2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)50

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大小）題型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.翻譯題

Strangeisoursituationhereuponearth.Eachofuscomesforashortvisit,notknowingwhyyetsometimesseemingtodivineapurpose.

Fromthestandpointofdailylife,however,thereisonethingwedoknow:thatmanishereforthesakeofothermen—aboveallforthoseuponwhosesmileandwell-beingourownhappinessdepends,andalsoforthecountlessunknownsoulswithwhosefateweareconnectedbyabondofsympathy.ManytimesadayIrealizehowmuchmyownouterandinnerlifeisbuiltuponthelaborsofmyfellowmen,bothlivinganddead,andhowearnestlyImustexertmyselfinordertogiveinreturnasmuchasIhavereceived.MypeaceofmindisoftentroubledbythedepressingsensethatIhaveborrowedtooheavilyfromtheworkofothermen.

Toponderinterminablyoverthereasonforone’sownexistenceorthemeaningoflifeingeneralseemstome,fromanobjectivepointofview,tobesheerfolly.Andyeteveryoneholdscertainidealsbywhichheguideshisaspirationandhisjudgment.Theidealswhichhavealwaysshonebeforemeandfilledmewiththejoyoflivingaregoodness,beauty,andtruth.Tomakeagoalofcomfortandhappinesshasneverappealedtome;asystemofethicsbuiltonthisbasiswouldbesufficientonlyforaherdofcattle.

【答案】我們?cè)谶@個(gè)世界上的處境很奇怪。每個(gè)人短暫來(lái)訪，不知原因。不過(guò)有時(shí)候似乎也會(huì)察覺(jué)到某種目的。

然而，從日常生活的角度來(lái)看，有一樣是確定的：人總是為了他人而活著。為了那些重要的人，他們的笑容和幸福是我們快樂(lè)的來(lái)源。也是為了數(shù)不清的陌生人，憐憫之心將我們與他們連系在一起。每天我都會(huì)多次意識(shí)到，我自己的物質(zhì)生活和精神生活，在多大程度上是建立在同胞的勞動(dòng)之上的，他們或活著，或者已經(jīng)逝去。意識(shí)到我必須多么努力地去付出，以回報(bào)我所得到的一切?？偢杏X(jué)我從他人的勞動(dòng)成果中獲取太多，為此我經(jīng)常惴惴不安。

總體上，在我看來(lái)，沒(méi)完沒(méi)了地思考自己存在的理由和生命的意義是非常愚蠢的行為。然而，每個(gè)人都有自己的理想來(lái)指引自己的抱負(fù)和是非判斷。始終在我面前閃耀著，讓我深感活著的喜悅的理想是善、美和真理。以舒適和幸福為目的的理想從來(lái)不能吸引我。建立在這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)之上的倫理體系只能適用于一群牲畜。

2.單選題

Humanrelationshavecommandedpeople’sattentionfromearlytimes.Thewaysofpeoplehavebeenrecordedininnumerablemyths,folktales,novels,poems,plays,andpopularorphilosophicalessays.Althoughthefullsignificanceofahumanrelationshipmaynotbedirectlyevident;thecomplexityoffeelingsandactionsthatcanbeunderstoodataglanceissurprisinglygreat.Forthisreasonpsychologyholdsauniquepositionamongthesciences.“Intuitive”knowledgemayberemarkablypenetratingandcansignificantlyhelpusunderstandhumanbehavior:whereasinthephysicalsciencessuchcommonsenseknowledgeisrelativelyprimitive.Ifweerasedallknowledgeofscientificphysicsfromourmodemworld,notonlywouldwenothavecarsandtelevisionsets,wemightevenfindthattheordinarypersonwasunabletocopewiththefundamentalmechanicalproblemofpulleysandlevers.Ontheotherhand,ifweremovedallknowledgeofscientificpsychologyfromourworld,problemsininterpersonalrelationmighteasilybecopedwithandsolvedmuchasbefore.Wewouldstill“know”howtoavoiddoingsomethingaskedofusandhowtogetsomeonetoagreewithus;wewouldstill“know”whensomeonewasangryandwhensomeonewaspleased.Onecouldevenoffersensibleexplanationsforthe“whys”ofmuchoftheself’sbehaviorandfeelings.Inotherwords,theordinarypersonhasagreatandprofoundunderstandingoftheselfandofotherpeoplewhich,thoughunformulatedoronlyvaguelyconceived,enablesonetointeractwithothersinmoreorlessadaptiveways.Kohlerinreferringtothelackofgreatdiscoveriesinpsychologyascomparedwithphysics,accountsforthisbysayingthat“people”wereacquaintedwithpracticallyallterritoriesofmentallifealongtimebeforethefoundingofscientificpsychology.

