高中常用化學(xué)方程式大全

1、高中常用化學(xué)方程式大全高中常用化學(xué)方程式大全16/16高中常用化學(xué)方程式大全精選文檔高中常用化學(xué)方程式大全，包含非金屬單質(zhì)、電解方程式、電離方程式、酸堿鹽化學(xué)方程式，以及金屬單質(zhì)等各樣高中化學(xué)方程式：一、非金屬單質(zhì)（F2，Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si，H）1、氧化性：F2+H2=2HF陰(暗處爆炸)F2+Xe(過分)=XeF22F2(過分)+Xe=XeF4(XeF4是強氧化劑，能將Mn2+氧化為MnO4)nF2+2M=2MFn(M表示大多數(shù)金屬)2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2水(是還原劑)2F2+2NaOH=2NaF+OF2+H2OF2+2NaCl=2NaF+Cl2F2+2NaBr=2

2、NaF+Br2F2+2NaI=2NaF+I27F2(過分)+I2=2IF7F2+Cl2(等體積)=2ClF(ClF屬于類鹵素：ClF+H2O=HF+HClO)3F2(過分)+Cl2=2ClF3(ClF3+3H2O=3HF+HClO3)Cl2+H22HCl(將H2在Cl2點燃；混淆點燃、加熱、光照發(fā)生爆炸)3Cl2+2P2PCl3Cl2+PCl3PCl5Cl2+2Na2NaCl3Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3Cl2+CuCuCl2Cl2+2FeCl2=2FeCl3在(水溶液中：Cl2+2Fe2+=2Fe3+3Cl)Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2Br=2Cl+Br2Cl2+2KI=2

3、KCl+I2Cl2+2I=2Cl+I23Cl2(過分)+2KI+3H2O=6HCl+KIO33Cl2+I+3H2O=6H+6Cl+IO35Cl2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCl5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl+IO3+12H+Cl2+Na2S=2NaCl+SCl2+S2=Cl+SCl2+H2S=2HCl+S水(溶液中：Cl2+H2S=2H+2Cl+SCl2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HClCl2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2ClCl2+H2O2=2HCl+O2Cl2+H2O2=2H+Cl+O22O2+3FeFe3O4O2+K=KO2S+H2H2S2S+CCS2S+ZnZ

4、nSS+FeFeS既(能由單質(zhì)制取，又能由離子制取)S+2CuCu2S只(能由單質(zhì)制取，不能夠夠由離子制取)3S+2AlAl2S3(只好由單質(zhì)制取，不能夠夠由離子制取)N2+3H22NH3N2+3MgMg3N2N2+3CaCa3N2N2+3BaBa3N2N2+6Na2Na3NN2+6K2K3NN2+6Rb2Rb3NN2+2Al2AlNP4+6H24PH3P+3NaNa3P2P+3ZnZn3P2H2+2Li2LiH.精選文檔2、還原性S+O2SO2S+H2SO4(濃)3SO2+2H2OS+6HNO3(濃)H2SO4+6NO2+2H2OS+4H+6=6NO2+2H2O+3S+4HNO3(稀)3SO

5、2+4NO+2H2O3S+4H+43SO2+4NO+2H2ON2+O22NO4P+5O2P4O10(常寫成P2O5)2P+3X22PX3（X表示F2，Cl2，Br2）PX3+X2PX5P4+20HNO3(濃)4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OC+2F2CF4C+2Cl2CCl4C+O2(足量)CO22C+O2(少許)2COC+CO22COC+H2OCO+H2(生成水煤氣)2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅)Si(粗)+2Cl2SiCl4(SiCl4+2H2=Si(純)+4HCl)Si(粉)+O2SiO2Si+CSiC(金剛砂)Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2(Si+2OH+H

6、2O=+2H2)3、歧化反響Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClO（加堿或光照促使歧化：(Cl2+H2OH+Cl+HClO）Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O(Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O)Cl2+2Ca(OH)2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O(Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O)3Cl2+6KOH(濃)5KCl+KClO3+3H2O(3Cl2+6OH5Cl+ClO3+3H2O)3S+6NaOH2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O(3S+6OH2S2+SO32+3H2O)4P+3KOH(濃)+3H2O=PH3+3KH2PO2(4P+3OH+3H2O=PH3+3H2PO

