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住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語-遼寧大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I(帶答案詳解)(圖片可根據(jù)實際調(diào)整大小)題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

DoyouthinkhewillrelinquishhisseatintheSenate?

問題1選項

A.admonish

B.giveup

C.cede

D.accept

【答案】C

【解析】考查動詞辨析。relinquish意為“(尤指不情愿地)放棄”;admonish意為“勸告”;giveup意為“放棄”,指行為或努力受挫或別的原因而主動放棄;cede意為“讓給,割讓(常表示被迫)”;accept意為“接受,同意”。

句意:你認為他會放棄他在參議院的席位嗎?

2.單選題

Toiletwaters,colognes(科隆水)andperfumesallhavepleasingaromas(香味).Whenpurchasingthematastore,however,youwillfindthateachofthethreehasadifferentpricerange.Theiraromasarecreatedbyperfumeoils.Thesecanbeverycostly.Toiletwater,whichistheleastexpensive,containsabouttwopercentperfumeoil.Cologne,whichisslightlymoreexpensive,hasthreetofivepercentperfumeoil.Perfume,containingfromtentotwentypercentperfumeoil,isthemostexpensive.

Perfumeoils,alsocalled"essentialoils",providethespecialodorsofperfumes.Theseoilscomefromtheflowers,leaves,stems,roots,andseedsofplants.Oneofthemostdesirableessentialoilscomesfromthejasmine.Attarisoneofthemostexpensiveoils.Itisobtainedfromauniquerose.ThisspecialflowergrowsonlyinBulgariaandTurkey.

Anotheringredientofperfumeiscalledafixative——asubstancethatmakesthearomaoftheessentialoilslong-lasting.Thebestfixativesarequiteexpensive.Thisisbecausetheycanbeobtainedonlyfromcertainanimals.MuskcomesfromthescentglandofthemuskdeerthatlivesinAsia.Castorcomesfrombeavers,andcivetistakenfromcivetcats.Ambergris,therarestoffixatives,isasubstancesometimesfoundinspermwhales.

Thelasttwoingredientsinperfumes,however,arenotcostly.Almostallperfumescontainsyntheticsubstancesthatareobtainedfromcoaltarorchemicals.Allperfumesalsocontainalcohol,inwhichtheotheringredientsaredissolved.Thegreatertheamountofsyntheticmaterialsandalcohol,thecheapertheperfumeistomake.

Someperfumes,thereforecanbeveryexpensive,whileotherscancostless.Themoreexpensiveonesareusedforcosmetics:lipsticks,powders,lotions,andofcourse,thefragrantliquiddabbedorsprayedonthebody.Thelessexpensiveonesareusedinindustry.Theyarekeyingredientsinthemakingofpaper,plastics,paint,andrubberproducts,whichotherwisewouldhaveunpleasantodors.

1.Toiletwaters,colognesandperfumesaredifferentinpricesbecause(

).

2.Themajoringredientsofperfumesare

).

3.Thebestfixativesareveryexpensivebecause

).

4.Thefunctionofalcoholinperfumesisto

).

5.Peopleuseperfumesinpaper-makinginorderto(

).

問題1選項

A.theycontaindifferentpercentageofperfumeoil

B.theiraromasarecreatedbyperfumeoils

C.theirperfumeoilsareveryexpensive

D.youbuythematdifferentstores

問題2選項

A.perfumeoils,essentialoils,jasmine,attar

B.oilsfromtheflowers,leaves,stems,rootsandseedsofplants

C.perfumeoils,fixative,syntheticsubstancesandalcohol

D.musk,castor,civet,ambergris

問題3選項

A.animalsareveryexpensiveandrare

B.animalsliveindifferentareas

C.noteveryanimalcontainsperfume

D.itishardtogetthem

問題4選項

A.makeotheringredientsmixedwiththeliquid

B.makeotheringredientsdisappear

C.fadeaway

D.makeotheringredientsbecomesolid

問題5選項

A.reducethecost

B.makethepapermoreattractive

C.getridoftheunpleasantsmells

D.softenthepaper

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:C

第4題:A

第5題:C

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第一段中的Toiletwater,whichistheleastexpensive,containsabouttwopercentperfumeoil.Cologne,whichisslightlymoreexpensive,hasthreetofivepercentperfumeoil.Perfume,containingfromtentotwentypercentperfumeoil,isthemostexpensive.(最便宜的花露水含有百分之二的芳香油??坡∠闼晕①F一點,有百分之三到五的芳香油。香水是最貴的,含有10%到20%的芳香油)可知A選項“它們含有不同百分比的芳香油”符合題意。