Paradoxically,withallthisnatural,intuitive,commonsensecapacitytograsphumanrelation,thescienceofhumanrelationshasbeenoneofthelasttodevelop.

Differentexplanationsofthisparadoxhavebeensuggested.Oneisthatsciencewoulddestroythevainandpleasingillusionspeoplehaveaboutthemselves,butwemightaskwhypeoplehavealwayslovedtoreadpessimistic,debunkingwritings.FromEcclesiastestoFreud,ithasalsobeenproposedthatjustbecauseweknowsomuchaboutpeopleintuitively,therehasbeenlessincentiveforstudyingthemscientifically,whyshouldonedevelopatheorycarryoutsystematicobservations,ormakepredictionsabouttheobvious?Inanycase,thefieldofhumanrelations,withitsvastliterarydocumentationbutmeagerscientifictreatmentisingreatcontrasttothefieldofphysicsinwhichtherearerelativelyfewnonscientificbooks.

1.Accordingtothepassage,ithasbeensuggestedthatthescienceofhumanrelationswasslowtodevelopbecause（

）.

2.Theauthor’statementthat“psychologyholdsauniquepositionamongthesciences”issupportedbywhichofthefollowingclaimsinthepassage?

3.Accordingtothepassage,anunderstandingoftheselfcanbe（

）.

4.Theauthorreferstopeoplewhoareattractedto“pessimisticdebunkingwritings”inordertosupportwhichofthefollowingideas?

5.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorassumesthatcommonsenseknowledgeofhumrelationsis（

）

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.intuitiveknowledgeofhumanrelationsisderivedfromphilosophy

B.earlyscientistweremoreinterestedinthephysicalworld

C.scientificstudiesofhumanrelationsappeartoinvestigatebeobvious

D.thescientificmethodisdifficulttoapplytothestudyofhumanrelations

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Thefullmeaningofahumanrelationshipmaynotbeobvious

B.Commonsenseunderstandingofhumanrelationscanbeincisive

C.Intuitiveknowledgeinthephysicalsciencesisrelativelyadvanced.

D.Subjectivebiasisdifficulttocontrolinpsychologicalresearch.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.highlybiasedduetounconsciousfactors

B.profoundevenwhenvaguelyconceived

C.improvedbyspecializedtraining

D.irrelevantforunderstandinghumanrelations

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Interestingbooksabouthumanrelationsaretypicallypessimistic.

B.Peopletendtoignorescientificexplanationsofhumanrelations.

C.Peoplerarelyholdpleasingillusionsaboutthemselves.

D.Ascientificapproachtohumanrelationswouldunderminethepleasingillusionspeopleholdofthemselves.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.equallywelldevelopedamongalladultswithinagivensociety

B.considerablymoreaccurateinsomesocietiesthaninothers

C.typicallyunrelatedtoanindividual’sinteractionswithotherpeople

D.usuallysufficientlyaccuratetofacilitateinteractionswithothers

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:B

第4題:C

第5題:D

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章第三段：Oneisthatsciencewoulddestroythevainandpleasingillusionspeoplehaveaboutthemselves：其中之一認(rèn)為，科學(xué)會(huì)摧毀人們有關(guān)自身的自負(fù)的、樂(lè)觀的幻想；Ithasalsobeenproposedthatjustbecauseweknowsomuchaboutpeopleintuitively,therehasbeenlessincentiveforstudyingthemscientifically.還有人提出，正是因?yàn)槲覀儗?duì)人直覺(jué)地了解得那么多，所以就缺乏動(dòng)力來(lái)科學(xué)地研究它們。確定C選項(xiàng)‘科學(xué)研究人際關(guān)系似乎是研究明顯的表象‘正確。

