2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-中國(guó)財(cái)政科學(xué)研究院考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)48

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-中國(guó)財(cái)政科學(xué)研究院考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Whilethecompany’sCEOprofessestobeconfidentandurgesthedealforward,itsinvestorsareunlikelytobeso_______aboutitsprospects.Manywereuncomfortableatthewaythecorporationwasforcedtospendmuchofitscapitalinlastyear’sexpansion,andthisnewventureispotentiallyevenmorerisky.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.apathetic

B.sanguine

C.apprehensive

D.anxious

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)apathetic“無(wú)動(dòng)于衷的；缺乏興趣的”；B選項(xiàng)sanguine“樂(lè)觀的，充滿(mǎn)希望的”；C選項(xiàng)apprehensive“憂(yōu)慮的”；D選項(xiàng)anxious“擔(dān)憂(yōu)的；急切的”。句意：雖然該公司的首席執(zhí)行官聲稱(chēng)有信心并敦促該交易繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，但其投資者不太可能對(duì)其前景如此_______。根據(jù)while“雖然”，這里指CEO“首席執(zhí)行官”和investors“投資者”態(tài)度相反，sanguine“樂(lè)觀的，充滿(mǎn)希望的”和confident“充滿(mǎn)信心”意思相近，搭配unlikelyto符合題意。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

The______questioninthiscaseiswhethertheaccusedhadamotiveforthiscrimeornot.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.crucial

B.forcible

C.supreme

D.valuable

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)crucial“決定性的”；B選項(xiàng)forcible“有說(shuō)服力的”；C選項(xiàng)supreme“最高的；極大的，極其的”；D選項(xiàng)valuable“有價(jià)值的；重要的”。句意：這個(gè)案子的______問(wèn)題是被告是否有犯罪動(dòng)機(jī)。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，A選項(xiàng)crucial“決定性的”比較符合犯罪動(dòng)機(jī)在案件中的參考作用，符合題意。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

3.單選題

“HELLisacitymuchlikeLondon,”opinedPercyByssheShelleyin1819.Modernacademicsagree.LastyearDutchresearchersshowedthatcitydwellershavea21%higherriskofdevelopinganxietydisordersthandotheircalmerruralcountrymen,anda39%higherriskofdevelopingmooddisorders.Butexactlyhowtheinnerworkingsoftheurbanandruralmindscausethisdifferencehasremainedobscure—untilnow.AstudyjustpublishedinNaturebyAndreasMeyer-LindenbergoftheUniversityofHeidelbergandhiscolleagueshasusedascanningtechniquecalledfunctionalmagnetic-resonanceimaging(FMRI)toexaminethebrainsofcitydwellersandcountrybumpkinswhentheyareunderstress.

InDr.Meyer-Lindenberg’sfirstexperiment,participantslyingwiththeirheadsinascannertookmathsteststhattheyweredoomedtofail(theresearchershaddesignedsuccessratestobejust25%-40%).Tomaketheexperiencestillmorehumiliating,theteamprovidednegativefeedbackthroughheadphones,allthewhilecheckingparticipantsforindicationsofstress,suchashighbloodpressure.

Theurbanites’generalmentalhealthdidnotdifferfromthatoftheirprovincialcounterparts.However,theirbrainsdealtwiththestressimposedbytheexperimentersindifferentways.Thesedifferenceswerenoticeableintworegions:theamygdalasandtheperigenualanteriorcingulatecortex(PACC).Theamygdalasareapairofstructures,oneineachcerebralhemisphere,thatarefounddeepinsidethebrainandareresponsibleforassessingthreatsandgeneratingtheemotionoffear.ThePACCispartofthecerebralcortex(again,foundinbothhemispheres)thatregulatestheamygdalas.

Peoplelivinginthecountrysidehadthelowestlevelsofactivityintheiramygdalas.Thoselivingintownshadhigherlevels.Citydwellershadthehighest.Notthatsurprising,tothoseofaShelleyesquedisposition.InthecaseofthePACC,however,whatmatteredwasnotwheresomeonewaslivingnow,butwhereheorshewasbroughtup.Themoreurbanaperson’schildhood,themoreactivehisPACC,regardlessofwherehewasdwellingatthetimeoftheexperiment.

Theamygdalasthusseemtorespondtothehere-and-nowwhereasthePACCisprogrammedearlyon,anddoesnotreactinthesame,flexiblewayastheamygdalas.Second-to-secondchangesinitsactivitymight,though,beexpectedtobecorrelatedwithchangesintheamygdalas,becauseofitsroleinregulatingthem.FMRIallowssuchcorrelationstobemeasured.

Inthecasesofthosebroughtupinthecountryside,regardlessofwheretheynowlive,thecorrelationswereasexpected.Forthosebroughtupincities,however,thesecorrelationsbrokedown.Theregulatorymechanismofthenativeurbanite,inotherwords,seemstobeoutofkilter.Furtherevidence,then,forShelley’spointofview.Moreover,itisalsoknownthatthePACC-amygdalalinkisoftenoutofkilterinschizophrenia,andthatschizophreniaismorecommonamongcitydwellersthancountryfolk.Dr.Meyer-Lindenbergiscarefulnottoclaimthathisresultsshowthecauseofthisconnection.Buttheymight.

