2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東師范大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號35

1、住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-華東師范大學考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據實際調整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.翻譯題“Intelligence” at best is an assumptive construct the meaning of the word has never been clear. There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify

2、them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a childs capacity for learning, particularly fo

3、r learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity. Now since the assessment

4、 of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison.【答案】“智力”充其量只是一個假設性的概念, 因為智力的含義從來就是模糊的。人們對智力所指的不同表現(xiàn), 比對這些表現(xiàn)如何解釋或分類, 看法更為一致, 但是一般認為智力好的人是能夠迅速領會思想、區(qū)分事物、進行邏輯推理并運用文字和數(shù)車符號來解決問題的人。智力測驗只是粗略衡量一個兒童的學習能力, 尤

5、其是學習學校所要求的不同知識的能力。智力測驗并不測定人的品格、社會適應能力、身體耐力、手工技能或藝術才能。批評智力測試不反映上述情況, 就猶如批評溫度計不測風速一樣。既然對智力的評估是比較而言的, 那么我們就必須確保在對我們的對象迸行比較時, 我們所使用尺度能提供“有效的”；或“公平的”比較。2.單選題The authors of the United States Constitution attempted to establish an effective national government while preserving（）for the states and liberty f

6、or individuals.問題1選項A.autonomyB.dignityC.monopolyD.stability【答案】A【解析】autonomy自治；dignity尊嚴,高貴；monopoly壟斷；stability穩(wěn)定性。句意：撰寫美國國家憲法的人試圖建立一個高效的國家政府,即能保證各個州的自治,又能保證個人的自由。選項A符合句意。3.單選題Jim isnt（）, but he did badly in the final exams last semester.問題1選項A.gloomyB.dullC.awkwardD.tedious【答案】B【解析】詞義辨析題。gloomy黑暗

7、的,沮喪的,陰郁的；dull遲鈍的,笨的,陰暗的；awkward尷尬的,笨拙的,棘手的,不合適的；tedious沉悶的,冗長乏味的。句意：吉姆并不笨，但是上學期期末考試考得很差。選項B符合句意。4.翻譯題名牌大學享受著絕大部分的政府教育撥款, 而地方大學只能依靠市場的力量, 這就意味著他們必須要招收更多的學生以確保財政收入。這種逐漸加大的差距必然會導致地方大學教育質量下滑, 這些地方學校嚴重缺乏富有經驗的優(yōu)秀教師。更糟糕的是, 這些學校都喜歡開設一些”軟專業(yè), 比如說, 會計, 金融, 公共事業(yè)管理, 國際貿易, 外語等等。這些時髦的專業(yè)不需要太多財資就可以開設, 從而使得學校珂以容納下這些年

8、的擴招學生。這些專業(yè)的畢業(yè)生過去受到就業(yè)市場的歡迎。然而, 由于這些專業(yè)的畢業(yè)生日益增多, 使得供需之間產生嚴重不平衡的現(xiàn)象?！敬鸢浮縏he elite universities enjoy strong state patronage in terms of higher concentration of public resources while the local ones are largely left to rely on market forces, which means that they have to take in more students in order to

9、secure their revenue. This widening gap inevitably led to deterioration of the quality of higher education in many local colleges, which suffer from a severe shortage of qualified and experienced teaching staff. Worse still, many of these colleges favored adding“soft”programs, e.g., accounting, busi

10、ness/public administration, international commerce, foreign languages, etc. These popular programs require modest resources, thus providing an effective means for fast expansion. Graduates of these programs used to be welcomed into the job market. However, the proliferation of these programs has cre

11、ated a huge discrepancy between the supply and demand side.5.單選題We hadnt enough money to pay our bus fare, and in（）we had to walk.問題1選項A.particularB.consequenceC.possessionD.succession【答案】B【解析】名詞辨析題。particular特別的，特色；consequence結果，因此；possession擁有，所有；succession接連，避承權。句意：我們沒有足夠的錢賣車票，所以只能步行。選項B符合句意。6.單選