2.根據(jù)第一段：“Intuitive”knowledgemayberemarkablypenetratingandcansignificantlyhelpusunderstandhumanbehavior：“直覺(jué)的”知識(shí)可以是非常透徹的并且大大有助于我們?nèi)ダ斫馊说男袨?。確定B選項(xiàng)‘常識(shí)性知識(shí)了解人際關(guān)系能了解得很深刻透徹‘正確。A選項(xiàng)’人際關(guān)系的全部意義可能不明顯‘，這不是心理學(xué)占據(jù)獨(dú)特地位的根本原因。C選項(xiàng)’在自然科學(xué)中，直覺(jué)性知識(shí)是相當(dāng)先進(jìn)的‘，這與原文矛盾，原文說(shuō)的是直覺(jué)性知識(shí)在自然科學(xué)領(lǐng)域中相當(dāng)原始（低級(jí)）。D選項(xiàng)’主觀偏見(jiàn)難以控制心理學(xué)研究‘文章未提及。

3.根據(jù)第一段：Inotherwords,theordinarypersonhasagreatandprofoundunderstandingoftheselfandofotherpeoplewhich,thoughunformulatedoronlyvaguelyconceived：換句話說(shuō)，普通人非常了解自身和其他人，盡管這種了解沒(méi)有得到系統(tǒng)闡述，或者只是模糊地體會(huì)到。確定B選項(xiàng)‘即使模糊地體會(huì)到，也能更深的了解‘正確。

4.根據(jù)最后一段：Oneisthatsciencewoulddestroythevainandpleasingillusionspeoplehaveaboutthemselves：其中之一認(rèn)為，科學(xué)會(huì)摧毀人們有關(guān)自身的自負(fù)的、樂(lè)觀的幻想。確定C選項(xiàng)‘人們很少能堅(jiān)持有關(guān)自身的樂(lè)觀幻想’符合題意。

5.根據(jù)第一段：Ontheotherhand,ifweremovedallknowledgeofscientificpsychologyfromourworld,problemsininterpersonalrelationmighteasilybecopedwithandsolvedmuchasbefore.Wewouldstill“know”howtoavoiddoingsomethingaskedofusandhowtogetsomeonetoagreewithus;wewouldstill“know”whensomeonewasangryandwhensomeonewaspleased.Onecouldevenoffersensibleexplanationsforthe“whys”ofmuchoftheself’sbehaviorandfeelings.但是，如果我們從世界上去掉全部科學(xué)心理學(xué)的知識(shí)，人際關(guān)系中的許多問(wèn)題還是可以和以前一樣很容易地去處理和解決。我們?nèi)匀粫?huì)“知道”如何躲避別人要我們做的事情和如何使某人同意我們的意見(jiàn)；我們?nèi)匀粫?huì)“知道”，什么時(shí)候某人生氣了、什么時(shí)候某人高興了。人們甚至能夠提出許多合乎情理的解釋，來(lái)說(shuō)明自身行為和感情的許多原因。確定D選項(xiàng)‘一般足以正確到使人與人之間交往很順當(dāng)’正確。

3.翻譯題

Youcan'tbuyhappiness.Butitlookslikeyoucanatleastinheritit.BritishandAustralianresearcherssaid.

Astudyofnearly1000pairsofidenticalandnon-identicaltwinsfoundgenescontrolhalfthepersonalitytraitsthatmakepeoplehappywhilefactorssuchasrelationships,healthandcareersareresponsiblefortherestofourwell-being.Wefoundthataroundhalfthedifferencesinhappinessweregenetic,'saidTimBates,aresearcherattheUniversityofEdinburghwholedthestudy."Itisreallyquitesurprising.*'

Theresearchersaskedthevolunteersranginginagefrom25to75aseriesofquestionsabouttheirpersonality,howmuchtheyworriedandhowsatisfiedtheywerewiththeirlives.

Becauseidenticaltwinssharethesamegenesandfraternaltwinsdonot,theresearcherscouldidentifycommongenesthatresultincertainpersonalitytraitsandpredisposepeopletohappiness.