Dr.Meyer-Lindenbergandhisteamconductedseveralsubsequentexperimentstochecktheirfindings.Theyaskedparticipantstocompletemoremathstests—andalsotestsinwhichtheymentallyrotatedanobject—whileinvestigatorschidedthemabouttheirperformance.Theresultsmatchedthoseofthefirsttest.Theyalsostudiedanothergroupofvolunteers,whoweregivenstress-freetaskstocomplete.TheseexperimentsshowednoactivityineithertheamygdalasorthePACC,suggestingthattheearlierresultswereindeedtheresultofsocialstressratherthanmentalexertion.

Asisusuallythecaseinstudiesofthissort,thesamplesizewassmall(andthereforenotasrobustasmightbedesirable)andtheresultshowedanassociation,ratherthanadefinite,causalrelationship.Thatassociationis,nevertheless,interesting.Livingincitiesbringsmanybenefits,butDr.Meyer-Lindenberg’sworksuggeststhatShelleyandhisfellowRomanticshadatleasthalfapoint.

16.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?

17.WhydoestheauthormentionShelly’swordsatthebeginningofthetext?

18.“outofkilter”(Paragraph6)isclosestinmeaningwith________.

19.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthefindingsofthestudy?

20.Whichofthefollowingisamongthelimitationsofthestudymentionedinthetext?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Whythecityisnotasuitableplacetolive.

B.Howtodetecttheinnerworkingofpeopledealingwithstress.

C.Howurbanandruralresidentsdifferintermsofmentalmechanism.

D.Whycitydwellerssufferahigherriskofmooddisorderthancountrymen.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.ToexpresshisaversiontobigcitieslikeLondon.

B.Tointroducethefollowingdiscussionabouturbanandruraldwellers.

C.Toshowhisfamiliaritywithliteraryworks.

D.Toindicatetheoriginofdifferencesobservedbetweenthecityandcountryside.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.unexpected

B.outofcontrol

C.ill-informed

D.contradictory

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.CitydwellershadthehighestlevelofPACCactivityintimeofpressure.

B.Theplacewheretheparticipantswerebroughtupmattersmoreinpredictingtheirmentalactivity.

C.Ruralresidentshadthelowestlevelsofamygdalasactivitywhenconfrontedwithstress.

D.TheregulatorymechanismofPACCfailsamongpeoplewhonowliveinthecity.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Thescanningtechniqueusedtoexaminethebrains.

B.Therandomnessofchoosingparticipants.

C.Itsinadequatedesignofmathproblemsthattheparticipantsareaskedtosolve.

D.Itsinabilitytoclaimacausalrelationshipbetweensocialstressandmental.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】16.主旨大意題。文章開(kāi)頭引出城鄉(xiāng)居民在患心理疾病上的差異，隨后拋出實(shí)驗(yàn)來(lái)闡述城鄉(xiāng)居民在生理和心理的不同，所以C選項(xiàng)“城鄉(xiāng)居民心理機(jī)制的差異”正確。A選項(xiàng)“為什么城市不適合居住”：文章沒(méi)有討論這個(gè)話(huà)題，故錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“如何發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)對(duì)壓力的人的內(nèi)心活動(dòng)”和D選項(xiàng)“為什么城市居民比鄉(xiāng)村居民患情緒障礙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更高”：是文章內(nèi)容的一部分，不能概括全文，故錯(cuò)誤。因此C項(xiàng)正確。

17.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段第二、三句Modernacademicsagree.LastyearDutchresearchersshowedthatcitydwellershavea21%higherriskofdevelopinganxietydisordersthandotheircalmerruralcountrymen,anda39%higherriskofdevelopingmooddisorders.（現(xiàn)代學(xué)者同意這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。去年，荷蘭研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，城市居民患焦慮癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比平靜的農(nóng)村居民高21%，患情感障礙的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)比鄉(xiāng)村居民高39%。），引用雪萊的話(huà)以后，緊接著提出城鄉(xiāng)居民在患精神類(lèi)疾病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的不同，所以B選項(xiàng)“引入以下關(guān)于城市和農(nóng)村居民的討論”正確。A選項(xiàng)“表達(dá)對(duì)倫敦這樣的大城市的厭惡”和C選項(xiàng)“顯示對(duì)文學(xué)作品的了解”：不是文章想要表達(dá)的重點(diǎn)，故錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“指出城市和農(nóng)村差異的起因”：這里不能得出城鄉(xiāng)差異的起因，故錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

18.語(yǔ)義推測(cè)題。outofkilter的意思是“失常，失衡”，根據(jù)第六段Inthecasesofthosebroughtupinthecountryside…thecorrelationswereasexpected.Forthosebroughtupincities,however,thesecorrelationsbrokedown.Theregulatorymechanismofthenativeurbanite,inotherwords,seemstobeoutofkilter.（對(duì)于那些在農(nóng)村長(zhǎng)大的人來(lái)說(shuō)，這種相關(guān)性在意料之中。然而，對(duì)于那些在城市長(zhǎng)大的人來(lái)說(shuō)，這種相關(guān)性就不存在了。換句話(huà)說(shuō)，土生土長(zhǎng)的都市人的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制似乎失衡了。），對(duì)于生長(zhǎng)在農(nóng)村的人來(lái)說(shuō)，這種相關(guān)性可以預(yù)料，也就是有規(guī)律可循，處于正常的狀態(tài)，而對(duì)于生長(zhǎng)在城市的人來(lái)說(shuō)，這種相關(guān)性已經(jīng)消失，也就是說(shuō)不是正常該有的狀態(tài)，所以B選項(xiàng)“失控的”正確。A選項(xiàng)“想不到的”，C選項(xiàng)“所知不多的”和D選項(xiàng)“矛盾的”不符合題意，故錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

