母豬配種及妊娠

1、母豬配種及妊娠配種及妊娠期主要學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容選擇品種選拔后備母豬淘汰的原因完整的記錄健康飼養(yǎng)及疾病管理配種方法及訓(xùn)練飼養(yǎng)方法豬舍設(shè)備PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved. 充分利用飼養(yǎng)設(shè)備，降低折舊費(fèi) 母豬與種公豬死亡率在2%以內(nèi) 母豬分娩率在85%以上 應(yīng)有詳細(xì)的母豬飼養(yǎng)管理記錄農(nóng)場(chǎng)基本管理目標(biāo)PURINA and the Checkerboard design are li

2、censed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved. 增加母豬窩產(chǎn)仔數(shù)增加仔豬生長速度 提高仔豬初生重 降低分娩到斷奶期間的死亡率 提高仔豬斷奶體重選拔與淘汰目的PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.特征 杜洛克 漢普夏 長白豬 約克夏受孕率

3、110 118 100 100窩產(chǎn)仔數(shù) 87 83 91 100斷奶頭數(shù) 80 76 103 100平均日增重 104 98 95 100達(dá)100kg日齡 103 97 99 100飼料效率 97 95 94 100背膘 88 108 86 100#純種約克夏豬能力為100時(shí)其他品種的純種能力指數(shù)比較品種間的遺傳特征PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.改善增重速度背膘厚

4、度飼料效率淘汰率種公豬健康標(biāo)準(zhǔn)： 是否有抵抗特定疾病的能力 易與現(xiàn)存的豬群融在一起選拔優(yōu)良種公豬的目的PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.性成熟早配種能力突出（母豬的受孕率）旺盛的精力睪丸能生產(chǎn)大量的精子結(jié)實(shí)的腿雜交公豬的優(yōu)勢(shì)PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purin

5、a PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved. 繁殖豬受遺傳和環(huán)境的影響 嚴(yán)格的選拔和有效雜交能提高豬群的 遺傳潛力 種公豬的選拔可以完成飼養(yǎng)戶的目標(biāo) 雜交優(yōu)勢(shì)極大化種公豬選拔PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved. 通過雜交優(yōu)勢(shì)能改善的問題 增加窩產(chǎn)仔數(shù) 快速生長率 提高初生重 分娩后到斷奶降低仔豬死

6、亡率 提高斷奶重種公豬選拔PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.到達(dá)立即隔離（60天）與現(xiàn)存豬舍30m以外供應(yīng)緩和應(yīng)激的飼料 注射抗生素到第1天 換育成期飼料 逐漸換料 完善疾病預(yù)防程序到第10天后預(yù)防接種豬瘟和豬丹毒間隔5天以上時(shí)間到第15天后檢查偽狂犬清除外部寄生蟲效果不佳反復(fù)清除到第30天后與現(xiàn)存豬交換糞便換成種公豬的飼料第2次驅(qū)蟲到第45天后種公豬購入程序PURI

7、NA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved. 防止繁殖豬群感染新疾病 為檢查新種公豬贏得時(shí)間 為更好地觀察新種公豬是否有疾病 為新種公豬和現(xiàn)存繁殖豬形成抗體 贏得時(shí)間隔離60天原因種公豬的購入程序PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargi

8、ll.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.周轉(zhuǎn)率受胎率配種能力近親繁殖年齡/體重惡習(xí)和疾病 （瘸、腿僵硬、膿、膝蓋浮腫）種公豬的淘汰PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.品種是雜交的后備母豬日增重高,飼料效率好的母豬豬群中生長速度快,脂肪薄的母豬健康的母豬(腳,腿)乳頭必須12個(gè)以上,乳頭間隔均勻合理的母豬生殖器發(fā)育健全的母豬選拔后備母豬的要

9、求PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.不過肥骨骼大, 結(jié)實(shí)體高,體長,背寬肩甲清秀, 脂肪沉積少臀平, 尾根向上蹄腕彈性好雙趾大小一致尾粗, 后臀寬四肢柔軟有彈性且強(qiáng)健生殖系統(tǒng)發(fā)育良好, 外陰部正常乳頭6對(duì)以上排列整齊, 無瞎乳頭體重90kg篩選時(shí)外貌鑒定PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark

10、of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.剛到達(dá) 與現(xiàn)豬群豬舍隔離距離至少30m以上 隔離時(shí)間為60天 每頭后備母豬的隔離舍面積為0.5m2 通風(fēng)要好、干燥、有大小適當(dāng)?shù)娘暳贤啊嬎?、休息地?到達(dá)10天內(nèi)飼喂緩和應(yīng)激的飼料到達(dá)10天后 換成生長用飼料 每頭每日飼喂2.32.7kg，換料時(shí)間需要45天后備母豬購入程序PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Comp