Peoplewhoaresociable,active,stable,hardworkingandconscientioustendtobehappier,theresearchersreportedinthejournalPsychologicalScience."Whatthisstudyshowedwasthattheidenticaltwinsinafamilywereverysimilarinpersonalityandinwell-being,andbycontrast,thefraternaltwinswereonlyaroundhalfassimilar,"Batessaid,"Thatstrongimplicatesgenes.

Thefindingsareanimportantpieceofthepuzzleforresearcherstryingtobetterunderstanddepressionandwhatmakesdifferentpeoplehappyorunhappy,Batessaid.

Peoplewithpositiveinheritedpersonalitytraitsmay,ineffect,alsohaveareserveofhappinesstodrawoninstressfultimes,hesaid.’’Animportantimplicationisthatpersonalitytraitsofbeingoutgoing,calmandreliableprovidearesource,wecallediteffectivereservethatdrivesfuturehappiness"Batessaid.

【答案】快樂(lè)買不到，但英國(guó)和澳大利亞的研究人員稱，快樂(lè)至少可以遺傳得到。

一項(xiàng)對(duì)近千對(duì)同卵及異卵雙胞胎開(kāi)展的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在快樂(lè)的性格特征中，有一半是由基因控制的，而另一部分則受到人際關(guān)系、健康、職業(yè)等因素的影響。研究負(fù)責(zé)人愛(ài)丁堡大學(xué)的蒂姆?貝茨說(shuō)：“我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，研究對(duì)象在快樂(lè)方面的差異約有一半受到遺傳基因的影響。這個(gè)結(jié)果實(shí)在令人驚訝?！?/p>

研究人員向年齡在25歲至75歲之間的志愿者提出了一系列問(wèn)題，問(wèn)題涉及他們的性格特點(diǎn)、焦慮程度以及對(duì)目前生活的滿意度。

由于同卵雙生的雙胞胎基因完全相同，而異卵雙胞胎不完全相同，所以研究人員可以分辨出決定某些性格特征及使人容易快樂(lè)的共同基因。

研究報(bào)告在《心理科學(xué)》期刊上發(fā)表。研究人員指出，善于交際、活潑、踏實(shí)、勤奮、有責(zé)任心的人更加快樂(lè)。貝茨說(shuō)：“該研究表明，同卵雙胞胎的性格特征和快樂(lè)程度十分相似，然而，異卵雙胞胎僅有約50%的相似度。這充分說(shuō)明了基因的作用?！?/p>

貝茨說(shuō)，研究人員一直在努力尋找有關(guān)“人為什么會(huì)郁悶”的更為合理的解釋及影響不同的人快樂(lè)與否的因素，這一發(fā)現(xiàn)無(wú)疑為這一難題提供了一個(gè)重要解釋。

他說(shuō)，具有積極遺傳性格特征的人實(shí)際上同時(shí)擁有一種“快樂(lè)儲(chǔ)備”，供他們?cè)谟魫灥臅r(shí)候“支取”。貝茨說(shuō)：“這說(shuō)明了很重要的一點(diǎn)，外向、冷靜和可靠的性格特點(diǎn)能形成一種“情感儲(chǔ)備”，為將來(lái)的快樂(lè)提供保障?！?/p>

4.單選題

Itisadevastatingprospect.TerroristselectronicallybreakintothecomputersthatcontrolthewatersupplyofalargeAmericancity,openandclosevalvestocontaminatethewaterwithuntreatedsewageortoxicchemicals,andthenreleaseitinadevastatingflood.Astheemergencyservicesstruggletorespond,theterroristsstrikeagain,shuttingdownthetelephonenetworkandelectricalpowergridwithjustafewmouseclicks.Businessesareparalysed,hospitalsareoverwhelmedandroadsaregridlockedaspeopletrytoflee.