2.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第一段中的Theiraromasarecreatedbyperfumeoils.(它們的芳香是由芳香油產(chǎn)生的)、第三段中的Anotheringredientofperfumeiscalledafixative(香水的另一種成分叫做固香劑)和第四段中的Almostallperfumescontainsyntheticsubstancesthatareobtainedfromcoaltarorchemicals.Allperfumesalsocontainalcohol(幾乎所有的香水都含有從煤焦油或化學(xué)物質(zhì)中提取的合成物質(zhì)。所有的香水都含有酒精)可知香水的主要主要成分為芳香油(perfumeoils)、固香劑(fixative)、合成物質(zhì)(syntheticsubstances)和酒精(alcohol),因此選C。

3.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第三段中的Thisisbecausetheycanbeobtainedonlyfromcertainanimals.(這是因為它們只能從某些動物身上獲得)可知C選項“不是所有的動物都有香味”符合題意。

4.細節(jié)事實題。由文章倒數(shù)第二段中的Allperfumesalsocontainalcohol,inwhichtheotheringredientsaredissolved.(所有的香水都含有酒精,其他成分都會溶解在其中)可知A選項“使其它成分混合其中”。

5.推理判斷題。Thelessexpensiveonesareusedinindustry.Theyarekeyingredientsinthemakingofpaper,plastics,paint,andrubberproducts,whichotherwisewouldhaveunpleasantodors.(較便宜的香水在工業(yè)上使用。它們是制造紙張、塑料、油漆和橡膠制品的關(guān)鍵原料,否則會產(chǎn)生難聞的氣味)可知C選項“去除難聞的氣味”符合題意。

3.單選題

Hewasaskedtobethe(

)ofthebadmintongamebecausehewasanimpartialperson.

問題1選項

A.judge

B.umpire

C.fan

D.controller

【答案】B

【解析】考查名詞辨析。judge意為“法官,審判員”,泛指各種場合中的評判人員;umpire意為“裁判員”多用于仲裁者本身不需隨比賽移動位置,如羽毛球、游泳、板球、棒球等;fan意為“迷,狂熱愛好者,風(fēng)扇”;controller意為“(尤指大型機構(gòu)或部門的)管理者,控制者”。由thebadmintongame(羽毛球比賽)可知選B。

句意:他被要求擔(dān)任羽毛球比賽的裁判,因為他是一個公正的人。

4.翻譯題

2.改革開放30年來,隨著中國逐漸崛起成為政治經(jīng)濟強國,海外人士學(xué)習(xí)漢語的現(xiàn)象與日俱增,海外孔子學(xué)院也成了人們學(xué)習(xí)中國語言和中國文化的首選之地。通過學(xué)習(xí)漢語,他們對這個和自己文化大相徑庭的古老文明產(chǎn)生了濃厚的興趣,而且有機會了解中國的哲學(xué)、藝術(shù)、醫(yī)學(xué)、飲食文化,親身體驗這個文明古國的風(fēng)采。

【答案】【參考譯文】

2.AsChinaisrisingasapoliticalandeconomicworldpowerthankstoitsthree-decadereformandopeningup,moreandmorepeopleinoverseascountriesstarttolearnChineseandturntoaConfuciusInstituteintheirowncountriesastheirfirstchoicelearningChineselanguageandChineseculture.ThroughlearningChinese,theyhaveastronginterestinthisancientcivilization,whichisquitedifferentfromtheirownculture.TheyalsohavetheopportunitytolearnaboutChinesephilosophy,art,medicineandfoodculture,andexperiencetheelegantdemeanorofthisancientcivilization.

5.單選題

Theatmospherecontainswatervapor,butthereisalimittohowmuchwatercanbeevaporatedintoagivenvolumeofair,justasthereisalimittohowmuchsugarcanbedissolvedinonecupfulofcoffee.Moresugarcanbedissolvedinhotcoffeethanincold.Agivenvolumeofaircanholdmorewatervaporatahighertemperaturethanatalowertemperature.Theairissaidtobesaturatedwhenitholdsasmuchwatervaporasitcanatthetemperature.At20°Cacubicmeterofaircanholdabout17gramofwatervapor;at30°Citcanholdabout30gram.Usuallytheatmosphereisnotsaturated.Relativehumidity(expressedinpercent)istheratioofthemassofwatervaporactuallypresentinagivenvolumeofairtothemasswhichwouldbepresentinitifitweresaturated.Forexample,ifacubicmeterofairat20°Ccontains12gramofwatervapor,therelativehumidityis12gm/17gmx100=71%.Hydrometersareinstrumentsformeasuringrelativehumidity.Readingsonwetanddrybulbthermometerscanbecomparedwiththeaidofachartfromwhichonecanthenreadofftherelativehumidity.Thebasicprincipleofthisisthatevaporationisacoolingprocess.Therateofevaporationfromthewet-bulbthermometerwillbehighwhentherelativehumidityislow,andthereforeonsuchadaythewet-bulbthermometerwillreadconsiderablybelowthedry-bulbone.Thereisnosimpleformulaforconvertingthistemperaturedifferencetorelativehumidity,andthereforeachartisused.