19.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第一句Peoplelivinginthecountrysidehadthelowestlevelsofactivityintheiramygdalas.（生活在農(nóng)村的人杏仁核的活動(dòng)水平最低。），可知實(shí)驗(yàn)的結(jié)果是C選項(xiàng)“面對(duì)壓力時(shí)，農(nóng)村居民的杏仁核活動(dòng)水平最低”，故正確。A選項(xiàng)“城市居民有壓力時(shí)扣帶皮層活動(dòng)水平最高”：根據(jù)第四段最后一句Themoreurbanaperson’schildhood,themoreactivehisPACC,regardlessofwherehewasdwellingatthetimeoftheexperiment.（一個(gè)人的童年生活在城市的時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)，他的扣帶皮層部位就越活躍，無(wú)論他在實(shí)驗(yàn)期間住在哪里。），可知扣帶皮層活躍與否與壓力無(wú)關(guān)，而與生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境有關(guān)，故錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“參與者成長(zhǎng)的地方對(duì)于預(yù)測(cè)心理活動(dòng)更重要”：文章沒(méi)有強(qiáng)調(diào)參與者成長(zhǎng)的地方對(duì)于實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的重要性，在實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中需要參考參與者成長(zhǎng)的地方，故錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“扣帶皮層的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制在現(xiàn)在居住在城市的人群中失效”：根據(jù)第三段最后一句ThePACCispartofthecerebralcortex(again,foundinbothhemispheres)thatregulatestheamygdalas.（扣帶皮層是大腦皮層的一部分（同樣存在于兩個(gè)大腦半球），負(fù)責(zé)調(diào)節(jié)杏仁核。）和第四段第三句Citydwellershadthehighest.（城市居民的比例最高。），可知居住在城市中的人的扣帶皮層沒(méi)有失效，故錯(cuò)誤。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

20.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第八段第一句Asisusuallythecaseinstudiesofthissort,thesamplesizewassmall(andthereforenotasrobustasmightbedesirable)andtheresultshowedanassociation,ratherthanadefinite,causalrelationship.（就像這類(lèi)研究中的常見(jiàn)情況，樣本量很?。ㄒ虼瞬幌衿谕哪敲纯煽浚?，結(jié)果顯示的是一種關(guān)聯(lián)，而不是一種確定的因果關(guān)系。），可知這個(gè)研究的局限在于不能得出因果關(guān)系，所以D選項(xiàng)“不能得出社會(huì)壓力和精神之間有因果關(guān)系的結(jié)論”正確。A選項(xiàng)“掃描技術(shù)用于檢查大腦”，B選項(xiàng)“選擇參與者的隨機(jī)性”和C選項(xiàng)“要求參與者解決的數(shù)學(xué)問(wèn)題設(shè)計(jì)不合理”文章沒(méi)有提到，故錯(cuò)誤。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

4.單選題

AmItounderstandthathisnowpost______noresponsibilitywithitatall?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.keeps

B.supports

C.carries

D.possesses

【答案】C

【解析】考查固定搭配。A選項(xiàng)keeps“保持”；B選項(xiàng)supports“支持”；C選項(xiàng)carries“懷揣；攜帶”，carryresponsibilitywithsth“對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)”；D選項(xiàng)possesses“擁有”。句意：我是否應(yīng)該理解，他現(xiàn)在的職位對(duì)此事不______任何責(zé)任嗎？根據(jù)短語(yǔ)carryresponsibilitywithsth.和這里表示負(fù)責(zé)任，C選項(xiàng)carries“懷揣；攜帶”符合題意。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

5.單選題

Thereisaconspicuouslackofpublicdebateabouthowthisinsularcountryshould_______therealitythatmoreimmigrantsarecomingandthatthosealreadyherearechangingJapan.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.abideby

B.accountfor

C.acton

D.adjustto

【答案】B

【解析】考查詞組辨析。A選項(xiàng)abideby“遵守”；B選項(xiàng)accountfor“解釋?zhuān)粚?duì)……負(fù)責(zé)”；C選項(xiàng)acton“對(duì)……起作用；按照……行事”；D選項(xiàng)adjustto“調(diào)整以適應(yīng)”。句意：對(duì)于這個(gè)與世隔絕的國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)，應(yīng)該如何_______移民越來(lái)越多涌入并且正在改變?nèi)毡具@一現(xiàn)實(shí)，明顯缺乏公開(kāi)討論。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，accountfor“解釋?zhuān)粚?duì)……負(fù)責(zé)”搭配reality“現(xiàn)實(shí)”比較合理，意思是解釋為什么越來(lái)越多移民進(jìn)入日本并且改變?nèi)毡镜默F(xiàn)實(shí)。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Theprofessionfellinto_______,withsomephysicistsstickingtoexistingtheories,whileotherscameupwiththebig-bangtheory.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.harmony