Thiskindofscenarioisinvokedbydoom-mongerswhoinsistthatsteppingupphysicalsecuritysincetheSeptember11thattacksisnotenough.Road-blocksandsoldiersaroundpowerstationscannotpreventdigitalterrorism."Untilwesecureourcyber-infrastructure,afewkeystrokesandanInternetconnectionisalloneneedstodisabletheeconomyandendangerlives,"LamarSmith,aTexascongressman,toldajudiciarycommitteeinFebruary.Heendedwithhiscatchphrase:’’Amousecanbejustasdangerousasabulletorabomb.”Isheright?

ItistruethatutilitycompaniesandotheroperatorsofcriticalinfrastructureareincreasinglyconnectedtotheInternet.Butjustbecauseanelectricitycompany'scustomerscanpaytheirbillsonline,itdoesnotnecessarilyfollowthatthecompany’scriticalcontrolsystemsarevulnerabletoattack.Controlsystemsareusuallykeptentirelyseparatefromothersystems,forgoodreason.Theytendtobeobscure,old-fashionedsystemsthatareincompatiblewithInternettechnologyanyhow.Evenauthorizedusersrequirespecialistknowledgetooperatethem.Andtelecomsfirms,hospitalsandbusinessesusuallyhavecontingencyplanstodealwithpowerfailuresorflooding.

AsimulationcarriedoutinAugustbytheUnitedStatesNavalWarCollegeinconjunctionwithGartner,aconsultancy,concludedthatan"electronicPearlHarbor"attackonAmerica’scriticalinfrastructurecouldindeedcauseseriousdisruption,butwouldfirstneedfiveyearsofpreparationand$200moffunding.Therearefarsimplerandlesscostlywaystoattackcriticalinfrastructure,fromhoaxphotocallstotruckbombsandhijackedairliners.

OnSeptember18thRichardClarke,America’scyber-securitytsar,unveiledhislong-awaitedblueprintforsecuringcriticalinfrastructurefromdigitalattacks.Itwasabitofadampsquib,makingnofirmrecommendationsandproposingnonewregulationorlegislation.Butitslily-liveredapproachmight,infact,betherightone.Whenariskhasbeenoverstated,inactionmaybethebestpolicy.

Itisdifficulttoavoidcomparisonswiththe"millenniumbug”andthepredictionsofwidespreadcomputerchaosarisingfromthechangeofdatetotheyear2000.Then,asnow,thealarmwassoundedbytechnologyvendorsandconsultants,whostoodtogainfromscare-mongering.ButRossAnderson,acomputerscientistatCambridgeUniversity,preferstodrawananalogywiththeenvironmentallobby.Likeeco-warriors,heobserves,thoseinthesecurityindustrybetheyvendorstryingtoboostsales,academicschasinggrants,orpoliticianslookingforbiggerbudgets—haveabuilt-inincentivetooverstatetherisks.

1.Welearnfromthefirstparagraphthat（

）.

2.Speakingofthedoom-mongers,theauthorimpliesthat（

）.

3.IntheviewofGartnerconsultant,（

）.

4.’’Lily-liveredapproach"(para.3)probablymeansanapproachcharacterizedby（

）.

5.Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat（

）

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.terroristscouldplungealargeAmericancityintochaosthroughelectronicattack

B.Americanpeoplehavenoexperienceindealingwithterrorism

C.thecomputersystemsofutilitycompaniesarerathervulnerable

D.theresponseofemergencyservicesisfarfromsatisfactory

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.theirworriesarequitereasonable

B.theirwarningsshouldbetakenseriously

C.theyexaggeratethethreatutilitycompaniesarefacing

D.theyarefamiliarwiththewayterroristsstrike

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.terroristsmaylaunchanother"PearlHarbor"attack

B.terroristshaveamplecapitalandtimetoprepareastunningstrike

C.itisverycostlyandtime-consumingtoattackcriticalinfrastructure

D.itisunlikelythatterroristswouldresorttoelectronicmeanstoattackcriticalinfrastructure

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.flexibility

B.boldness

C.cowardice

D.conservatism

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.thecomputerindustrysufferedheavylossduetothe“millenniumbug"

B.doom-mongerscaremoreabouttheirownintereststhannationalsecurity.