Ifunsaturatedairiscooled,itsrelativehumiditygoesup.Ifthetemperatureoftheairdropssufficiently,saturationisreachedandexcessmoistureprecipitatesout.Thedewpointisthetemperaturetowhichtheairmustbecooledtobecomesaturatedandcondensationwilljustform.

1.Whenthereadingsonthewet-bulbthermometerandthedry-bulbthermometeraresimilar,wemayassumethat(

).

2.Whenthetemperatureoftheairrisesabovethedewpoint,(

).

問題1選項

A.wehaverelativehumidity

B.theairissaturated

C.thethermometerisinefficient

D.thetemperatureisabouttorise

問題2選項

A.dewwillform

B.itwillrain

C.therelativehumidityexceeds100%

D.evaporationislikelytotakeplace

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

【解析】1.推理判斷題。由文章第一段中的Relativehumidityistheratioofthemassofwatervaporactuallypresentinagivenvolumeofairtothemasswhichwouldbepresentinitifitweresaturated.(相對濕度是給定體積空氣中實際存在的水蒸氣質(zhì)量與飽和時存在的水蒸氣質(zhì)量之比)和Therateofevaporationfromthewet-bulbthermometerwillbehighwhentherelativehumidityislow,andthereforeonsuchadaythewet-bulbthermometerwillreadconsiderablybelowthedry-bulbone.(當(dāng)相對濕度較低時,濕球溫度計的蒸發(fā)率將很高,因此在這一天,濕球溫度計的讀數(shù)將大大低于干球溫度計)可推測當(dāng)干濕球溫度中的度數(shù)相近時,則說明相對濕度高,故相對濕度越高說明空氣中實際水蒸氣含量越接近飽和,因此選B。

2.推理判斷題。由文章最后一段中的Ifthetemperatureoftheairdropssufficiently,saturationisreachedandexcessmoistureprecipitatesout.Thedewpointisthetemperaturetowhichtheairmustbecooledtobecomesaturatedandcondensationwilljustform.(如果空氣溫度下降到足夠的程度,就會達到飽和,多余的水分就會沉淀出來。露點是指空氣必須冷卻到的溫度,以達到飽和,然后才會形成冷凝)可推測當(dāng)空氣中的溫度上升到高于露點溫度時,空氣中水汽將不會達到飽和,就會產(chǎn)生蒸發(fā),因此選D。

6.單選題

Theuniquehumanhabitoftakinginandemployinganimals—evencompetitorslikewolves—spurredonhumantool-makingandlanguage,whichhavebothdrivenhumanity’ssuccess,PatShipmansays,paleoanthropologistofPennStateUniversity.“Whereveryougointheworld,whateverecosystem,whateverculture,peoplelivewithanimals,”Shipmansaid.

Forearlyhumans,takinginandcaringforanimalswouldseemlikeapoorstrategyforsurvival.“Onthefaceofit,youarewastingyourresources.Sothisisaveryweirdbehavior.”Shipmansaid.Butit’snotsoweirdinthecontextsomethingelsehumansweredoingabout2.6millionyearsago:switchingfromamostlyvegetariandiettoonerichinmeat.Thishappenedbecausehumansinventedstonehuntingtoolsthatenabledthemtocompetewithothertoppredators.Quitearapidandbizarreswitchforanyanimal.Soweinventedtheequipment,learnedhowtotrackandkill,andeventuallytookinanimalswhoalsoknewhowtohunt—likewolvesandothercanines.Others,likegoats,cowsandhorses,providedmilk,hairand,finally,hidesandmeat.

Managingalloftheseanimals—orjusttrackingthem—requirestechnology,knowledgeandwaystopreserveandconveyinformation.Solanguageshadtodevelopandevolvetomeetthechallenges.Trackinggamehasevenbeenarguedtobetheoriginofscientificinquiry,saidPeterRicherson,professoremeritus(名譽退休的)intheDepartmentofEnvironmentalScienceandPolicyattheUniversityofCalifornia,Davis.Oneofthesignsthatthishappenedisinpetroglyphs(史前巖畫)andotherrockartleftbyancientpeoples.Atfirsttheywereabstract,geometricpatternsthatareimpossibletodecipher(破譯).Thentheyconvergeononesubject:animals.

Therehavealsobeengeneticchangesinbothhumansandouranimals.Fortheanimalsthosechangesdevelopedbecausehumanbredthemforspecifictraits,likeacowthatgivesmoremilkorahenthatlaysmoreeggs.Butthisevolutionaryinfluenceworksbothways.Dogs,forinstance,mighthavebeenselectivelytakeninbyhumanswhosharedgenesformorecompassion.Thosehumansthenprosperedwiththedogs’helpinhuntingandsecuringtheirhomes.