7、2)11P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO43C+CaOCaC2+CO3C+SiO2SiC+2CO二金屬單質(zhì)（Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu）的還原性2Na+H22NaH4Na+O2=2Na2O2Na2O+O22Na2O22Na+O2Na2O22Na+S=Na2S（爆炸）2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H22Na+2H2O=2Na+2OH+H22Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H22Na+2NH3=2Na+2NH2+H24Na+TiCl44NaCl+TiMg+Cl2MgCl2Mg+Br2MgBr22Mg+O22MgOMg+SMgS2Cu+SCu2S(Cu2S只好由

8、單質(zhì)制備).精選文檔Mg+2H2OMg(OH)2+H22Mg+TiCl4Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbClMgCl2+2Rb2Mg+CO22MgO+C2Mg+SiO22MgO+SiMg+H2S=MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2(Mg+2H+=Mg2+H2)2Al+3Cl22AlCl34Al+3O2=2Al2O3(常溫生成致密氧化膜而鈍化，在氧氣中焚燒)4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O=2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg（鋁汞齊）4Al+3MnO22Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3Al2O3+2Cr(鋁熱反響)2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3

9、Fe2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H22Al+6H+=2Al3+3H22Al+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H22Al+6H+=2Al3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(濃)=Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷,濃的H2SO4,HNO3中鈍化)Al+4HNO3(稀)=Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2OAl+4H+NO3=Al3+NO+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H22Al+2OH+2H2O=2AlO2+3H22Fe+3Br2=2FeBr33Fe+2O2Fe3O42Fe+O22FeO煉(鋼過程)Fe+I2FeI2Fe+SFeS(FeS既能由單質(zhì)

10、制備，又能由離子制備)3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2Fe+2H+=Fe2+H2Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+CuFe+Cu2+=Fe2+CuFe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2(鐵在酸性環(huán)境下,不能夠把四氯化錫完好還原為單質(zhì)錫Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+SnFe+Sn2+=Fe2+Sn三非金屬氫化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3)金屬氫化物(NaH)1、還原性:4HCl(濃)+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4H+2Cl+MnO2Mn2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(濃)+PbO2PbCl2+Cl2+2H2O4H+2Cl+PbO2Pb2+

11、Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g)+O22Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2OH+10Cl-+2MnO4=2Mn2+5Cl2+8H2O6HCl+KClO3=KCl+3Cl2+3H2O6H+5Cl+ClO3=3Cl2+3H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O14H+6Cl+Cr2O72=2Cr3+5Cl2+7H2O2H2O+2F2=4HF+O22HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2(F2氣與HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3氣體不能夠夠共存)2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2(Cl2氣與HBr、HI、H2S、NH3氣體不

12、能夠夠共存)2H2S+3O2(足量)2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少許)2S+2H2O2H2S+SO2=3S+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(濃)=S+SO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3(稀)=3S+2NO+4H2O3H2S+2H+2NO3=3S+2NO+4H2O.精選文檔5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O5H2S+2MnO4+6H+=2Mn2+5S+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4=Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2O3H2S+Cr2O72+8H+=2Cr3+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=Na2SO4+6N

13、aOHH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=8Na+2NH3+3CuO3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4ClNH3+NaNO2+HCl=NaCl+N2+2H2ONH3+NO2+H+=N2+2H2O4NH3+3O2(純氧)2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO=5N2+6H2O(用氨除掉NO)NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2(生氫劑)NaH+H2O=Na+OH+H24NaH+TiCl4Ti+4NaCl+2H2CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2+2H22、酸性:4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O（可測定礦樣或鋼樣中SiO2

