力拓西芒杜鐵礦保護生物多樣性項目

1、力拓西芒杜鐵礦保護生物多樣性項目項目背景： 能否取得土地的使用權(quán)對于力拓集團至關(guān)重要。如果無法獲得土地的使用權(quán)，力拓任何采礦作業(yè)都將無法進行。為了獲得土地使用許可，公司需有效應(yīng)對采礦作業(yè)對生物多樣性的影響，管控對瀕危動植物的威脅。公司為指導(dǎo)并管理生物多樣性問題設(shè)計了“層級緩解”（mitigation hierarchy）策略。這一策略為公司提供了生物多樣性風險識別和對策研發(fā)的重要框架，致力于使公司創(chuàng)造生物多樣性凈值正面效益，彌補其在采礦與處理過程中對環(huán)境造成的負面影響。行動方案： “層級緩解”策略的第一步是“規(guī)避”：如果經(jīng)過評估認為項目會對當?shù)厣锒鄻有援a(chǎn)生重大影響，則公司須于啟動前做出調(diào)整甚

2、至中止項目?！耙?guī)避”的最佳時機是在項目開發(fā)階段。西芒杜（Simandou）鐵礦項目為保護幾內(nèi)亞東南部Pic de Fon林區(qū)（Pic de Fon Classified Forest)大猩猩所做的工作即是應(yīng)用“規(guī)避”手段的一個案例。 西非大猩猩是瀕危物種。在過去的三十年里因為捕獵、棲息地環(huán)境惡化、叢林大火、放牧、疾病等，西非大猩猩的數(shù)量減少了75%。力拓在2006年獲得西芒杜地區(qū)采礦權(quán)時，只有極少有關(guān)當?shù)卮笮尚蓴?shù)量的數(shù)據(jù)。在接下來的四年里，公司對大猩猩進行了全面的調(diào)查，詳細地記錄了與大猩猩生存相關(guān)的各個方面，包括棲息地惡化問題和大猩猩的生存威脅等。力拓用收集到的信息指導(dǎo)制定了礦區(qū)和鐵路基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施

3、建設(shè)計劃，防止對大猩猩造成不利影響。盡管從技術(shù)和財務(wù)角度來講，在西芒杜西部一帶建設(shè)鐵路線和礦區(qū)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施是有利的，但研究表明這里是大猩猩最佳的棲息地且已有不少大猩猩聚集在此，所以力拓決定在西芒杜東部建設(shè)基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。而相比于西部，東部還有著獨特的優(yōu)勢。礦區(qū)未來的發(fā)展必定會導(dǎo)致大量人口和供應(yīng)商遷移至礦區(qū)附近，造成巨大的人口壓力。而東部地區(qū)已經(jīng)由當?shù)鼐用襁M行了一些開發(fā)，具備了一些基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。公司未來可以利用當?shù)匾延械脑O(shè)施，更順利地解決未來礦區(qū)發(fā)展所帶來的人口遷移問題。 為了保護大猩猩，礦區(qū)修改了采礦計劃，改變了采礦次序，將大猩猩核心棲息地保留至最后再開采。這使大猩猩的核心棲息地能夠在盡量長的時間內(nèi)不被破壞

4、。因此，大猩猩不再會因為周邊環(huán)境的驟然改變而倉促地遷徙，而是有足夠的時間應(yīng)對采礦帶來的破壞，轉(zhuǎn)移到林區(qū)中的另一處。盡管這個地區(qū)對于全球生物多樣性十分重要，且受到越來越嚴重的威脅，但直到力拓獲得采礦權(quán)之時當?shù)夭]有對Pic de Fon林區(qū)的正式管理方案。為解決沒有統(tǒng)一管理方案的問題，2010年，力拓西芒杜、幾內(nèi)亞環(huán)境部與當?shù)胤钦M織恩澤雷科雷森林保護中心（Centre Forestier de NZrkor）合作制定了Pic de Fon林區(qū)管理計劃。該計劃設(shè)立了保護區(qū)、生產(chǎn)區(qū)和采礦區(qū)，各區(qū)之間不得互相越界，在保護環(huán)境的前提下保證經(jīng)濟發(fā)展。 為了保證礦區(qū)與Pic de Fon大猩猩們能夠長期