31.Whatdowelearnfromthefirstparagraphaboutanimals?()

32.WhydidShipmansaytakinginanimalisapoorstrategyforsurvival?()

33.Whydidlanguageshavetodevelopandevolvetomeetthechallenges?()

34.WhatdowelearnfromthestatementofPatShipmanandPeterRicherson?()

35.Whatdowelearnfromthelastparagraph?()

問題1選項

A.Animalshavedrivenhumanity’ssuccess.

B.Tool-makingandlanguageareuniquelyhumanhabits.

C.Employingwolvesisuniquelyhumanhabit.

D.Peoplelivewithanimalseverywhere.

問題2選項

A.Earlyhumanswerepoorinsurvivalresources.

B.Takinginanimalwasaveryweirdbehavior.

C.Earlyhumansdidn’tknowhowtotrackandkill.

D.Earlyhumansswitchedfromavegetariandiettomeat.

問題3選項

A.Earlyhumansshouldhavecommunicationintrackinggame.

B.Languagecanenablehumanstocompetewithothertoppredators.

C.Animalsshouldunderstandtheordersgivenbyhumans.

D.Languagecouldgivearapidandbizarreswitchforanyanimal.

問題4選項

A.Caringforanimalsseemedcommonafterpeopleinventedtools.

B.Afterlanguagedevelopedearlyhumanslearnedhowtotrackandkill.

C.Managingandtrackinganimalsaretheoriginofmodernscience.

D.Languagedevelopedfromabstracttospecificbecauseofanimals.

問題5選項

A.Animalschangesaredevelopedbythemselves.

B.Humanbredanimalsforspecificgenes.

C.Evolutionaryinfluenceworksonbothhumansandanimals.

D.Genescouldmakethedogshelppeopleinhunting.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】31.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干定位到第一段最后一句“Whereveryougointheworld,whateverecosystem,whateverculture,peoplelivewithanimals(無論你走到世界上的哪個角落,無論那里的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)如何、文化如何,人類都和動物生活在一起)”可知在任何地方人類都和動物生活在一起。A選項“動物促進了人類的成功”,文中第一段提到促進人類成功的因素是制作工具和語言能力的發(fā)展,因此A選項是不正確的;B選項“制作工具和使用語言是人類獨有的習(xí)慣”,文中提到馴養(yǎng)和利用動物是人類獨有的習(xí)慣,該選項偷換了概念。C選項“利用狼是只有人類獨有的習(xí)慣”,文中說到的“獨特習(xí)慣”是指馴養(yǎng)和利用動物,該選項也屬于偷換概念。D選項“在任何地方人類都和動物生活在一起”符合段意,因此D選項正確。

32.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到第二段的第二句話“Onthefaceofit,youarewastingyourresources.Sothisisaveryweirdbehavior.(從表面上看,你是在浪費資源。所以這是一種非常奇怪的行為。)”,從該句可以推理出收養(yǎng)和照顧動物在浪費生存資源,因為早期時代人類生活資源匱乏。A選項“早期人類缺乏生存資源”符合題意;B選項“收養(yǎng)動物是一種非常奇怪的行為”實際上就是題干的意思,但是題目問的是其原因,因此B選項不是正確答案;C選項“早期人類不知道如何追蹤和打獵”和D選項“早期人類從素食轉(zhuǎn)向肉食”都是下文提到的內(nèi)容,與題干意思不大;因此A選項正確。

33.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段的第一句和第二句話“Managingalloftheseanimals—orjusttrackingthem—requirestechnology,knowledgeandwaystopreserveandconveyinformation.Solanguageshadtodevelopandevolvetomeetthechallenges.(管理所有這些動物——或者僅僅是追蹤它們——需要技術(shù)、知識和方式來保存和傳遞信息。因此,語言必須發(fā)展和進化來應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)。)”,從該句可以推理出在狩獵過程中和狩獵后,都需要語言交流來使得狩獵順利進行。A選項“早期人類在追蹤游戲中需要進行交流”符合題意;B選項“語言能使人類與其他頂級掠食者競爭”說法錯誤,人類是因為發(fā)明了石器狩獵工具,才使他們能夠與其他頂級掠食者競爭;C選項“動物應(yīng)該理解人類發(fā)出的命令”和D選項“語言可以給任何動物迅速而奇異的轉(zhuǎn)變”文中都沒有提到,因此A選項正確。

34.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】判斷推理題。根據(jù)題干定位到第三段的第三句話“Trackinggamehasevenbeenarguedtobetheoriginofscientificinquiry(追蹤游戲甚至被認為是科學(xué)探究的起源)”,由此我們可知管理和追蹤動物是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的起源。A選項“在人類發(fā)明了工具之后,照顧動物似乎很常見”與第二段PatShipman表示早期人類馴養(yǎng)和照顧動物的行為“是一種很怪異的行為”相反,因此A選項錯誤;B選項“在語言發(fā)展之后,早期人類學(xué)會了如何追蹤和獵殺”,