B.turmoil

C.distortion

D.accord

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)harmony“融洽；和諧；和聲”；B選項(xiàng)turmoil“混亂，騷亂”；C選項(xiàng)distortion“曲解；變形，失真”；D選項(xiàng)accord“協(xié)議”。句意：這個(gè)行業(yè)進(jìn)入_______，一些物理學(xué)家堅(jiān)持現(xiàn)有的理論，而另一些人提出了大爆炸理論。根據(jù)語(yǔ)境，大家的觀點(diǎn)不一致，turmoil“混亂，騷亂”比較能夠形容這個(gè)情況，符合題意。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

7.單選題

Thedevil,astheoldsayinggoes,isinthedetails.Or,inthecaseofthenewEstonianlawsettingupanationalgeneticdatabank,thereisreasonforconcernthatthedevilmaygetinvolvedintheactualworkingsofthatcountry’sHumanGeneResearchAct.

Theauthorsofthe34-sectionacthavemadeaseriousefforttopreventmisuseofthedataandtoprotectgenedonors’rightsandprivacy.Participationintheprojectisstrictlyvoluntary,onthebasisofinformedconsent.Itwillbeillegaltoaskanyoneifheorsheisparticipatinginthefreeprogram.Peoplewon’tbepaidforprovidingatissuesample,medical,andfamilyhistorytotheEstonianGeneBank.Thatinformationisimmediatelygiven“auniquecodeconsistingofatleast16randomcharacters”.GeneticandmedicaldatabecomeandremainthepropertyoftheEstonianGeneBank—exceptthatindividualdonorshavetheright,“atanytime,”torequest“destructionofthedatawhichenablesdecoding.”

Theycanalsohavetheirsamplematerialsdestroyediftheiridentityhasbeenunlawfullydisclosed.

Donorsareentitledtotheirowngeneticdata,atnocharge,asaretheirdesignatedphysicians.Nooneelsehaslawfulaccesstothisinformation.Indeed,itisunlawfultoask—andtheactcontainsspecificparagraphsthatforbidemployersandinsurancecompaniestogathersuchinformation,ortotreat“peoplewithdifferentgeneticrisks”differentlyasemployeesorinsuranceclients.Geneticinformationmaybereleasedtoresearchers“onlyincodedform,asasetofdataandontheconditionthattissuesamplesordataconcerningatleastfivegenedonorsareissuedatatime.”

SupportersoftheprojectexpectthattheEstonianGeneBankwillbecomeafavoritesourceofinformationforresearchersassociatedwithbiotechnologyandpharmaceuticalcompaniesthatareexpectedtopayhandsomelyforaccesstothedecoded(andanonymous)information.SomefirmsareexpectedtosetupshopinEstonia,presumablyinorneartheUniversityCityofTartuwheremostEstoniangeneticistsliveandwork.Theprojectisexpectedto“putEstoniaonthemap”andleadtoaneconomicbonanzaforanewlyindependentcountrywithfewnaturalresources.

Noteverybodysharesthatview.Regardlessofthefavorablepollresults,anumberofobjectionshavebeenpublishedinEstonian-languagenewspapers.Theserangefromthesimplistic“Ifit’ssuchagreatidea,howcometheFrenchandGermansaren’tdoingitalready?”toargumentsthatthestart-upmoneycouldbespentonbetterthings.Somecommentatorsarealsoconcernedaboutprivacy.Informationinthedatabankcouldbeusedforblackmailandisthereadatabankintheworldthatistrulysecurefromhackers?Andwhataboutleaks?Allegationsofcorruptionareafactofpubliclifeinpost-Sovietindependentstates.Estonia’sscandalshavebeenlessluridthanthoseofotherstates,buttherehavebeenenoughtoengenderconsiderablecynicism,notjustaboutleakeddata,butalsoaboutpayoffswherelucrativecontractsareinvolved.

16.Thesaying“Thedevilisinthedetails”isusedtoimplythat________.

17.UnderEstonianlaw,donorsmayrequesttohavetheirtissuesamplesdestroyed________.

18.Thephrase“putEstoniaonthemap”(para.5)mostlikelymeans________.

19.Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat,inregardtothenewgeneticdatabank________.

20.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsEstonia’snewlawsgoverningthegeneticdatabankseemstobe________.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Estonia’snewgeneticdatabankhasimmoralimplications

B.whiletheoverallideaisgood,thedetailsofthegeneticbank’sworkingsareflawed

C.despitetheirefforts,thenewlawsmaynotpreventmisuseofgeneticdata

D.itisinherentlywrongtocollectgeneticdata

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.atanytime

B.iftheirsecretcodehasbeendecoded

C.iftheiridentityhasbeenrevealedillegally

D.withtheirphysician’sapproval

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.gaininternationalfamefortheEstoniangovernment

B.confirmEstonia’spost-Sovietindependence

C.gainrespectforgeneticsresearchconductedinEstonia

D.bringglobalrecognitiontothislittle-knowncountry

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.publicpollingwasmostlikelycorrupt