14、的含量，玻璃雕琢）4HF+Si=SiF4+2H22HF+CaCl2=CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe=FeS+H2H2S+CuCl2=CuS+2HCl弱(酸制強酸的典型反響)H2S+Cu2+=CuS+2H+H2S+2AgNO3=Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S+2H+H2S+HgCl2=HgS+2HClH2S+Hg2+=HgS+2H+H2S+Pb(NO3)2=PbS+2HNO3鉛(試紙查驗空氣中H2S)H2S+Pb2+=PbS+2H+H2S+2Ag=Ag2S+H2(銀器在空氣中變黑的原由)2NH3(液)+2Na=2NaNH2+H2(NaNH2+H2O=NaOH+NH3)3、NH3的

15、堿性：NH3+HX=NH4X(X：F、Cl、Br、I、S)NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3NH3+H+=NH4+2NH3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4NH3+H+=NH4+NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3+NH4Cl（侯德榜制堿：用于工業(yè)制備小蘇打，蘇打）NH3+H2S=NH4HSNH3+H2S=NH4+HS-4、不堅固性：2HFH2+F22HClH2+Cl22H2O2H2+O22H2O2=2H2O+O2H2SH2+S2NH3N2+3H22HIH2+I2四非金屬氧化物(SO3、SO2、N2O、NO、N2O3、NO2、N2O4、N2O5、CO、CO2、SiO2、.精選文檔P2O3、

16、P2O5、Cl2O、Cl2O3、Cl2O5、Cl2O7、ClO2)1、廉價態(tài)的還原性：(SO2、CO、NO)2SO2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO4（這是SO2在大氣中遲緩發(fā)生的環(huán)境化學(xué)反響）2SO2+O22SO3SO2+NO2=SO3+NOSO2+Cl2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HClCl2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2ClSO2+Br2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HBrBr2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2BrSO2+I2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HII2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2I2NO+O2=2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2（用于制硝酸工業(yè)中汲取尾氣

17、中的NO和NO2）NO+NO2+2OH=2NO22CO+O22CO2CO+CuOCu+CO23CO+Fe2O32Fe+3CO2CO+H2OCO2+H22、氧化性：SO2+2H2S=3S+2H2OSO3+2KIK2SO3+I2NO2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH（不能夠夠用淀粉KI溶液鑒識溴蒸氣和NO2）4NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2O2NO2+Cu4CuO+N2N2O+ZnZnO+N2CO2+2Mg2MgO+C(CO2不能夠夠用于息滅由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等焚燒的火災(zāi))SiO2+2H2Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg2MgO+Si3、與水的作用:SO2+H2O=H2SO3S

18、O3+H2O=H2SO4SO3+H2O=2H+SO423NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NO(NO2不是硝酸的酸酐)N2O5+H2O=2HNO3N2O5+H2O=2H+2NO3P2O5+H2O(冷水)=2HPO3P2O5+3H2O(熱水)=2H3PO4(P2O5極易吸水,可作氣體干燥劑)P2O5+3H2SO4(濃)=2H3PO4+3SO3CO2+H2O=H2CO3Cl2O+H2O=2HClOCl2O7+H2O=2HClO4Cl2O7+H2O=2H+2ClO44、與堿性物質(zhì)的作用:SO2+2NH3+H2O=(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O=2NH4HSO32NH4HSO3+H2S

19、O4=(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2(硫酸工業(yè)尾氣辦理)SO2+Ca(OH)2=CaSO3+H2O不(能用澄清石灰水鑒識SO2和CO2.可用品紅鑒識)SO3+MgO=MgSO4.精選文檔SO3+Ca(OH)2=CaSO4+H2OCO2+NH3+H2O=NH4HCO3CO2+2NH3(過分)+H2O=(NH4)2CO3(NH4)2CO3(NH2)2CO+2H2OCO2+2NH3(NH2)2CO+H2O工(業(yè)制取尿素)CO2+2NaOH(過分)=Na2CO3+H2O2OH-+CO2=CO32+H2OCO2(過分)+NaOH=NaHCO3OH-+CO2=HCO3CO2+Ca(OH)2(過分)

20、=CaCO3+H2OCa2+2+CO2=CaCO3+H2O2CO2(過分)+Ca(OH)2=Ca(HCO3)2OH+CO2=HCO3CO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca(HCO3)2CO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca2+2HCO3CO2(不足)+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3CO2+3H2O+AlO2=Al(OH)3+CO32CO2(足)+NaAlO2+2H2O=Al(OH)3+NaHCO3CO2+2H2O+AlO2=Al(OH)3+HCO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO3CO2+C6H5O+H2O=C6H5OH+HCO3SiO2+CaOCaSiO