從第一段PatShipman的表述可知,是人類馴養(yǎng)和利用動物的獨特習(xí)慣促進了人類語言能力的發(fā)展,B選項顛倒了因果關(guān)系,因此B選項錯誤。C選項“管理和追蹤動物是現(xiàn)代科學(xué)的起源”符合題意;D選項“由于動物的存在,語言從抽象發(fā)展到具體”,文章倒數(shù)第二段的最后兩句講的是史前巖畫和巖石藝術(shù)的發(fā)展是從抽象到具體的動物形象的發(fā)展,所以D選項不正確。因此C選項正確。

35.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)題干定位到最后一段的第三句話“Butthisevolutionaryinfluenceworksbothways.(但這種進化的影響是雙向的。)”,這句話說明人和動物的進化影響是相互的。A選項“動物的變化是自發(fā)產(chǎn)生的”,但最后一段說到“Fortheanimalsthosechangesdevelopedbecausehumanbredthemforspecifictraits(對于動物來說,它們發(fā)生變化是因為人類為了特定的特性馴養(yǎng)它們)”,因此A選項是不正確的;B選項“人類為了特定的基因飼養(yǎng)動物”,文中說到的是人類為了特定的特性飼養(yǎng)它們,因此B選項不正確;D選項“基因可以讓狗幫助人類狩獵”文中沒有提及;C選項“人和動物的進化影響是相互的”符合段意,因此C選項正確。

7.單選題

TheAmericansocietyislaidonanexceedinglyshakyfoundationofnaturalresources,whichisconnectedwiththepossibilityofaworseningenvironment.

問題1選項

A.establishedon

B.affiliatedon

C.originatedfrom

D.incorporatedwith

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞組辨析。belaidon意為“被放置在……上面”;beestablishedon意為“被建立在……上面”;沒有beaffiliatedon這樣的搭配,affiliate意為“使隸屬,加入”;beoriginatedfrom意為“源自于”;beincorporatedwith意為“與……合并”。

句意:美國社會建立在一個自然資源極其不穩(wěn)定的基礎(chǔ)上,這可能與環(huán)境的惡化有關(guān)。

8.翻譯題

WiththeArmisticeof1918,andthepeacemakingof1919(andthe18thAmendmentofthesameyear,thatintheorymadeAmericaa‘dry’nation),theAmericanprose-writerenteredanewperiodofrevolt.Insomewaysthiswasacontinuationofearliermovements.Butthewritersthemselvesdidnotthinkso;theyacknowledgednokinshipwithprewarwriters,exceptperhapsTheodoreDreiser.HenryAdamshadsaidthatthegenerationsinAmericanhistorywerediscontinuous:theyoungerdidnotlearnfromtheolderone,norcouldit.FewofAdams’scontemporarieswouldhaveagreedwithhim.However,hisEducation,whenpublishedinapopulareditionin1918,madeanimmediateappealtoyoungpeoplewhowereconvincedthatiftheyknewnoneoftheanswers,atanyratetheyhadcluesofwhichtheirparentshadnoinkling.SincetheylearnedfromAdams,whowasoldenoughtobetheircollectivegrandfather,itmightseemthathedisprovedhisowntheory.Suchanobjection,though,wouldhavebeenmetwiththeargumentthatAdamscouldmakecontactwiththembecausehewasoutoftouchwithhisownera.Thepost-wargeneration,theLostGeneration—whenhadanyage-groupbeensoself-consciouslyawareofitself?—laideagerclaimtolostsoulsfromthepast.InrevivingsuchfiguresasMelvilleitapologizedforthestupidityofitsancestors.

【答案】【參考譯文】隨著1918年第一次世界大戰(zhàn)停戰(zhàn)協(xié)定的簽訂和1919年調(diào)停的達成(同一年的第18版修正案在理論上讓美國變成了一個“沒有戰(zhàn)事”的國家),美國散文作家進入了一個新的反叛時期。從某種程度上來說,這是早期反叛運動的延續(xù)。但這些散文作家自己并不這么認為。除了西奧多?德萊塞之外,他們不承認與戰(zhàn)前的作家有任何密切關(guān)系。享利?亞當(dāng)斯稱,在美國歷史上,代與代之間是沒有延續(xù)關(guān)系的:年輕的一代既沒有,也不能向年長的一代人學(xué)習(xí)。亞當(dāng)斯的同代人中很少有人贊同他的觀點。然而,當(dāng)他的《教育》一書在1918年以普及本被出版后,立刻引起了年輕人的興趣。這些年輕人堅信,對于那些父輩們一無所知的問題,即便是他們也不知道答案,他們也至少知道一些相關(guān)的線索。由于他們向在年齡上可充當(dāng)他們共同祖父的亞當(dāng)斯學(xué)習(xí),他似乎反駁了自己的理論。而這種反駁也早該和亞當(dāng)斯做出的與之相關(guān)的言論符合,因為他與自己所在的時代沒有聯(lián)系。戰(zhàn)后的一代,即迷惘的一代——有哪個年齡階段的人曾如此清楚地意識到自己?——熱切地聲稱有權(quán)擁有從過去迷失的靈魂。在讓諸如梅爾維爾等人物振作起來的過程中,迷失的一代為祖輩的愚蠢行為進行了道歉。

9.單選題

Hismotherscannedhisfacetoseeifhewastellingthetruth.