B.mostEstoniansapproveofit

C.onlylesseducatedcitizensareobjectingtothenewlaws

D.Estoniansaresharplydividedontheissue

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.ambivalence

B.caution

C.approval

D.skepticism

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:B

【解析】16.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段Thedevil,astheoldsayinggoes,isinthedetails.Or,inthecaseofthenewEstonianlawsettingupanationalgeneticdatabank,thereisreasonforconcernthatthedevilmaygetinvolvedintheactualworkingsofthatcountry’sHumanGeneResearchAct.（正如一句老話(huà)所說(shuō)，細(xì)節(jié)決定成敗。或者，在愛(ài)沙尼亞建立國(guó)家基因數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的新法律中，人們有理由擔(dān)心魔鬼可能會(huì)參與該國(guó)《人類(lèi)基因研究法》的實(shí)際運(yùn)作。），第一句話(huà)的重點(diǎn)是細(xì)節(jié)，按照兩句話(huà)的先后順序，推理出作者想要表達(dá)基因數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)存在細(xì)節(jié)上的缺陷，B選項(xiàng)“雖然總體想法是好的，但基因數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的工作細(xì)節(jié)是有缺陷的”正確。A選項(xiàng)“愛(ài)沙尼亞新的基因數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)有不道德的成分”，C選項(xiàng)“盡管他們做出了努力，新的法律可能不會(huì)防止基因數(shù)據(jù)的濫用”和D選項(xiàng)“收集基因數(shù)據(jù)本身就是錯(cuò)誤的”不是這里表達(dá)的重點(diǎn)，不符合題意。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

17.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第三段Theycanalsohavetheirsamplematerialsdestroyediftheiridentityhasbeenunlawfullydisclosed.（如果他們的身份被非法泄露，他們的樣本材料也可能被銷(xiāo)毀。），可知組織樣本被銷(xiāo)毀的條件是C選項(xiàng)“如果他們的身份被非法揭露”。A選項(xiàng)“隨時(shí)”：根據(jù)第二段最后一句GeneticandmedicaldatabecomeandremainthepropertyoftheEstonianGeneBank—exceptthatindividualdonorshavetheright,“atanytime,”torequest“destructionofthedatawhichenablesdecoding.”（遺傳和醫(yī)療數(shù)據(jù)成為并仍然是愛(ài)沙尼亞基因庫(kù)的財(cái)產(chǎn)，但個(gè)人捐助者有權(quán)“在任何時(shí)候”要求“銷(xiāo)毀可解碼的數(shù)據(jù)”。），可知任何時(shí)候可以銷(xiāo)毀的是可解碼的數(shù)據(jù)，而非樣本，故錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“如果他們的密碼被破譯”和D選項(xiàng)“得到他們的醫(yī)生的批準(zhǔn)”文章沒(méi)有提到。因此C選項(xiàng)正確。

18.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段最后一句Theprojectisexpectedto“putEstoniaonthemap”andleadtoaneconomicbonanzaforanewlyindependentcountrywithfewnaturalresources.（這個(gè)項(xiàng)目有望“讓愛(ài)沙尼亞在地圖上嶄露頭角”，并為這個(gè)剛剛獨(dú)立、自然資源貧乏的國(guó)家?guī)?lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)上的巨大財(cái)富。），可知愛(ài)沙尼亞獨(dú)立不久，需要國(guó)際社會(huì)的認(rèn)可，這是一個(gè)國(guó)家在國(guó)際社會(huì)上基礎(chǔ)的需求，D選項(xiàng)“為這個(gè)鮮為人知的國(guó)家?guī)?lái)全球認(rèn)可”正確，A選項(xiàng)“為愛(ài)沙尼亞政府贏得國(guó)際聲譽(yù)”是在被認(rèn)可的基礎(chǔ)上更進(jìn)一步的需求，屬于過(guò)度推斷。B選項(xiàng)“確認(rèn)愛(ài)沙尼亞在后蘇聯(lián)時(shí)代的獨(dú)立”：愛(ài)沙尼亞已經(jīng)獨(dú)立了，不需要通過(guò)其他方式證明。C選項(xiàng)“在愛(ài)沙尼亞進(jìn)行的遺傳學(xué)研究獲得了尊重”：不是表達(dá)的重點(diǎn)，不符合題意。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

19.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第六段第二句Regardlessofthefavorablepollresults,anumberofobjectionshavebeenpublishedinEstonian-languagenewspapers.（不管民調(diào)結(jié)果如何，愛(ài)沙尼亞語(yǔ)報(bào)紙上刊登了許多反對(duì)意見(jiàn)。），句子是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，表明前面想要表達(dá)大多數(shù)人贊成，B選項(xiàng)“大多數(shù)愛(ài)沙尼亞人贊成”正確。A選項(xiàng)“公眾投票很可能是墮落的”：根據(jù)第六段倒數(shù)第二句Allegationsofcorruptionareafactofpubliclifeinpost-Sovietindependentstates.（對(duì)墮落的指控是后蘇聯(lián)獨(dú)立國(guó)家公共生活的一個(gè)事實(shí)。），這里指的是公共生活墮落的大背景，而非投票這件事，故錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“只有教育程度較低的公民反對(duì)新法律”：文中沒(méi)有提到教育程度不同的人對(duì)此的看法，故錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“愛(ài)沙尼亞人在這個(gè)問(wèn)題上有尖銳的分歧”：不是表達(dá)的重點(diǎn)，沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)尖銳，故錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