11、any Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.到達(dá)15天后 預(yù)防豬瘟、豬丹毒疫苗到達(dá)30天后 檢查偽狂犬 清除外部寄生蟲到達(dá)45天后 開始進(jìn)行并入現(xiàn)存豬舍 與現(xiàn)存豬群交換糞尿撒在對(duì)方豬圈中 受孕豬不能并入現(xiàn)在的豬舍中 逐漸換成短期優(yōu)飼飼料（每日增加1kg）到達(dá)60天后 60天后一切正常并入現(xiàn)存豬舍中 作好標(biāo)記 作好記錄后備母豬購入程序PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporate

12、d.All Rights Reserved. 身體缺陷 惡習(xí) 窩產(chǎn)仔數(shù)少 缺乏母性后備母豬的淘汰PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.為了配種,對(duì)種公豬7個(gè)半月開始進(jìn)行刺激引起對(duì)母豬的興趣,4-5天時(shí)間跟經(jīng)產(chǎn)母豬 后備母豬接觸訓(xùn)練配種第一次配種很重要(好的經(jīng)驗(yàn))體重達(dá)到125公斤以上進(jìn)行配種配種準(zhǔn)備種公豬的準(zhǔn)備PURINA and the Checkerboard des

13、ign are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.初產(chǎn)母豬配種準(zhǔn)備 從體重80kg到配種前10天飼喂后備母豬飼料：#2918 制定并入繁殖豬群的計(jì)劃 清除外部寄生蟲 配種23周前清除內(nèi)部寄生蟲（內(nèi)外驅(qū)蟲間隔15天以上） 配種1014天前飼喂高能量飼料，提高母豬的排卵 初產(chǎn)豬配種是7.58月齡體重達(dá)到110公斤以上配種準(zhǔn)備PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Ne

14、stle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved. 把公豬放到母豬旁邊的豬舍里 使用面積擴(kuò)大或減少 移動(dòng)到新的環(huán)境中 合并或重新分群 通過拖車的運(yùn)輸震動(dòng)刺激母豬 接觸結(jié)扎過的種公豬催情技術(shù)配種準(zhǔn)備PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.調(diào)整水和飼料重新組群或飼養(yǎng)在別的豬舍把與母豬關(guān)系密切

15、的種公豬換成其他強(qiáng)有力的種公豬移動(dòng)到經(jīng)產(chǎn)母豬舍誘導(dǎo)發(fā)情的技術(shù)配種準(zhǔn)備PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.與發(fā)情中的后備母豬合并在一起來觀察種公豬的行為和配種欲望根據(jù)情況要幫助種公豬完成第1次和第2次配種觀察種公豬與后備母豬的配種，從解剖學(xué)角度檢查是否正常，如腿是否瘸或發(fā)育是否完全，生殖器是否正常確認(rèn)配種后的后備母豬是否受孕配種訓(xùn)練方法配種準(zhǔn)備PURINA and the

16、 Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.維護(hù)健康和促進(jìn)發(fā)情經(jīng)產(chǎn)豬要接種預(yù)防豬瘟和其他疾病的疫苗必須清除經(jīng)產(chǎn)豬外部寄生蟲清除經(jīng)產(chǎn)豬的內(nèi)部寄生蟲（驅(qū)蟲間隔15天）要給第一次發(fā)情而沒能配種的經(jīng)產(chǎn)豬實(shí)施短期優(yōu)飼經(jīng)產(chǎn)豬的準(zhǔn)備配種準(zhǔn)備PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company

17、Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.配種方法 自然交配 人工受精自然交配需注意事項(xiàng) 避免過度使用種公豬 減少使用受胎率低的種公豬 配種場(chǎng)所的地板踩塌性要好 配種時(shí)要考慮豬的體型大小和年齡配種PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.自然交配 發(fā)情的豬一個(gè)一個(gè)與種公豬配種的方法叫自然交配配種 保障準(zhǔn)確的記錄 易發(fā)現(xiàn)配種時(shí)出現(xiàn)的問題，

18、并調(diào)整 配種后立即隔離母豬和種公豬，有效地減少胎兒死亡率 準(zhǔn)確掌握配種的時(shí)間，立即停止短期優(yōu)飼 對(duì)發(fā)情母豬保證2次以上配種 自然交配的優(yōu)點(diǎn) PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.人工受精 人工受精的優(yōu)點(diǎn)配種 優(yōu)良公豬精液使用到更多的母豬 避免購入的種公豬發(fā)生問題 將優(yōu)良的遺傳性引入到豬群中使用的公豬數(shù)量少PURINA and the Checkerboard design