問題1選項

A.indicated

B.scrutinized

C.caressed

D.penetrated

【答案】D

【解析】考查同義動詞辨析。A選項indicated“表明,顯示,象征,暗示”;B選項scrutinized“仔細查看;認真檢查;細致審查”,表示用挑剔的眼光以及對細節(jié)苛求的態(tài)度檢查;C選項caressed“撫摸,愛撫”;D選項penetrated“看透;透過……看見,洞察;發(fā)現(xiàn);揭示”。句意:他母親審視著他的臉,想看看他是否在說真話。Scan“細看;察看;審視;端詳”。D選項與scan意思最接近,因此D選項正確。

10.翻譯題

Ifwewanttofosteracultureofconservation,we’llhavetoworkatchangingahostofthings,fromadstozoos,fromhowweputfoodonourplatestohowweimagineourroleintheuniverse.Outofallthesenecessarychanges,Iwishtospeakaboutonethatisclosetomyheartasastoryteller,whichistheneedtorootlanguageoncemoreintheearth.Weneedtorecoverthefertilemeaningsofwordsthatariseoutofourlongevolutionarycontactwithdirtandwind,riversandwoods,animalsandplants.

Attherootoflanguage,weoftenfindanearthywisdom.Taketheword“growth”forexample,whenDonellaMeadowsandhercolleaguepublishedareportin1972ontheprospectsforthecontinuedexpansionofthehumaneconomy,theycalledtheirbookTheLimitstoGrowth.Theverytitleprovokedoutrageinmanycircles,becauseaprimecreedinthetechno-industrialworldisthattherearenolimitstogrowth.Accordingtothiscreed,anyconstraintsimposedbynaturewillbeovercomebytechnicalingenuityorthefreemarket.Mining,drilling,pumping,clearing,plowing,manufacturing,andconsuming—alongwiththehumanpopulationthatdrivesitall—willexpandforever.Politiciansandbusinessleadersspeakofgrowthasunboundedandunambiguouslygood.

【答案】【參考譯文】如果我們想要培養(yǎng)一種保護文化,那么我們將不得不進行許多改變,從廣告到動物園,從食物的加工過程到對自己在宇宙中角色的界定。在這些所有必要的改變中,我想要以一個講故事的人的身份來談及一個我最為關(guān)心的改變——讓語言再次回歸本土。在漫長的進化過程中,我們與塵土、風(fēng)、河流、森林、動物和植物的接觸產(chǎn)生了詞匯,我們需要恢復(fù)這些詞匯豐富的含義。

分析語言的本質(zhì),我們經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)樸實的智慧。以“growth”一詞為例,當(dāng)?shù)聝?nèi)拉?梅多斯和她的同事于1972年發(fā)表了一份關(guān)于人類經(jīng)濟持續(xù)發(fā)展前景的報告時,她們將其命名為《增長的極限》。正是這一標(biāo)題在很多領(lǐng)域引起了憤怒,因為技術(shù)工業(yè)世界的一個主要信條是增長不受限制。根據(jù)這個信條,自然施加的任何限制將會因技術(shù)創(chuàng)新或自由市場而被克服。采礦、鉆探、抽水、清除、耕作、制造、消費(連同作為這些行為實施者的人類)都將會不斷發(fā)展。政治家和商業(yè)領(lǐng)袖說增長是不受控制的而且一定是好的。

11.單選題

Animportantpropertyofascientifictheoryisitsabilitytospurfurtherresearchandfurtherthinkingaboutaparticulartopic.

問題1選項

A.renovate

B.advocate

C.arouse

D.stimulate

【答案】D

【解析】考查動詞辨析。spur意為“鞭策,激勵,刺激”;renovate意為“翻新,修復(fù),整修”;advocate意為“提倡”;arouse意為“引起”;stimulate意為“促進,激勵,刺激”。

句意:科學(xué)理論的一個重要特性是它能夠激勵對某一特定主題的進一步研究和思考。

12.單選題

Therats(

)bacterialinfectionsoftheblood.