20.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。作者首先客觀地講述這項(xiàng)立法的細(xì)則，再分別表達(dá)支持者和反對(duì)者的觀點(diǎn)，而沒(méi)有直接表達(dá)自己對(duì)此的看法，所以B選項(xiàng)“謹(jǐn)慎”正確，A選項(xiàng)“矛盾”，C選項(xiàng)“贊同”和D選項(xiàng)“懷疑”不符合題意。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

8.單選題

AmongthefirstplanstogrowthelandregionsofEarth______,whichinprehistorictimesgrewtoimmensesize.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.segregation

B.specification

C.spectrum

D.subscription

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。句意：在最初的計(jì)劃中，地球規(guī)模中的陸地區(qū)域在史前時(shí)期規(guī)模增長(zhǎng)到巨大。A選項(xiàng)segregation“分離；隔離”；B選項(xiàng)specification“規(guī)格；說(shuō)明書(shū)”；C選項(xiàng)spectrum“光譜；頻譜；范圍”；D選項(xiàng)subscription“捐獻(xiàn)；訂閱；訂金；簽署”。根據(jù)immensesize可知B選項(xiàng)specification“規(guī)格”符合題意。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

9.翻譯題

Thepricewepayforthissalutarychangeis,nodoubt,great.Weassemblethousandsofoperativeinthefactory,andinthemine,ofwhomtheemployercanknowlittleornothing,andtowhomheislittlebetterthanamyth.Allintercoursebetweenisatanend.Rigidcastesareformed,and,asusual,mutualignorancebreedsmutualdistrust.Eachcasteiswithoutsympathywiththeother,andreadytocreditanythingdisparaginginregardtoit.36.Underthelawofcompetition,theemployerofthousandsisforcedintothestrictesteconomies,amongwhichtheratespaidtolaborfigureprominently,andoftenthereisfrictionbetweentheemployerandtheemployed,betweencapitalandlabor,betweenrichandpoor.Humansocietyloseshomogeneity.

37.Thepricewhichsocietypaysforthelawofcompetition,likethepriceitpaysforcheapcomfortsandluxuries,isalsogreat,buttheadvantagesofthislawaregreaterstillthanitscost,foritistothislawthatweoweourwonderfulmaterialdevelopment,whichbringsimprovedconditionsinitstrain.Butwhetherthelawbebenignornot,wemustsayofit,aswesayofthechangeintheconditionsofmentowhichwehavereferred.

Itishere;wecannotevadeit;oftheeffectofanynewsubstitutesforitproposedwecannotbesure;38.Andwhilethelawmaybesometimeshardfortheindividual,itisbestfortherace,becauseitinsuresthesurvivalofthefittestineverydepartment.39.Weacceptandwelcome,therefore,asconditionstowhichwemustaccommodateourselves,greatinequalityofenvironment,theconcentrationofbusiness,industrialandcommercial,inthehandsofafew;andthelawofcompetitionbetweenthese,asbeingnotonlybeneficial,butessentialtothefutureprogressoftherace.Havingacceptedthese,itfollowsthattheremustbegreatscopefortheexpertiseofspecialabilityinthemerchantandinthemanufacturer,whohastoconductaffairsupongreatscale.40.Thatthistalentfororganizationandmanagementisrareamongmenisprovedbythefactthatitinvariablysecuresenormousregardsforitspossessors,nomatterwhereorunderwhatlawsorconditions.

【答案】36．在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法則下，成千上萬(wàn)的雇主不得不實(shí)行一些最嚴(yán)厲的措施。在這些節(jié)約措施中，付給工人的工資首當(dāng)其沖。這樣，雇主和雇員之間，勞資雙方之間以及富人和窮人之間就常有摩擦。

37．在社會(huì)中人類(lèi)為了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)所付出的代價(jià)，就和為了不需要花錢(qián)就能得到的舒適和奢侈品一樣代價(jià)高昂；但是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法則帶來(lái)的好處高于付出的代價(jià)，因?yàn)檎沁@種競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法則，經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展，生活水平得到提高。

38．雖然這一法則對(duì)個(gè)體來(lái)說(shuō)可能很難，但是它適用于人類(lèi)，因?yàn)樗ＷC了人類(lèi)在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域都能適應(yīng)并生存。

39．因此，我們接受并歡迎我們必須適應(yīng)的條件，也就是工業(yè)和商業(yè)掌握在少數(shù)人手中的巨大不平等；而他們之間的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法則不僅是良性的，而且對(duì)種族的未來(lái)發(fā)展必不可少。

40．無(wú)論在什么地方，在什么法則或條件下，具有組織管理才能的人都不可避免地得到巨大的尊榮，這一事實(shí)證明了只有少數(shù)人有這種能力。

10.單選題

RogerRosenblatt’sbookBlackFiction,inattemptingtoapplyliteraryratherthansociopoliticalcriteriatoitssubject,successfullyalterstheapproachtakenbymostpreviousstudies.AsRosenblattnotes,criticismofBlackwritinghasoftenservedasapretextforexpoundingonBlackhistory.AddisonGayle’srecentwork,forexample,judgesthevalueofBlackFictionbyovertlypoliticalstandards,ratingeachworkaccordingtothenotionsofBlackidentitywhichitpropounds.