C.computerscientistshavebetterjudgmentthandoom-mongers

D.environmentalistsarecriticizedfortheireffortsofprotectingenvironment

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:D

第4題:C

第5題:B

【解析】1.根據(jù)文章第一句話‘Itisadevastatingprospect.’，可見(jiàn)所描述的場(chǎng)景只是想象中未來(lái)可能發(fā)生的情景。這一段描述了恐怖分子用電子手段發(fā)動(dòng)對(duì)美國(guó)大城市的襲擊后的混亂場(chǎng)景：企業(yè)癱瘓，醫(yī)院爆滿，道路堵塞等等?？梢?jiàn)，如果這種襲擊發(fā)生的話，美國(guó)的一座大城市就會(huì)陷入混亂。所以A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

2.monger這個(gè)詞本身就是一個(gè)貶義詞，指一個(gè)持悲觀論調(diào)，散布末世論的人。再看文章第三段，作者針對(duì)這種人散布的恐怖威脅論進(jìn)行了分析，認(rèn)為所謂公用事業(yè)公司的關(guān)鍵控制系統(tǒng)易受攻擊的說(shuō)法站不住腳。第四段作者引用一次模擬演習(xí)的結(jié)論說(shuō)，電子恐怖襲擊可能造成巨大破壞，但襲擊的成本非常高，耗時(shí)也非常長(zhǎng)，有遠(yuǎn)比這簡(jiǎn)單有效的辦法。在文章末尾，作者引用計(jì)算機(jī)專家的話“those(people)overstatetherisk”?？梢?jiàn)，作者雖然也承認(rèn)這種威脅有可能存在，但認(rèn)為這些doom-mongers夸大了威脅的程度。所以C選項(xiàng)‘theyexaggeratethethreatutilitycompaniesarefacing‘符合題意。

3.文章第四段分析了電子恐怖襲擊關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的說(shuō)法站不住腳的另一個(gè)理由：通過(guò)模擬演習(xí)得出結(jié)論，這種襲擊耗資巨大，耗時(shí)太長(zhǎng)，恐怖分子完全可以采取更加簡(jiǎn)單有效成本低廉的襲擊手段。所以D選項(xiàng)’itisunlikelythatterroristswouldresorttoelectronicmeanstoattackcriticalinfrastructure恐怖分子不太可能借助電子手段襲擊關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的‘符合題意。

4.根據(jù)上下文，RichardClarke針對(duì)如何保護(hù)關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施免遭數(shù)字化襲擊提出了人們期待己久的計(jì)劃，但這個(gè)計(jì)劃就好像一個(gè)受潮的爆竹，既沒(méi)有給出堅(jiān)決的建議，也沒(méi)有提出新的規(guī)章或者法規(guī)。然后對(duì)作者對(duì)這種做法用“l(fā)ily-livered”一詞加以總結(jié)，推測(cè)“膽小”比較符合題意。

5.本文最后一段將現(xiàn)在的恐怖威脅論和“千年蟲(chóng)”恐慌加以對(duì)比，認(rèn)為這種人為制造恐慌的做法只是為了讓那些散布恐慌的人“stoodtogain”。接著，作者引用一位專家的話，認(rèn)為這些人，“不論是想要促銷產(chǎn)品的商人，還是渴望得到補(bǔ)助金的學(xué)者，抑或是期望更多預(yù)算的政客，都有一種內(nèi)在的動(dòng)機(jī)促使他們夸大險(xiǎn)。”由此可見(jiàn)，B選項(xiàng)’doom-mongerscaremoreabouttheirownintereststhannationalsecurity.散布恐怖威脅論的人與其說(shuō)是關(guān)心國(guó)家安全，不如說(shuō)是關(guān)心自己的利益?！项}意

5.翻譯題

科學(xué)的最終目的是提供一種描繪整個(gè)宇宙的簡(jiǎn)單理論。然而，大多科學(xué)家實(shí)際采用的方法是將這個(gè)問(wèn)題分成兩個(gè)部分。第一部分是一些告知我們宇宙隨著時(shí)間的推移而變化的方式的規(guī)律。第二部分是對(duì)宇宙初始狀態(tài)的疑問(wèn)。有些人認(rèn)為科學(xué)只應(yīng)該關(guān)注第一部分。他們把宇宙初始狀態(tài)的問(wèn)題看成是玄學(xué)或宗教要回答的問(wèn)題。

【答案】Theultimateaimofscienceistoobtainasimpletheorywhichcandescribesthewholeuniverse.However,mostscientistsineffectseparatetheissueintotwoparts.Thefirstpartiscomposedoflawshowtheuniversechangeswithtime.Thesecondpartconsistsofthequestionsovertheoriginalstateoftheuniverse.Somepeoplebelievethatscienceshouldonlyfocusonthefirstpartwhereasthequestionsovertheoriginalstateoftheuniverseshouldbeansweredbymetaphysicsorreligions.