12、題In what（）to a last minute stay of execution a council announced that emergency funding would keep alive two aging satellites.問題1選項A.appliesB.accountsC.attachesD.amounts【答案】D【解析】辨析題。apply to應用于；account to對.做出解釋；attach to聯(lián)系；amounts to導致。句意：在最后一分鐘,導致延遲處決的是委員會宣布應急基金將使兩顆已使用多年的衛(wèi)星繼續(xù)運行。選項D符合句意。7.單選題If any

13、man here does not agree with me, he should（）his own plan for improving the living conditions of these people.問題1選項A.put onB.put outC.put inD.put forward【答案】D【解析】短語辨析題。put on穿上；put out把.拿出來；put in提交；put forward提出。句意：假如有人不贊同我的提議,他應該提出自己的計劃以提高這些人的生活條件。選項D符合句意。8.單選題You must read between the lines to get

14、 the（）meaning.問題1選項A.unanimousB.underlyingC.ultimateD.universal【答案】B【解析】詞義辨析題。unanimous意見相同的,全體一致的；underlying潛在的；ultimate最終的,根本的；universal普遍的,通用的。句意：你必須從字里行間去領會其深層含義。選項B符合句意。9.單選題In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women（）this field is climbing.問題1選項A.engagingB.devoti

15、ngC.registeringD.pursuing【答案】D【解析】動詞辨析題。enrolling登記,招收；dedicating獻身,致力，后面一般接介詞to; reclaiming開拓,開墾；pursuing從事,進行。句意：過去，大多數(shù)護林員都是男性，但今天，從事這一領域的女性人數(shù)正在攀升。選項D符合句意。10.單選題She suggested that the expedition be（）with the latest scientific equipment.問題1選項A.afflictedB.permeatedC.paddledD.outfitted【答案】D【解析】動詞辨析題。

16、afflicted折磨、使痛苦；permeate滲透、彌漫；paddled劃槳；outfitted配備、機構。句意：她建議探險隊配備最新的科學設備。選項D符合句意。11.單選題Too much（）to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.問題1選項A.disclosureB.exhibitionC.contactD.exposure【答案】D【解析】詞匯題。disclosure披露,揭發(fā)；exhibition展覽,顯示；contact接觸,聯(lián)系；exposure暴露,曝光。句意：過度暴露在x射線下會導致

17、皮膚灼傷、癌癥或對身體造成其他傷害。選項D符合句意。12.翻譯題Put the following into English.十九世紀末, 中國開始舉辦師范教育。1949年中華人民共和國成立之后, 在各級政府的關心和支持下, 中國師范教育進入了前所未有的發(fā)展階段。在科學技術迅猛發(fā)展的今天, 振興經濟的希望在教育, 教師隊伍的數(shù)量和質量對教育發(fā)展具有決定性的影響。在中國這樣一個擁有世界教師總量五分之一的龐大教師隊伍 的國家,人民教師的地位和作用直接關系到教育事業(yè)乃至整個國家的發(fā)展。師范教育(teacher education)【答案】At the end of 19th century, the

18、 teacher education began in China. Since the foundation of Peoples Republic of China in 1949, it has undergone an unprecedented development thanks to solicitude and support of the central and local government With the rapid development of technology and science nowadays, education becomes vital to t

19、he growth of economy. Its development, however, is determined by the number an professional expertise of teachers. China owns one-fifth of the teachers of the whole world, and the development of the educational issues and even the whole country are directly affected by the status and function of the

20、 teachers.13.單選題Color-blind people often find it difficult to（）between blue and green.問題1選項A.separateB.compareC.contrastD.distinguish【答案】D【解析】詞義辨析題。separate分離；compare比較；contrast對比；distinguish辨別。句意：色盲患者經常很難區(qū)分藍色和綠色。選項D正確。14.單選題The growth of population during the past few centuries is no proof that pop

21、ulation will continue to grow straight upward toward infinity and doom. On the contrary, demographic history offers evidence that population growth has not been at all constant. According to paleo-ecologist Edward Deevey, the past million years show three momentous changes. The first, a rapid increa

22、se in population around one million B.C., followed the innovations of tool-making and tool-using. But when the new power from the use of tools had been exploited, the rate of world population growth fell and became almost stable.The next rapid jump in population started perhaps 10.000 years ago, whe