Althoughfictionassuredlyspringsfrompoliticalcircumstances,itsauthorsreacttothosecircumstancesinwaysotherthanideological,andtalkingaboutnovelsandstoriesprimarilyasinstrumentsofideologycircumventsmuchofthefictionalenterprise.Rosenblatt’sliteraryanalysisdisclosesaffinitiesandconnectionsamongworksofBlackFictionwhichsolelypoliticalstudieshaveoverlookedorignored.

WritingacceptablecriticismofBlackFiction,however,presupposesgivingsatisfactoryanswerstoanumberofquestions.Firstofall,isthereasufficientreason,otherthantheracialidentitytotheauthors,togrouptogetherworksbyBlackauthors?Second,howdoesBlackFictionmakeitselfdistinctfromothermodernfictionwithwhichitislargelycontemporaneous?RosenblattshowsthatBlackFictionconstitutesadistinctbodyofwritingthathasanidentifiable,coherentliterarytradition.LookingatnovelswrittenbyBlacksoverthelasteightyyears,hediscoversrecurringconcernsanddesignsindependentofchronology.Thesestructuresarethematic,andtheyspring,notsurprisingly,fromthecentralfactthattheBlackcharactersinthesenovelsexistinapredominantlyWhiteculture,whethertheytrytoconformtothatcultureorrebelagainstit.

BlackFictiondoesleavesomeaestheticquestionsopen.Rosenblatt’sthematicanalysispermitsconsiderableobjectivity,heevenexplicitlystatesthatitisnothisintentiontojudgethemeritofthevariousworks,yethisreluctanceseemsmisplaced,especiallysinceanattempttoappraisemighthaveledtointerestingresults.Forinstance,someofthenovelsappeartobestructurallydiffuse.Isthisadefect,oraretheauthorsworkingoutof,ortryingtoforge,adifferentkindofaesthetic?Inaddition,thestyleofsomeBlacknovels,likeJeanTommer’sCane,vergesonexpressionismorsurrealism;doesthistechniqueprovideacounterpointtotheprevalentthemethatportraysthefateagainstwhichBlackheroesarepitted,athemeusuallyconveyedbymorenaturalisticmodesofexpression?

Inspiteofsuchomissions,whatRosenblattdoesincludeinhisdiscussionmakesforanastuteandworthwhilestudy.BlackFictionsurveysawidevarietyofnovels,bringingtoourattentionintheprocesssomefascinatingandlittle-knownworkslikeJamesWeldonJohnson’sAutobiographyofanEx-coloredMan.Itsargumentistightlyconstructed,anditsforthright,lucidstyleexemplifieslevelheadedandpenetratingcriticism.

26.TheauthorofthepassageobjectstocriticismofBlackFictionlikethatbyAddisonGaylebecauseit________.

27.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith________.

28.TheauthorofthepassagebelievesthatBlackFictionwouldhavebeenimproved,hadRosenblatt________.

29.Theauthor’sdiscussionofBlackFictioncanbebestdescribedas________.

30.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagewouldbeLEASTlikelytoapproveofwhichofthefollowing?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.emphasizespurelyliteraryaspectsofsuchfiction

B.misinterpretstheideologicalcontentofsuchfiction

C.misunderstandsthenotionsofBlackidentitycontainedinsuchfiction

D.substitutespoliticalforliterarycriteriainevaluatingsuchfiction

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.evaluatingthesoundnessofaworkofcriticism

B.comparingvariouscriticalapproachestoasubject

C.discussingthelimitationsofaparticularkindofcriticism

D.summarizingthemajorpointsmadeinaworkofcriticism

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.evaluatedmorecarefullytheideologicalandhistoricalaspectsofBlackFiction

B.attemptedtobemoreobjectiveinhisapproachtonovelsandstoriesbyBlackFiction

C.exploredingreaterdetailtherecurrentthematicconcernsofBlackFictionthroughoutitshistory

D.assessedtherelativeliterarymeritofthenovelsheanalyzesthematically

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.pedanticandcontentious

B.criticalbutadmiring

C.ironicanddeprecating

D.argumentativebutunfocused

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.AnanalysisoftheinfluenceofpoliticaleventsonthepersonalideologyofBlackwriters.

B.AcriticalstudythatappliessociopoliticalcriteriatoautobiographiesbyBlackauthors.

C.AliterarystudyofBlackpoetrythatappraisesthemeritsofpoemsaccordingtothepoliticalacceptabilityoftheirthemes.

