect is a property of event left unrestricted at this level (it ranges over ”Thing”). Collections of input, output, etc, are unrestricted bags (items are anything). Shown below is an illustrative sample from our existing ontology.流程有一個名字，輸入，輸出，參與者，參數(shù)，先決條件和效果。每個輸入，輸出

53、，參數(shù)，前提條件或效果是事件的屬性在這個級別不受限制。輸入，輸出等的集合，不受限制。下面顯示的是從我們現(xiàn)有的本體論的例證樣本。Parameters are further typed into input, output and participants.參數(shù)進(jìn)一步輸入到輸入，輸出和參與者。A theory of events has to link to a theory of time. We have been developing a fairly rich theory of time 1, 11 that includes a theory of time intervals an

54、d a theory of time points with varying densities (qualitative, integer, reals, etc.). Our DAML encoding of the start time of a process may thus use the point theory while the duration of a process may be specied using the interval theory.事件的理論有鏈接到時間的理論。我們一直在開發(fā)時間相當(dāng)豐富的理論，它包括時間間隔一個理論和時間點(diǎn)的理論具有不同密度（定性，整數(shù)

55、，實(shí)數(shù)，等等）。因而我們DAML的處理的開始時間編碼可以使用點(diǎn)理論而過程的持續(xù)時間可以是使用間隔理論特定網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接編輯。Processes are complex events that have additional properties with respect to the ordering and conditional execution of individual events. The attempt here is to come up with a minimal set of process classes that can be specialized to specify

56、 a variety of web services.進(jìn)程是具有附加屬性就訂購和個別事件的條件執(zhí)行復(fù)雜的事件。這里的企圖是要拿出一套可以專門指定一個不同的網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)過程中最低的類。There are two fundamental relations between events and processes. One pertains to expanding an event to its underlying process (zoom-in) and the other corresponds to collapsing a process into an atomic event (zo

57、om-out).事件和過程之間有兩個基本關(guān)系。一是涉及擴(kuò)大一個事件來其基本處理（放大中），另一個對應(yīng)于塌陷的處理進(jìn)入原子事件（縮小）。Often we want to dene operations on multisets of processes (buying involves simultaneous transfers of money (from credit card bank to seller) and goods (from seller to buyer). To do this we dene a PROCESS BAG class that is a subclass

58、 of the RDF通常我們要對流程多集定義操作（買入涉及金錢同步傳輸（從信用卡銀行賣方）和貨物（由賣方買方）。要做到這一點(diǎn)，我們定義一個過程BAG類是RDF的子類Now we are able to dene more complicated assemblages of processes. For instance, SEQUENCE is a process that is comprised of a list of sub processes, while CONCURRENT is a process which comprises a multiset of sub proc

59、esses.現(xiàn)在我們能夠確定的處理更復(fù)雜組合。例如，序列是由子進(jìn)程的列表的處理，而并發(fā)是一個過程，它包括子過程的多集。We have also implemented an algorithm that can recursively construct executable process models of the type described in given DAML descriptions of the dynamic content of services. Such models can be constructed automatically by agents that e

60、ncounter specic services. Agents can then use these models to track execution of service requests and responses, monitor requests and task performance and to plan and schedule specic service related tasks.我們還實(shí)施了一種算法，可以遞歸地構(gòu)建的服務(wù)的動態(tài)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行說明DAML描述所述類型的可執(zhí)行過程的模型。這種模式可以自動由特定遇到特定業(yè)務(wù)代理商來構(gòu)建。那么代理可以使用這些模型來跟蹤執(zhí)行服務(wù)請求