21、3煉(鋼造渣)SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O(常溫下強堿遲緩腐化玻璃)SiO2+Na2CO3Na2SiO3+CO2制(取玻璃)SiO2+CaCO3CaSiO3+CO2制(取玻璃)2NO2+2NaOH=NaNO2+NaNO3+H2O2NO2+2OH=NO3+NO2+H2ONO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2+H2O(制取硝酸工業(yè)尾氣汲取)NO+NO2+2OH=2NO3+H2O五金屬氧化物1、廉價態(tài)的還原性:6FeO+O2=2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2OFeO+4H+NO3=Fe3+NO2+2H2O2、氧化性:Na2O2+2Na2Na2O（此反響

22、用于制備Na2O）MgO，Al2O3幾乎沒有氧化性，很難被還原為Mg，Al.一般經(jīng)過電解制Mg和Al.Fe2O3+3H22Fe+3H2O(制還原鐵粉)Fe3O4+4H23Fe+4H2OCuO+H2Cu+H2O2Fe3O4+16HI=6FeI2+8H2O+2I22Fe3O4+16H+4I=6Fe2+8H2O+2I2Fe2O3+Fe3FeO煉(鋼過程中加入廢鋼作氧化劑)FeO+CFe+CO高(溫?zé)掍撜{(diào)理C含量)2FeO+Si2Fe+SiO2高(溫?zé)掍撜{(diào)理Si含量)3、與水的作用:Na2O+H2O=2NaOH.精選文檔Na2O+H2O=2Na+2OH2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O22Na2O

23、2+2H2O=4Na+4OH+O2(此反響分兩步:Na2O2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2=2H2O+O2H2O2的制備可利用近似的反響:BaO2+H2SO4(稀)=BaSO4+H2O2)MgO+H2O=Mg(OH)2(遲緩反響)4、與酸性物質(zhì)的作用:Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3MgO+SO3=MgSO4Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2ONa2O+2H+=2Na+H2O2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷,稀)=Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2OMgO+2H+=Mg2+H2OAl2O3

24、+3H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H2OAl2O3+6H+=2Al3+3H2OAl2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2O(Al2O3兩性氧化物)Al2O3+2OH=2AlO2+H2OFeO+2HCl=FeCl2+H2OFeO+2H+=Fe2+H2OFe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2OFe?2O3+6H+=2Fe3+3H2OFe3O4+8HCl=FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe?3O4+8H+=2Fe3+Fe2+4H2O六含氧酸1、氧化性:4HClO3+3H2S=3H2SO4+4HClClO3+3H2S=6H+SO42+ClHClO3+HI=HIO3+HClClO3+I=I

25、O3+Cl3HClO+HI=HIO3+3HCl3HClO+I-=IO3+3H+ClHClO+H2SO3=H2SO4+HClHClO+H2SO3=3H+SO42+ClHClO+H2O2=HCl+H2O+O2HClO+H2O2=H+Cl+H2O+O2(氧化性:HClOHClO2HClO3HClO4,但濃,熱的HClO4氧化性很強)2H2SO4(濃)+CCO2+2SO2+2H2O2H2SO4(濃)+S3SO2+2H2OH2SO4+Fe(Al)室溫下鈍化6H2SO4(濃)+2FeFe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O2H2SO4(濃)+CuCuSO4+SO2+2H2O.精選文檔H2SO4(濃)+2HB

26、r=SO2+Br2+2H2O不(能用濃硫酸與NaBr制取HBr)H2SO4(濃)+2HI=SO2+I2+2H2O不(能用濃硫酸與NaI制取HI)H2SO4(稀)+Fe=FeSO4+H22H+Fe=Fe2+H2H2SO3+2H2S=3S+3H2O4HNO3(濃)+CCO2+4NO2+2H2O6HNO3(濃)+SH2SO4+6NO2+2H2O5HNO3(濃)+PH3PO4+5NO2+H2O5HNO3(稀)+3P+2H2O3H3PO4+5NO5H+5NO3-+3P+2H2O3H3PO4+5NO6HNO3(濃足)+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2O4HNO3(濃)+Fe(足)=Fe(NO3)2