23、n men began to keep herds, plow and plant the earth. Once again when initial productivity gains had been absorbed, the rate of population growth abated.These two episodes suggest that the third great change, the present rapid growth, which began in the West between 250 and 350 years ago, may also sl

24、ow down when, or if technology begins to yield fewer innovations. Of course, the current knowledge revolution may continue without foreseeable end. Either waycontrary to popular belief in constant geometric growthpopulation can be expected in the long run to adjust to productivity. And when one take

25、s this view, population growth is seen to represent economic progress and human triumph rather than social failure.1.In the passage, when did the first significant demographic change occur?2.What did human beings learn to do when the 2nd demographic change took place?3.What is found to have close re

26、lationship with rapid increase in population?4.What can be concluded when the current tide of knowledge revolution ebbs?5.What is the concept most people have on population growth?問題1選項A.Three to four centuries ago.B.Ten thousand years ago.C.At a time when steamed engine was invented.D.At a time whe

27、n human beings began to use tools.問題2選項A.To use stone.B.To plant the earth.C.To build aircraft.D.To derive automobiles.問題3選項A.War between 2 centuries.B.Ways discovered to increase productivity.C.Migration from a continent to another continent.D.A new religion beginning to be accepted by people.問題4選項

28、A.Productivity will rise.B.Productivity will receive no impact.C.Population growth will slow down.D.Population growth will become accelerated.問題5選項A.The population is always in constant geometric growth.B.Rapid growth is followed by stable growth.C.Decelerated growth is followed by a declineD.No gro

29、wth at all.【答案】第1題:D第2題:B第3題:B第4題:C第5題:A【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。根據第一段的倒數(shù)第二句“a rapid increase in population around one million B.C., followed the innovations of tool-making and tool-using.”公元前100萬年左右，人口迅速增長，伴隨著工具制造的創(chuàng)新和工具的使用。選項D符合原文。2.細節(jié)事實題。根據第二段的第一句“The next rapid jump in population started perhaps 10.000 years

30、ago, when men began to keep herds, plow and plant the earth.”第二次人口的快速增長大約始于一萬年前，那時人們開始放牧、犁地和種地。選項B符合原文。3.細節(jié)事實題。根據第二段的最后一句“Once again when initial productivity gains had been absorbed, the rate of population growth abated.”當最初的生產力增長再次被吸收后，人口增長率又降低了。由此推斷，人口的增長和生產力的提高有關，選項B正確。4.判斷推理題。根據第三段的第一句“the pres

31、ent rapid growth, ., may also slow down when, or if technology begins to yield fewer innovations.”如果技術創(chuàng)新開始減少，當前人口的快速增長也可能放緩。選項C符合原文。5.細節(jié)事實題。根據最后一段的倒數(shù)第二句“.popular belief in constant geometric growth.”選項A與原文相符。15.單選題When Mr. Li writes an article, he always keep several dictionaries（）.問題1選項A.under his

32、handsB.by handC.out of handD.at hand【答案】D【解析】詞組辨析題。by hand用手；out of hand脫手、無法控制；at hand在手邊。句意：李先生寫文章時，手邊總有幾本詞典。選項D符合句意。16.單選題Circus tigers, although they have been tamed, can（）attack their trainer.問題1選項A.unexpectedlyB.deliberatelyC.reluctantlyD.subsequently【答案】A【解析】詞義辨折題。Unexpectedly意外地,出乎意料地；delibe

33、rately故意地，謹慎地；reluctantly不情愿地,嫌惡地；subsequently隨后,后來。句意：盡管馬戲團里的老虎已經被馴服，卻能出人意料地攻擊它們的馴獸師。選項A符合句意。17.單選題Although there was a lot more to say, Stephen（）from further questions.問題1選項A.strainedB.refrainedC.resistedD.retreated【答案】D【解析】詞義辨析題。strained拉緊；refrained節(jié)制,克制；resist抵抗,一般與介詞to搭配；retreated避開,撤退。句意：盡管還有很