19、 are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.配種時(shí)間母豬發(fā)情前1-2天開始外陰部腫脹，配種時(shí)逐漸消失 經(jīng)產(chǎn)豬發(fā)情開始18個(gè)小時(shí)后一次配種，12小時(shí)以后2次配種發(fā)情發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)間一次配種二次配種當(dāng)天上午當(dāng)天下午第二天早上當(dāng)天下午第二天上午第二天下午后備母豬發(fā)情開始后，14小時(shí)一次配種，8小時(shí)以后二次配種PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina P

20、etCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.多次配種效果 1次配種 2次配種 差異 分娩率 85.1 87.2 +2.1 產(chǎn)仔數(shù) 9.8 11.7 +1.9 1頭使用 2頭使用 差異 分娩率 76.6 83.2 +9.0 2頭公豬配2次1頭公豬配2次PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.配種集體配種 3

21、12 40 成熟種公豬未成熟種公豬 2 8 25個(gè)體配種 2 6 20 成熟種公豬未成熟種公豬 1 4 12日 周 月種公豬的配種利用率PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.豬舍內(nèi)溫度超過27度 - 精液量減 少 - 精液質(zhì)量下降 - 高溫應(yīng)激持續(xù)2-6周防止高溫應(yīng)激 - 選擇當(dāng)天最涼爽時(shí)配種 - 利用降溫設(shè)備種公豬的高溫應(yīng)激PURINA and the Checkerb

22、oard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.提高排卵率的方法選拔生產(chǎn)性能高的母豬必須飼喂后備母豬飼料：2918避免后備母豬過肥，讓肌肉和骨骼發(fā)達(dá)公母豬分離飼養(yǎng)公豬最初試配時(shí)期：240日齡哺乳中體重?fù)p失最小減少應(yīng)激保持適當(dāng)溫度初產(chǎn)母豬哺乳頭數(shù)控制在9頭以下，哺乳中自由采食高營養(yǎng)飼料采取增量飼喂照明管理（350LUX16小時(shí)）PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed tra

23、demark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.配種時(shí)管理核心再次發(fā)情/斷奶后-配種前；安靜的環(huán)境準(zhǔn)確掌握配種時(shí)間,及時(shí)配種配種前飼喂高能量飼料(2818) - 提高排卵率 - 增加產(chǎn)仔數(shù) 一次配種后立即減少飼喂量 提高受精卵生存率PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Rese

24、rved.增量飼喂對(duì)照增量飼喂1天增量飼喂14天平均排卵數(shù)妊娠28日時(shí)生存胎兒數(shù)13.711.214.8（+1.1）11.9（+0.7）15.4（+1.7）13.0（+1.8）哺乳中體組織損失越大時(shí) .胎次越低時(shí) ，后備母豬比經(jīng)產(chǎn)母豬更明顯 不良的飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境中效果更明顯 . 后備母豬配種前14天開始增量飼喂 PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.減少應(yīng)激 - 提供安靜的環(huán)境

25、配種-分娩:胎兒死亡40%妊娠初期:25日內(nèi)胎兒消失23% 原因:采食量過多引起過肥,高溫,其它應(yīng)激配種后18-24日檢驗(yàn)是否再發(fā)情配種后立刻限量飼喂防止過肥現(xiàn)象妊娠初期（胎兒著床期）PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.飼料囁取量(KG)4.12.51.25胎兒生存率(1-10日)66.072.178.4胎兒生存率(10-20日)67.372.071.9妊娠前期(120

26、日)飼喂量和胎兒的死亡率之間的關(guān)系PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.從排卵到著床卵子損失排卵數(shù)20受精數(shù)17著床數(shù)14妊娠哺乳期母豬的飼料攝入量對(duì)胎兒生存的影響 哺乳期間飼料攝入量（KG/天） 6.0 妊娠期間飼料攝入量（KG/天） 3.5 1.8 母豬數(shù) 28 28 胎兒生存率（%） 80.5 84.6 PURINA and the Checkerboard des

27、ign are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.妊娠初期（015天）高溫對(duì)繁殖能力的影響溫度 35度 23.3 度 生存率（%） 64.2 82.8產(chǎn)仔數(shù)（頭） 9.4 12.6PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.31