27、+NO2+2H2O(先得Fe3+,在Fe過分時重生成Fe2+的鹽)4HNO3(稀足)+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O4H+NO3-+Fe=Fe3+NO+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O30H+6NO3+8Fe=8Fe3+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe=10Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O36H+6NO3+10Fe=8Fe3+3N2+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O30H+3NO3+8Fe=8Fe3+3NH4+9H2O4Zn+10HNO3(稀)=4Zn(NO3)2+N2O+5H2O4Zn+1

28、0H+2NO3=4Zn2+N2O+5H2O4Zn+10HNO3(稀)=4Zn(NO3)2+NH4NO3+3H2O4Zn+10H+NO3=4Zn2+NH4+5H2O2、還原性:H2SO3+X2+H2O=H2SO4+2HX(X表示Cl2,Br2,I2)H2SO3+X2+H2O=4H+SO42-+X2H2SO3+O2=2H2SO42H2SO3+O2=4H+SO42-H2SO3+H2O2=H2SO4+H2OH2SO3+H2O2=2H+SO42+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O5H2SO3+2MnO4=2Mn2+4H+3SO42+3H2OH2SO3+2F

29、eCl3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HClH2SO3+2Fe3+H2O=4H+2Fe2+SO423、酸性:H2SO4(濃)+CaF2CaSO4+2HF不(揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸)H2SO4(濃)+NaClNaHSO4+HCl不揮(發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸)H2SO4(濃)+2NaClNa2SO4+2HCl不揮(發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸)H2SO4(濃)+NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO3(不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸)3H2SO4(濃)+Ca3(PO4)23CaSO4+2H3PO4強(酸制弱酸酸)2H2SO4(濃)+Ca3(PO4)22CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2工(業(yè)制磷肥).精選文檔3HNO3+A

30、g3PO4=H3PO4+3AgNO33H+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3Ag+2HNO3+CaCO3=Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO22H+CaCO3=Ca2+H2O+CO2（用HNO3和濃H2SO4不能夠夠制備H2S，HI，HBr，SO2等還原性氣體）4H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)23Ca(H2PO4)2（重鈣）H3PO4(濃)+NaBrNaH2PO4+HBr不(揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸,磷酸是非氧化性酸)H3PO4（濃）+NaINaH2PO4+HI4、不堅固性：2HClO2HCl+O2(保留在棕色瓶中)4HNO34NO2+O2+2H2O(保留在棕色瓶中)H2SO3H2O+SO2(在加熱或酸性條件

31、下分解)H2CO3H2O+CO2(在加熱或酸性條件下分解)H4SiO4H2SiO3+H2OH2SiO3SiO2+H2OH2S2O3H2O+S+SO2(在加熱或酸性條件下分解)七堿1、廉價態(tài)的還原性：4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH)32、與酸性物質(zhì)的作用：2NaOH+SO2(少許)=Na2SO3+H2OOH+SO2=SO32+H2ONaOH+SO2(足)=NaHSO3OH-+SO2(足)=HSO32NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2OOH-+SiO2=SiO32+H2O2NaOH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O2OH-+Al2O3=2AlO2+H2O2KOH+Cl2=K

32、Cl+KClO+H2OCl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2ONaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2OH+OH=H2ONaOH+H2S(足)=NaHS+H2OOH+H2S=HS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少許)=Na2S+2H2O2OH+H2S=S2+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3=Al(OH)3+3NaCl3OH+Al3+=Al(OH)3NaOH+Al(OH)3=NaAlO2+2H2O（AlCl3和Al(OH)3哪個酸性強？）OH+Al(OH)3=AlO2+2H2OCa(OH)2+2NH4Cl2CaCl2+2NH3+2H2O實驗(室制NH3)NaOH+NH4ClNaCl+NH3+H2OMg(OH)2+