34、多可以說的,但斯蒂芬沒有進一步回答更多的問題。選項D符合句意。18.單選題Henrys news report covering the conference was so（）that nothing had been omitted.問題1選項A.clearB.integratedC.comprehensiveD.understandable【答案】C【解析】詞義辨析題。句意：亨利關于這次會議的新聞報道非常全面,沒有遺漏任何東西。選項C符合句意。19.翻譯題As soon as a woman has caught her man, she “gives up her career for

35、love”一or, at least, that is what she will tell him. He could hardly be flattered by the thought that she had been saved in the nick of time from having to sweat her way through examinations, but he would much rather get drunk on the idea of the love 4【答案】女人一旦捕獲了自己的男人，便會“為了愛情而放棄事業(yè)”，或者，至少她會對男人如是說。雖說他大

36、概不會既得意洋洋地認為，是他在緊要關頭救了她，使她免受考試的煎熬， 但他卻寧愿陶醉于愛情“無法折衷”的想法，而這種想法是她故意裝作對她才有的想法。 他甚至認為，也許她本來可以成為一名著名的外科醫(yī)生或出色的新聞記者，而她卻為了自己放棄了所有的一切。但他永遠不會想到，她更愿意當一個著名外科醫(yī)生的太太，既不用上班，也不用承擔責任，就能享有他那樣的收入和地位。因此，為了彌補她所做出的巨大犧牲，他決心讓她在自己的身邊過上舒舒服服的曰子。20.單選題The farm is a major marketplace for millions of tons of synthetic fertilizers a

37、nd pesticides, and for advanced machinery and the fuel required to run it. The modem super-farm, large and highly capitalized, is resource dependent compared with the diversified small farms that were once dominant. On diversified farms, major energy needs may be supplied by resident humans and anim

38、als. Soil fertility may be maintained by alternating cash crops and restorative crops, and also by returning animal manure to the soil. This farming model of relatively self-sufficient agriculture, and the way of life associated with it, are still economically viable，as demonstrated by prosperous Am

39、ish farmers and other practitioners of “alternative” agriculture. Particularly relevant to todays mainstream agriculture are the energy-saving practices on large “organic” farms, which are thoroughly mechanized but which minimize the use of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers.By comparison, mainstr

40、eam American agriculture has until lately been careless in its use of energy, water, and land. When fossil energy was cheap, applications of fertilizers and pesticides paid large dividends, so farmers were encouraged to use these products. Soon most farmers used too much fertilizer and pesticide. Fa

41、rmers in dry regions enjoyed an era of cheap water，obtained from publicly subsidized irrigation systems or from pumping groundwater using inexpensive energy. The soil too was expendable as demand grew for U. S. agricultural products.The period of extraordinary profligacy in the use of soil, water, a

42、nd fossil fuels may well be at an end. The new structure of large farms is quite sensitive to cost factors. These adaptive farms, whose development was assisted by public tax, subsidy, and research policies, have access to capital, technologies, and management skills, enabling them to switch relativ

43、ely quickly to resource-conserving practicesfor example, to a low-tillage system that requires less fuel, that shepherds soil moisture, and that may reduce soil erosion. It seems likely that federal programs that have enlarged our farms, therefore, have had a further result of creating the potential

44、 for a more conserving agriculture. With respect to energy use, for example, energy costs per unit of output are lower for large farms, mainly because these farms quickly economized on energy as costs rose. In the future, according to one authoritative assessment, “agricultural production is likely

45、to use capital and land more intensively but energy, fertilizer and labor less intensively”.1.The main difference between the modem super-farm and diversified farms lies in（）2.The second paragraph focuses on the fact that（）3.The word profligacy in Paragraph Three most probably means （）4.According to

46、 the passage, which of the following is NOT true?5.It can be seen from the passage that the problem of resource conservation in agriculture（）問題1選項A.their sizesB.the machinery employedC.the degree of dependence on resourcesD.the kinds of crops cultivated and animals raised問題2選項A.fossil energy was onc