問題1選項

A.develop

B.produce

C.stimulate

D.induce

【答案】A

【解析】考查動詞辨析。develop意為“發(fā)展,患(病),出現(xiàn)(問題)”;produce意為“生產(chǎn),制造”;stimulate意為“刺激”;induce意為“引誘”。bacterialinfections意為“細菌感染”,時一種病癥,主語為“rats(老鼠)”,故只有A選項符合邏輯。

句意:老鼠出現(xiàn)了血液細菌感染。

13.單選題

Inmostcountries,thelawonorgantransplantationispoorlydefined,aslegislationhasnotyetbeencreatedtocopewiththisadvanceinsurgery.Theexistingframeworkrelatingtophysicalassaultandcareofthedeadhasnoprovisionfororgantransplantation.Itiscustomarytoaskthepermissionoftherelatives,butbecauseorganremovalmusttakeplaceimmediatelyafterdeath,itmaybeimpossibletoreachtherelativesintime.Ithasbeensuggestedthatthereshouldbeawidespreadcampaigntoencouragepersonstoprovideintheirwillsthattheirorgansbeusedfortransplantation.Analternativeistoprovidebylawthatpermissionisassumedunlessremovalhasbeenforbiddenbytheindividualinhislifetime.SuchlawshavebeenpassedinDenmark,France,Sweden,Italy,andIsrael.Compulsorypostmortemexamination,afarmoreextensiveprocedurethanorganremovalforgrafting,isrequiredinmostcountriesafterunexpecteddeath,andthiscompulsionisnotamatterofpublicconcernanddebate.

Therewouldseemtobenoreasonwhyorganremovalfortransplantationpurposesshouldnotalsobeacceptabletopublicopinion,providedthereisamechanismbywhichindividualsintheirlifetimecanrefusethispermission.This,ofcourse,requiresanefficientregisterofthosewhoindicatetheirrefusal;theregisterwouldbeconsultedbeforeanyorganswouldberemoved.Itisimportantthattherebepublicreassurancethatconsiderationoftransplantationwouldnotimpairnormalresuscitativeeffortsofthepotentialdonor.

Transplantationhasobviouslyraisedimportantethicalconsiderationsconcerningthediagnosisofdeath,andparticularly,howfarresuscitationshouldbecontinued.Everyeffortmustbemadetorestoretheheartbeattosomeonewhohashadasuddencardiacarrestorbreathingtosomeonewhocannotbreathe.Artificialrespirationandmassageoftheheart,thestandardmethodsofresuscitation,arecontinueduntilitisclearthatthebrainisdead.Mostphysiciansconsiderthatbeyondthispointeffortsatresuscitationareuseless.

1.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOTasuggestionmadeinthepassage?

3.Theword“impair”attheendofParagraph2canbebestreplacedby(

).

4.Itisbelievedthateffortsatresuscitationareuselesswhen

).

5.Whichofthefollowingsentencescanbestsumupthepassage?

問題1選項

A.Mostcountriesdonothaveaneffectivelawonorgantransplantation

B.Thetraditionalwaysofaskingforpermissionofrelativesfororganremovaldosnotprovedtobealwaysfeasible

C.Itishardtounderstandwhypeopleshouldremainsilentoncompulsorypostmortemexamafterunexpecteddeath.

D.Insomecountriesthesearelawsprovidingthatthepermissionoforganremovalistakenforgrantedunlessithasbeenrefusedbythepersoninhislifetime.

問題2選項

A.Peopleshouldbeencouragedtodonatetheirorgansafterdeath

B.Organremovalshouldbepermittedinthecourseofcompulsorypostmortemexam.

C.Organremovalfortransplantationshouldbeadvocatedbecauseitbenefitsthehumansociety

D.Organremovalfortransplantationcouldbeconsideredlegalunlessthedeadpersonstatedotherwiseinhislifetime.

問題3選項

A.neglect

B.weaken

C.cometogetherwith

D.besuperiorto

問題4選項

A.artificialrespirationandmassageofthehearthaveyieldednoobviousresult

B.aperson’sheartbeatandbreathhastotallystopped

C.standardmethodsofresuscitationhavefailed

D.thebrainiscertainlydead

問題5選項

A.Legalandethicalproblemsoforgantransplantation

B.Someunderlyingprinciplesonorgantransplantation

C.Thediagnosisofdeathbeforeorgantransplantation

D.Thedifferencebetweencompulsorypostmortemexamandorgantransplantation

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:A

【解析】1.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第一段首句Inmostcountries,thelawonorgantransplantationispoorlydefined,aslegislationhasnotyetbeencreatedtocopewiththisadvanceinsurgery.(在大多數(shù)國家,器官移植的法律定義很不明確,因為尚未制定出針對外科手術(shù)進步的立法)可知A選項“大多數(shù)國家沒有關(guān)于器官移植的有效法律”正確;由第一段中的Itiscustomarytoaskthepermissionoftherelatives,butbecauseorganremovalmusttakeplaceimmediatelyafterdeath,itmaybeimpossibletoreachtherelativesintime.(習(xí)慣上要征得親屬的允許,但由于器官的摘除必須在死亡后立即進行,可能無法及時聯(lián)系到親屬)可知B選項“傳統(tǒng)的器官摘除請求親屬許可的方法并不總是可行的”正確;由第一段中的Analternativeistoprovidebylawthatpermissionisassumedunlessremovalhasbeenforbiddenbytheindividualinhislifetime.SuchlawshavebeenpassedinDenmark,France,Sweden,Italy,andIsrael.(另一種辦法是通過法律規(guī)定,除非個人在一生中禁止摘除,否則必須獲得許可。丹麥、法國、瑞典、意大利和以色列都通過了這樣的法律)可知D選項“在一些國家,這些法律規(guī)定,除非個人在一生中拒絕摘除,否則摘除器官的許可是理所當(dāng)然的”正確。通過排除法排除A、B、D,因此選C。