33、2NH4Cl=MgCl2+2NH3?H2O(Al(OH)3+NH4Cl不溶解)Ba(OH)2+H2SO4=BaSO4+2H2O.精選文檔2H+2OH+Ba2+SO42=BaSO42H2O3、不堅固性:Mg(OH)2MgO+H2O2Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3Fe2O3+3H2OCu(OH)2CuO+H2O2AgOH=Ag2O+H2O八鹽1、氧化性：(在水溶液中)2FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl22Fe3+Fe=3Fe2+2FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2用(于雕琢銅線路版)2Fe3+Cu=2Fe2+Cu2+2FeCl3+Zn(少許)=2FeCl2+ZnCl22Fe

34、3+Zn=2Fe2+Zn2+FeCl3+Ag=FeCl2+AgCl2Fe3+Cl-+2Ag=2Fe2+2AgClFe2(SO4)3+2Ag=FeSO4+Ag2SO4較難(反響)Fe(NO3)3+Ag不反響2FeCl3+H2S=2FeCl2+2HCl+S2Fe3+H2S=2Fe2+2H+S2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I22Fe3+2I-=2Fe2+I2FeCl2+Mg=Fe+MgCl2Fe2+Mg=Fe+Mg2+NaNO2+NH4Cl=NaCl+N2+2H2O實(驗室制氮氣)NH4+NO2-=N2+2H2O2、還原性：2FeCl2+3Cl2=2FeCl3在(水溶液中不需加熱)2

35、Fe2+3Cl2=2Fe3+6Cl-3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)=6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O3S2-+8H+2NO3-=2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)=3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O3SO32-+2H+2NO3-=3SO42-+2NO+H2O2Na2SO3+O2=2Na2SO4(Na2SO3在空氣中易變質(zhì))Na2SO3+SNa2S2O3Na2S+Cl2=2NaCl+S(在水溶液中)S2-+Cl2=2Cl+S-3、與堿性物質(zhì)的作用：Ca(OH)2+CuSO4=Cu(OH)2+CaSO4波爾(多液)MgCl2+2NH3?H2O=Mg(OH)2+2NH4ClMg2+

36、2NH3?H2O=Mg(OH)2+2NH4+AlCl3+3NH3?H2O=Al(OH)3+3NH4ClAl3+3NH3?H2O=Al(OH)2+3NH4+FeCl3+3NH3?H2O=Fe(OH)3+3NH4ClFe3+3NH3?H2O=Fe(OH)3+3NH4+CuSO4+2NH3?H2O(不足)=Cu(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4Cu2+2NH3?H2O=Cu(OH)2+2NH4+Cu(OH)2+4NH3?H2O=Cu(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OCu(OH)2+4NH3?H2O=Cu(NH3)42+2OH-+4H2O銅氨溶液CuSO4+4NH3?H2O(足)=Cu(NH3)4SO4+4

37、H2O總方程式Cu2+4NH3?H2O=Cu(NH3)42+4H2O銅氨溶液AgNO3+NH3?H2O=AgOH+NH4NO32AgOH=Ag2O(灰黑色)+H2O.精選文檔Ag2O+4NH3?H2O=2Ag(NH3)2+2OH-+3H2O銀氨溶液AgNO3+2NH3?H2O=Ag(NH3)2NO3+2H2OAg+2NH3?H2O=Ag(NH3)2+2H2O總方程式ZnSO4+2NH3?H2O(不足)=Zn(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4Zn2+2NH3?H2O=Zn(OH)2+2NH4+Zn(OH)2+4NH3?H2O=Zn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OZnSO4+4NH3?H2O(足)=Z

38、n(NH3)4SO4+4H2OZn2+4NH3?H2O=Zn(NH3)42+4H2O總方程式4、與酸性物質(zhì)的作用：強酸制弱酸，或不揮發(fā)性酸制揮發(fā)性酸Na3PO4+2HCl=Na2HPO4+2NaClPO43-+2H+=H2PO4-Na2HPO4+HCl=NaH2PO4+NaClHPO42-+H+=H2PO4-NaH2PO4+HCl=H3PO4+NaClH2PO4-+H+=H3PO4Na2CO3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaClCO32-+H+=HCO3-NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO2HCO3-+H+=CO2+H2O3Na2CO3+2AlCl3+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+3CO2