47、e very cheapB.farms in dry areas could get cheap waterC.most American farmers used too much fertilizer and pesticideD.mainstream American agriculture used to be wasteful of energy, water and land問題3選項A.wastefulnessB.carefulnessC.profitabilityD.economy問題4選項A.The farming model and the way of life on d

48、iversified farms are workable.B.Large organic farms use large amounts of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers.C.The new adaptive farms are capable of resource-conserving practices.D.To reduce soil erosion is a resource-conserving practice.問題5選項A.has been solved in the U.S.B.has not yet been paid any

49、 attentionC.is being seriously and effectively dealt withD.will soon be solved by using more capital and land【答案】第1題:C第2題:D第3題:A第4題:B第5題:C【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。根據第一段的第二句“The modem super farm, large and highly capitalized, is resource dependent compared with the diversified small farms that were once dominant.

50、”現(xiàn)代超級農場規(guī)模大、高度資本化，與曾經占主導地位的多樣化的小型農場相比，資源依賴性強。因此，兩者的不同主要在于資源依賴的程度不同。選項C正確。2.判斷推理題。根據第二段的第一句“By comparison, mainstream American agriculture has until lately been careless in its use of energy, water, and land.”相比之下，直到最近，美國主流農業(yè)在能源、水和土地的使用上還很粗心。接下來，作者分別從能源、水和土壤三方面描述了浪費的現(xiàn)象，所以選項D正確。3.詞義題。第三段的首句是承接上一段的內容，第二

51、段主要是講美國農業(yè)對土壤、水和化石燃料的浪費。所以profligacy指wastefulness，選項A正確。4.細節(jié)事實題。根據第一段最后一句“Particularly relevant to todays mainstream agriculture are. synthetic fertilizers.”與今天的主流農業(yè)特別相關的是大型“有機”農場的節(jié)能做法，這些農場完全機械化，能夠最大限度地減少農藥和合成肥料的使用。所以選項B表述錯誤。5.判斷推理題。根據最后一段的內容可知農業(yè)資源保護問題正在得到認真有效的解決。選項C正確。21.單選題I felt myself（）and my han

52、ds trembled as I read: We have your son. He is safe so far. If you obey orders he will be soon be back with you.問題1選項A.be growing coldB.grow coldC.have grown coldD.to grow cold【答案】B【解析】感官動詞如feel, see, watch, hear后面接動詞原形或動名詞,首先排除選項A和D。根據句意：當我讀到:“你的兒子在我們手里,他目前很安全,只要你遵守約定,他將很快回到你身邊”時,我感到不寒而栗,手也開始顫抖。這里用

53、一般現(xiàn)在時即可,選項B正確。22.單選題Reading to oneself is a modern activity that was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical and medieval worlds, while during the fifteenth century the term “reading” undoubtedly meant reading aloud. Only during the nineteenth century did silent reading become commonplace. O

54、ne should be wary, however, of assuming that silent reading came about simply because reading aloud is a distraction to others. Examination of factors related to the historical development of silent reading reveals that it became the usual mode of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because

55、the tasks themselves changed in character.The last century saw a steady gradual increase in literacy, and thus in the number of readers. As readers increased, the number of potential listeners declined, and thus there was some reduction in the need to read aloud. Reading for the benefit of listeners

56、 grew less common, so came the flourishing of reading as a private activity in such public places like libraries, railway carriages and offices, where reading aloud would cause distraction to other readers.Towards the end of the century there was still considerable argument over whether books should

57、 be used for information or treated respectfully, and over whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in some way mentally weakening. Indeed this argument remains with us still in education. However, whatever its virtues were, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by

58、the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and periodicals for a specialized readership on the other.By the end of the century students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, if not impossible, for the oral reader. The

59、social, cultural, and technological changes in the century had greatly altered what the term “reading” implied.1.Why was reading aloud common before the nineteenth century?2.The development of silent reading during the nineteenth century indicated （）3.Educationalists are still arguing about （）4.The

60、emergence of the mass media and of specialized periodicals showed that （）5.What is the writers purpose in writing this passage?問題1選項A.Silent reading had not been discovered.B.There were few places available for private reading.C.Few people could read for themselves.D.People relied on reading for ent