D.AnexaminationofthegrowthofadistinctBlackliterarytraditionwithinthecontextofBlackhistory.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】26.事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)第一段最后一句AddisonGayle’srecentwork,forexample,judgesthevalueofBlackFictionbyovertlypoliticalstandards,ratingeachworkaccordingtothenotionsofBlackidentitywhichitpropounds.（例如，艾迪生?蓋爾最近的作品通過(guò)公開(kāi)的政治標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)《黑人小說(shuō)》的價(jià)值，根據(jù)其中提出的黑人身份概念來(lái)對(duì)每一部作品進(jìn)行評(píng)級(jí)。），可知作者反對(duì)艾迪生用政治標(biāo)準(zhǔn)評(píng)價(jià)《黑人小說(shuō)》，D選項(xiàng)“用政治標(biāo)準(zhǔn)代替文學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)這類(lèi)小說(shuō)”正確，A選項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)調(diào)這種小說(shuō)的純文學(xué)方面”錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“誤解了這種小說(shuō)的意識(shí)形態(tài)內(nèi)容”和C選項(xiàng)“誤解了這種小說(shuō)中包含的黑人身份的概念”不是對(duì)艾迪生作品的描述，故錯(cuò)誤。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

27.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第三段第一句WritingacceptablecriticismofBlackFiction,however,presupposesgivingsatisfactoryanswerstoanumberofquestions.（然而，要寫(xiě)出對(duì)《黑人小說(shuō)》的可接受的評(píng)論，就必須對(duì)一些問(wèn)題給出令人滿(mǎn)意的答案。），可知作者在討論如何讓對(duì)《黑人小說(shuō)》的評(píng)論令大部分人接受，也就是合理，A選項(xiàng)“評(píng)價(jià)一部評(píng)論作品的合理性”正確。B選項(xiàng)“比較對(duì)某一主題的各種評(píng)論方法”，C選項(xiàng)“討論一種特定評(píng)論的局限性”和D選項(xiàng)“總結(jié)評(píng)論作品中的主要觀點(diǎn)”文章沒(méi)有提到。因此A選項(xiàng)正確。

28.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第四段第二句Rosenblatt’sthematicanalysispermitsconsiderableobjectivity,heevenexplicitlystatesthatitisnothisintentiontojudgethemeritofthevariousworks,yethisreluctanceseemsmisplaced,especiallysinceanattempttoappraisemighthaveledtointerestingresults.（羅森布拉特的主題分析允許相當(dāng)?shù)目陀^性，他甚至明確表示，他無(wú)意評(píng)判各種作品的價(jià)值，但他的不情愿似乎放錯(cuò)了地方，特別是因?yàn)樵噲D評(píng)價(jià)可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生有趣的結(jié)果。），可知作者認(rèn)為要是能夠評(píng)價(jià)其（文學(xué)）價(jià)值就更好了，D選項(xiàng)“評(píng)價(jià)他從主題上分析的小說(shuō)的相關(guān)文學(xué)價(jià)值”正確，B選項(xiàng)“試圖用更客觀的方法來(lái)看待黑人作家的小說(shuō)和故事”錯(cuò)誤。A選項(xiàng)“更仔細(xì)地評(píng)價(jià)《黑人小說(shuō)》的意識(shí)形態(tài)和歷史方面”：根據(jù)第二段第一句talkingaboutnovelsandstoriesprimarilyasinstrumentsofideologycircumventsmuchofthefictionalenterprise.（將小說(shuō)和故事主要地當(dāng)作意識(shí)形態(tài)的工具來(lái)探討，會(huì)在相當(dāng)程度上阻礙小說(shuō)事業(yè)。），可知作者不支持探討小說(shuō)的意識(shí)形態(tài)，故錯(cuò)誤。C選項(xiàng)“更詳細(xì)地探討《黑人小說(shuō)》在其歷史上反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的主題關(guān)切”文章沒(méi)有提到，故錯(cuò)誤。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。

29.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第四段第一句BlackFictiondoesleavesomeaestheticquestionsopen.（《黑人小說(shuō)》確實(shí)存在一些美學(xué)問(wèn)題。）和文章最后一句Itsargumentistightlyconstructed,anditsforthright,lucidstyleexemplifieslevelheadedandpenetratingcriticism.（它的論點(diǎn)和結(jié)構(gòu)緊密，直率、清晰的風(fēng)格體現(xiàn)了冷靜和尖銳的批評(píng)。），作者指出了《黑人小說(shuō)》的一些問(wèn)題，在最后對(duì)其進(jìn)行肯定，B選項(xiàng)“批判而贊賞”正確。A選項(xiàng)“賣(mài)弄學(xué)問(wèn)，有爭(zhēng)議”，C選項(xiàng)“諷刺并反對(duì)”和D選項(xiàng)“爭(zhēng)論但不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)”不符合題意。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

30.觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第一段第一句RogerRosenblatt’sbookBlackFiction,inattemptingtoapplyliteraryratherthansociopoliticalcriteriatoitssubject,successfullyalterstheapproachtakenbymostpreviousstudies.（羅杰?羅森布拉特的著作《黑人小說(shuō)》試圖將文學(xué)而非社會(huì)政治標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)用于其研究對(duì)象，成功地改變了以前大多數(shù)研究采用的研究方法。），可知作者這里想要肯定根據(jù)文學(xué)本身而非政治標(biāo)準(zhǔn)研究文學(xué)，所以C選項(xiàng)“黑人詩(shī)歌的文學(xué)研究，根據(jù)詩(shī)歌主題的政治可接受性來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)詩(shī)歌的價(jià)值”，不符合文章意思，正確。A選項(xiàng)“政治事件對(duì)黑人作家個(gè)人意識(shí)形態(tài)的影響分析”和B選項(xiàng)“一項(xiàng)將社會(huì)政治標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)用于黑人作家自傳的批判性研究”：