39、+6NaCl物質(zhì)(之間的雙水解反響)3CO32-+2Al3+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+3CO23Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O=2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl物質(zhì)(之間的雙水解反響)3CO32-+2Fe3+3H2O=2Fe(OH)3+3CO23NaHCO3+AlCl3=Al(OH)3+3CO2物質(zhì)(之間的雙水解反響)3HCO3-+Al3+=2Al(OH)3+3CO23NaHCO3+FeCl3=Fe(OH)3+3CO2物質(zhì)(之間的雙水解反響)3HCO3-+Fe3+=2Fe(OH)3+3CO23Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O=2Al(OH)3+3H2S物質(zhì)(之間的雙水解反響

40、)3S2-+2Al3+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+3H2S3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O=4Al(OH)3+3NaCl物質(zhì)(之間的雙水解反響)3AlO2-+Al3+6H2O=4Al(OH)33NaAlO2+FeCl3+6H2O=3Al(OH)3+Fe(OH)3+3NaCl3AlO2-+Fe3+6H2O=3Al(OH)3+Fe(OH)3NaAlO2+NH4Cl+2H2O=Al(OH)3+NH3?H2O+NaClAlO2-+NH4+2H2O=Al(OH)3+NH3?H2ONa2CO3+H2O+CO2=2NaHCO3CO32-+H2O+CO2=2HCO3-Na2CO3+H2O+2SO2=2Na

41、HSO3+CO2(1:2)CO32-+H2O+2SO2=2HSO3+CO2-2Na2CO3(足)+H2O+SO2=Na2SO3+2NaHCO3(CO2中的SO2不能夠夠用Na2CO3洗氣)2CO32-+H2O+SO2=SO32-+2HCO3-(2:1)Na2CO3+SO2=Na2SO3+CO2(1:1)CO32-+SO2=SO32-+CO2NaHCO3+SO2=NaHSO3+CO2(CO2中的SO2可能用NaHCO3洗氣)2HCO3-+SO2=2HSO3-+CO22NaHCO3+SO2=Na2SO3+2CO2+H2O2HCO3-+SO2=SO32-+2CO2+H2ONa2SiO3+2HCl=H

42、2SiO3+NaCl或Na2SiO3+2HCl+H2O=H4SiO4+2NaCl.精選文檔SiO32-+2H+=H2SiO3或SiO32-+2H+H2O=H4SiO4Na2SiO3+CO2+2H2O=H2SiO3+Na2CO3SiO32-+CO2+2H2O=H4SiO4+CO32-5、鹽與鹽復(fù)分解反響Na2SO4+BaCl2=BaSO4+2NaCl(積淀不溶于鹽酸、硝酸)SO32-+Ba2+=BaSO4Na2SO3+BaCl2=BaSO3+2NaCl沉(淀溶于鹽酸,在硝酸中生成新的積淀,積淀不用逝)SO32-+Ba2+=BaSO3Na2CO3+BaCl2=BaCO3+2NaCl(積淀溶于鹽酸、

43、積淀消逝)CO32-+Ba2+=BaCO3Na2CO3+CaCl2=CaCO3+2NaCl(NaHCO3不反響)CO32-+Ca2+=CaCO3AgNO3+NaCl=AgCl+NaNO3Ag+Cl-=AgClAgNO3+NaBr=AgBr+NaNO3Ag+Br-=AgBrAgNO3+KI=AgCl+KNO3Ag+I-=AgI3AgNO3+Na3PO4=Ag3PO4+3NaNO33Ag+PO43-=Ag3PO4CuSO4+Na2S=CuS+Na2SO4Cu2+S2-=CuSFeCl3+3KSCN=Fe(SCN)3+3KClFe3+3SCN-=Fe(SCN)3血(紅色，用于Fe3+的特色查驗)6、