5、共存，除采取“規(guī)避”措施之外，公司還采取了其他措施，包括保護現(xiàn)有棲息地、控制捕獵以及保護適合大猩猩生存的潛在棲息地。力拓正在與當?shù)厣鐓^(qū)合作，增強當?shù)鼐用駥ΡＷo大猩猩重要性的理解并為其探索捕獵之外的謀生方法。一個“狩獵人聯(lián)盟”已經(jīng)建立并在保護大猩猩中扮演關(guān)鍵角色。聯(lián)盟成員會在森林里巡邏，發(fā)現(xiàn)并記錄任何違規(guī)行為。績效收益： 力拓為保護生物多樣性做出的努力減少了采礦作業(yè)對當?shù)丨h(huán)境造成的破壞，為保護當?shù)卮笮尚勺龀隽朔e極正面的貢獻同時，通過該行動，力拓贏得了當?shù)亟M織和居民的尊重和支持，使得當?shù)氐牟傻V作業(yè)得以順利進行。借鑒意義：為有效應(yīng)對采礦作業(yè)對生物多樣性的影響，管控對瀕危動植物的威脅，力拓設(shè)計了“層級

6、緩解”策略。該策略為公司提供了生物多樣性風險識別和對策研發(fā)的重要框架，致力于使公司創(chuàng)造生物多樣性凈值正面效益，彌補其在采礦與處理過程中對環(huán)境造成的負面影響。由此可見，企業(yè)發(fā)起的生物多樣性保護項目不僅減少了采礦作業(yè)對當?shù)丨h(huán)境造成的破壞，還能贏得當?shù)亟M織和居民的尊重和支持，使得當?shù)氐牟傻V作業(yè)得以順利進行。Rio Tinto Simandou Biodiversity Protection ProgramBackground:Access to land is essential to all of Rio Tintos operations. Without permission of using

7、 the land, all of Rio Tintos mining activities will stop. As one element of gaining approvals and permit, the company must be able to demonstrate that it can address biodiversity impacts and manage the risk associated with threatened species of animals and plants. The companys goal is to appropriate

8、ly manage biodiversity using a “ HYPERLINK /sustainabledevelopment2013/environment/biodiversity.html mitigation hierarchy” to guide the approach: this provides an important framework for identifying the risks and developing appropriate responses. The company aims to achieve a net positive impact on

9、biodiversity, outweighing the inevitable disturbances caused by mining and mineral processing. Actions:The first step in the mitigation hierarchy is “avoidance”: changing or stopping actions before they take place, to prevent their expected impacts on biodiversity. The biggest opportunity for avoida

10、nce is during project development, as seen through the work of the Simandou iron ore project with local chimpanzee populations, in the Pic de Fon Classified Forest of south-east Guinea.The West African chimpanzee is an endangered species, whose total numbers have dropped by 75 per cent over the last

11、 30 years due to hunting, habitat degradation, bushfire, cattle grazing and disease. Little data was available on the local chimpanzee population when Rio Tinto was granted mining rights in 2006, and so over the next four years, the company undertook comprehensive surveys to build up a detailed pict

12、ure of the chimpanzees, their habitat, and the threats to their survival. The information Rio Tinto gathered was used to guide the mine and rail infrastructure plans, so that impacts on the chimpanzees could be avoided. Although from a technical and financial point of view there were benefits to sit

13、ing the rail line and mine infrastructure to the west of the Simandou range, the studies demonstrated that this was also the best chimpanzee habitat and the area where they were concentrated.So Rio Tinto took the decision to develop the infrastructure on the eastern side of the orebody. The developm

14、ent that already exists will be more able to handle the migration of people and businesses seeking to benefit from economic opportunities presented by the mine. The mine plan has also been modified in order to protect the chimpanzees. By changing the sequence in which the orebody will be worked, cor

15、e habitat will be left untouched for as long as possible. This gives resident chimpanzees the time to adjust to disruption and move on to other areas within the classified forest, rather than being displaced suddenly.Despite its global biodiversity significance, and increasing threats, no formal man

16、agement plan was in place for the Pic de Fon Forest when Rio Tinto gained its mining rights. In 2010, Rio Tinto Simandou, the Guinean Ministry of Environment and the Centre Forestier de NZrkor (a local ecological NGO) came together to develop the Pic de Fon Classified Forest Management Plan. A stric

17、t protection zone, a production zone and a mining zone now co-exist within the forest to striving for the goal of ensuring economic development and protecting the environment.To secure the co-existence of mining with the long-term survival of the Pic de Fon chimpanzee population, other mitigation me

18、asures are being implemented in addition to the avoidance efforts. These include ensuring habitat is protected, hunting is controlled, and that further suitable habitat is secured. Rio Tinto is working with the local community to increase understanding about the chimpanzees conservation significance

19、, and to explore alternative options to hunting as a livelihood for local people. A hunters federation has been formed, which is now playing a key role in conservation efforts. Members patrol the forest and record any irregularities they find.Benefits:Together, Rio Tintos measures are designed to ensure that its presence does not contribute to further decline, but instead that it contributes to the overall benefit of the chimpanzees. Meanwhile, Rio Tintos efforts in protecting chimpanzees have earned respects and supports from local organisations and people, ensuring that its