2.細節(jié)事實題。由文章第一段中的Ithasbeensuggestedthatthereshouldbeawidespreadcampaigntoencouragepersonstoprovideintheirwillsthattheirorgansbeusedfortransplantation.(有人建議,應(yīng)開展廣泛的宣傳,鼓勵人們在其遺囑中規(guī)定將其器官用于移植)可知A選項“應(yīng)該鼓勵人們在死后捐獻器官”和C選項“器官移植應(yīng)該提倡,因為它有利于人類社會”正確;由第一段中的Analternativeistoprovidebylawthatpermissionisassumedunlessremovalhasbeenforbiddenbytheindividualinhislifetime.(另一種辦法是通過法律規(guī)定,除非個人在一生中禁止摘除,否則必須獲得許可)可知D選項“移植器官的摘除可被視為合法,除非死者在其有生之年另有說明”符合題意。通過排除法排除A、C、D,因此選B。

3.詞義題。neglect意為“忽視,疏忽”;weaken意為“減弱,削弱”;cometogetherwith意為“和……一起”;besuperiorto意為“優(yōu)越于,不受誘惑”?!癷mpair”出現(xiàn)文章第二段“Itisimportantthattherebepublicreassurancethatconsiderationoftransplantationwouldnotimpairnormalresuscitativeeffortsofthepotentialdonor.(重要的是,政府要保證,考慮移植不會……潛在供者的正常復(fù)蘇努力)”中,由此可知B選項最符合邏輯關(guān)系。

4.細節(jié)事實題。由文章最后一段中的Artificialrespirationandmassageoftheheart,thestandardmethodsofresuscitation,arecontinueduntilitisclearthatthebrainisdead.Mostphysiciansconsiderthatbeyondthispointeffortsatresuscitationareuseless.(人工呼吸和心臟按摩以及復(fù)蘇的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法一直持續(xù)到腦死亡。大多數(shù)醫(yī)生認為除此之外,努力復(fù)蘇是無用的)可知選D。

5.主旨大意題。本文主要介紹了器官移植法律和倫理方面的問題,因此選A。

14.翻譯題

Canmanbecreditedwithchoosingtherightpathwhenheknowsonlyone?Canhebecongratulatedforhiswisedecisionwhenonlyonejudgmentispossible?Ifheknowsnothingofvice,ishetobepraisedforadheringtovirtue?

Fromthedaywhenthefirstmantastedtheforbiddenfruit,hehasbeenstrugglingwiththechoicebetweengoodandevil,butwithouthisfullawarenessofthepleasingtasteofthatapple,orevenofitsexistence,wouldhebeworthyofpraisedforforbearingtoeatit?

Wisdomconsistsofthedeliberateexerciseofjudgment;knowledgecomesinthediscriminationbetweenthoseknownalternatives.Weighingthesealternativesisthewayofmaturity.Onlythendoesmanhavethestrengthtofollowhischoicewithoutwavering,sincethatchoiceisbasedfirmlyonknowledgeratherthanonanuncertain,dangerouslyshallowfoundationofignorance.

【答案】【參考譯文】當(dāng)知道僅有一條路可以走的時候,一個人做出的抉擇還能被稱為正確嗎?當(dāng)眼前只有一個選擇時,那個人所作的決定還能算是明智的嗎?如果他根本不懂什么叫罪惡,那他又是否該為堅守道義而受到稱贊?

自從人類第一次偷嘗禁果之后,就一直在善與惡之間的選擇上作斗爭,但是如果他對那禁果的可口味道,甚至于連它的存在都不知道,那他會因為克制自己不吃它而被稱贊嗎?

智慧的獲取得益于一次次慎重的評判,而知識則來源于對已知的選擇進行鑒別。權(quán)衡這些選擇才是成熟之道。只有這樣,一個人才能有力量毫不動搖地堅持自己的選擇,因為這種選擇是基于知識,而不是不確定的,非常膚淺的愚昧無知。

15.翻譯題

FiveNationalHealthService(NHS)trustshavesignedpartnershipswithGoogletoprocesssensitivepatientrecords,inwhatarebelievedtobethefirstdealsoftheirkind.Thecollaborat

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