44、不堅固性:Na2S2O3+H2SO4=Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2OS2O32-+2H+=S+SO2+H2ONH4ClNH3+HClNH4INH3+HI2HIH2+I2NH4INH3+H2+I2NH4HCO3NH3+H2O+CO22KNO32KNO2+O22Cu(NO3)32CuO+4NO2+O22AgNO32Ag+2NO2+O2(保留在棕色瓶中)5NH4NO34N2+2HNO3+9H2O10NH4NO38N2+4NO2+O2+20H2O(硝酸銨爆炸反響)2KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O22KClO32KCl+3O22NaHCO3Na2CO3+H2O+CO2Ca(HCO3)2CaCO3

45、+H2O+CO2CaCO3CaO+CO2MgCO3MgO+CO2九、電離方程式1、酸的電離(H2SO4、HNO3、HCl、HBr、HI、H3PO4、HF、H2SO3、CH3COOH、H2CO3、H2S、HNO2、C6H5OH、HCN、HClO)H2SO4=2H+SO42-或：H2SO4+2H2O=2H3O+SO42-HNO3=H+NO3-或：HNO3+H2O=H3O+NO3-(以下相同).精選文檔HCl=H+ClHBr=H+BrHI=H+IH3PO4H+H2POH2POH+HPOHPOH+POHFH+FH2SO3H+HSOHSOH+SOCH3COOHH+CH3COOH2CO3H+H+H2SH+

46、H+HNO2H+NOC6H5OHH+C6H5O-苯(酚不是酸，顯酸性)HCNH+CNHClOH+ClOH2OH+OH2H2OH3O+OH2、堿的電離(NaOH、KOH、Ba(OH)2、Mg(OH)2、Al(OH)3、NH3?H2O)NaOH=Na+OHKOH=K+OHBa(OH)2=Ba2+2OHMg(OH)2Mg2+2OHAl(OH)3Al3+3OH酸式電離：Al(OH)3H+H2ONH3?H2O+2OHCa(OH)2=Ca2+2OH澄(清石灰水)Ca(OH)2Ca2+2OH石(灰懸濁液)3、鹽的電離(NaCl、Na2SO4、NaHSO4、Na2SO3、NaHSO3、MgSO4、CaSO4、

47、Al2(SO4)3、CuSO4、AlCl3、AgNO3、CH3COONa、NH4NO3、FeCl3、Na2CO3、NaHCO3、Na2S、NaHS、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4、Na3PO4、KI、NaBr、NaClO、AgCl、CaCO3)NaCl=Na+ClNa2SO4=2Na+NaHSO4=H+Na+Na2SO3=2Na+NaHSO3=Na+HSO3-錯(誤書寫：NaHSO3=Na+H+SO42-)MgSO4=Mg2+Al2(SO4)3=2Al3+3CuSO4=Cu2+AlCl3=Al3+3ClAgNO3=Ag+NO3CH3COONa=CH3COO+Na+NH4NO3=NH4+NO3-

48、FeCl3=Fe3+3ClNa2CO3=2Na+NaHCO3=Na+錯(誤書寫：NaHCO3=Na+H+)Na2S=2Na+NaHS=Na+HS錯(誤書寫：NaHS=Na+H+)NaH2PO4=Na+H2PONa2HPO4=2Na+HPO(錯誤書寫：Na2HPO4=2Na+H+PO).精選文檔Na3PO4=3Na+POKI=K+INaBr=Na+BrNaClO=Na+ClOAgClAg+(難溶、微溶物質(zhì)在水中發(fā)生略微電離)CaCO3Ca2+錯(誤書寫：CaCO3=Ca2+CO)CaSO4Ca2+SO錯(誤書寫：CaSO4=Ca2+SO)3、熔融電離NaClNa+MgCl2Mg2+2Na2O2Na+O2Al2O32Al3+3O2十、水解反響1、單水解可逆水解NH4Cl+H2ONH3?H2O+HClNH4+H2OH+NH3?H2OFeCl3+3H2OFe(OH)3+3HClFe3+3H2OFe(OH)3+3H+AlCl3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3HClAl3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3H+CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH)2+H2SO4金(屬活動次序表中Mg2+此后的陽離子均水解)Na