28、-75日:體重調(diào)節(jié)期75-95日:乳腺細(xì)胞發(fā)育期配種30-45日可以用超聲波妊娠診斷儀有效地檢測(cè)妊娠情況妊娠中期PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.妊娠期間母豬的過肥問題1. 出現(xiàn)分娩障礙(難產(chǎn))2. 降低出生重與均勻度3. 降低產(chǎn)奶量,乳質(zhì)下降 “禁止過肥”PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademar

29、k of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.妊娠豬體型管理 維持母豬的繁殖性能 維持母豬的體況 維持皮下脂肪判斷母豬的 體脂肪 沉積狀態(tài)母豬繁殖的能量源 P.S.Y + 2 頭 經(jīng)濟(jì)壽命 + 1產(chǎn)PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.母豬的體型管理體型分?jǐn)?shù)評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體

30、型分?jǐn)?shù)12345髖骨突起位置肉眼輕易可見觸摸到肉眼可見可觸摸到用手按壓可觸摸到用手按壓也難觸摸到根本摸不到母豬的脊椎骨突起嚴(yán)重肉眼可見突起有輪廓用手可觸摸到用手按壓可觸摸到用手按壓也難觸摸到脂肪過多無法觸摸到背膘厚度（P2，mm)14以下15182125以上PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.膘情與飼喂量* 3-4周實(shí)施調(diào)整PURINA and the Checkerb

31、oard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.母豬產(chǎn)次數(shù)與體重增加目標(biāo)體重增加目標(biāo) 背脂肪目標(biāo)（P2位置) 產(chǎn)次數(shù)與體重（KG） 產(chǎn)仔次數(shù)與背脂肪（mm)1 產(chǎn) +20 1 產(chǎn) 162 產(chǎn)+15 2 產(chǎn) 153 產(chǎn)+10 3 產(chǎn) 14 4 產(chǎn)+5 4 產(chǎn) 13 大 象 ？PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina Pet

32、Care Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.妊娠末期管理目標(biāo)健康均勻的一窩仔豬促進(jìn)胎兒生長(胎兒的2/3增重)利用沉積在胎兒肝與肌肉中的免疫球蛋白增加生存率子宮膜/泌乳器官發(fā)達(dá) 母豬的體成長(初產(chǎn))提高出生重,提高斷奶重 PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.妊娠末期增量飼喂經(jīng)產(chǎn)母豬：分娩前4周開始初產(chǎn)母豬：

33、分娩前3周開始1. 一窩仔豬要健康.均勻2. 促進(jìn)胎兒成長（70%胎兒成長）3. 增加胎兒生存率4. 子宮膜/泌乳器官發(fā)達(dá)5. 母豬的體成長（初產(chǎn)）6. 提高出生窩重,提高斷奶窩重PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.出生體重的影響1. 仔豬死亡率2. 斷奶時(shí)體重3. 出欄體重4. 窒息死亡和難產(chǎn)（胎兒很大的情況）決定性影響1. 平均1.5千克2. 一窩總體重非常重要3.

34、 均勻度比體重更重要PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.出生體重與存活率的關(guān)系PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.出生體重均勻度與存活率的關(guān)系

35、該變異系數(shù)表示一窩仔豬中出生重的差異程度PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.妊娠末期做分娩準(zhǔn)備:疫苗的接種 妊娠104天驅(qū)蟲初產(chǎn)豬分娩前3周,經(jīng)產(chǎn)豬分娩前4周增加食喂(提高小豬出生重,增加小豬活力,分娩前21日內(nèi)生長出生重的70%)妊娠末期受高溫應(yīng)激增加死胎分娩前首先把母豬清洗干凈，消毒有必要時(shí)消滅豬虱妊娠109日移到干凈的分娩舍分娩前5日開始減量食喂PURINA an

36、d the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved. 配種后到分娩時(shí)有40%以上的胎兒會(huì)死亡 妊娠初期25天會(huì)死亡23%，這時(shí)期屬受精卵著床期 妊娠3590天形成木乃伊，木乃伊是為了保護(hù)胎盤 和粘膜，實(shí)質(zhì)組織濃縮時(shí)產(chǎn)生 死胎是妊娠90天后產(chǎn)生，胎兒死亡時(shí)發(fā)生胎兒死亡時(shí)期及因素PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nest

37、le Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.ABCD子宮分娩順序胎兒營養(yǎng)吸收順序分娩第幾個(gè)仔豬劣胎?胎兒在子宮里發(fā)育機(jī)理 PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Cargill.Incorporated.All Rights Reserved.妊娠日齡與胎兒的生長PURINA and the Checkerboard design are licensed trademark of Nestle Purina PetCare Company Car