6.翻譯題

Whatisthebestexercisetocontrolhighbloodpressure?Takeyourpick,asthebestexercisetocontrolhighbloodpressureseemstobevirtuallyanyexercise,likewalkingorcyclingorlightweighttraining,especiallyifyourworkoutsarespreadthroughouttheday.

“Evenstandingmightwork,”saysGlennGaesser,thedirectoroftheHealthyLifestylesResearchCenteratArizonaStateUniversityandanexpertonexerciseandhypertension.Exerciselowersbloodpressureinlargepartbyalteringbloodvesselstiffnesssobloodflowsmorefreely.Thiseffectoccursduringandimmediatelyafteraworkout,sotheblood-pressurebenefitsfromexercisearemostpronouncedrightafter,youworkout.Asaresult,thebestwaytofighthypertensionmaybetodivvyupyourworkoutintobite-sizepieces.

Ina2012studybyDr.Gaesser,three10-minutewalksspreadthroughoutthedaywerebetteratpreventingsubsequentspikesinbloodpressure—whichcanindicateworseningbloodpressurecontrol—thanone30-minutewalk.Andifevena10-minutewalksoundsdaunting,trystandingmoreoften.InanotherstudyledbyDr.GaesserandpublishedinAugust,overweightvolunteerswithbloodpressureproblemswereaskedtositcontinuouslyduringaneight-hourworkdaywhiletheirbloodpressurewasmonitored.Thereadingswere,asexpected,unhealthy.

Butwhen,duringanotherworkday,thosevolunteersstoodupeveryhourforatleast10minutes,theirbloodpressurereadingsimprovedsubstantially.Thereadingswereevenbetterwhen,onadditionalworkdays,thevolunteersstrolledatapokey1-mile-per-hourpaceattreadmilldesksforatleast10minuteseveryhourorpedaledunder-deskexercisebikesforthesamenumberofminuteseveryhour.

“Exerciseintensitydoesnotappeartoplayanysignificantrole”inhelpingpeoplecontrolbloodpressure,Dr.Gaessersays.Movementiswhatmatters.Sogoforastrollafewtimesduringthedayorsimplystandupmoreoftentodevelophealthierbloodpressure.

【答案】【參考譯文】

控制血壓的最佳鍛煉方式是什么？任何鍛煉都好，幾乎所有運(yùn)動(dòng)對(duì)控制血壓都非常有效，比如步行、騎車或是輕的負(fù)重練習(xí)，全天式的鍛煉會(huì)讓減壓效果更好。

亞利桑那州立大學(xué)健康生活方式研究中心的主任格林?蓋瑟爾是位鍛煉與高血壓方面的專家，他認(rèn)為“哪怕站著也會(huì)有幫助?！卞憻捊档脱獕旱脑?，主要是因?yàn)檫\(yùn)動(dòng)可以改善血管硬度使得血流更加通暢。這樣的效果在鍛煉中和鍛煉后都會(huì)馬上顯現(xiàn)，因而在剛剛運(yùn)動(dòng)完其降壓效果尤其明顯。結(jié)論就是最好的對(duì)抗高血壓的方式，是類似少食多餐那樣進(jìn)行少量多次的運(yùn)動(dòng)。

在蓋瑟爾2012年發(fā)表的一篇報(bào)告中，他建議將一天運(yùn)動(dòng)量均分為3個(gè)時(shí)長(zhǎng)為10分鐘的步行，這樣比一次步行30分鐘相比可以更好預(yù)防血壓出現(xiàn)峰值，血壓峰值出現(xiàn)往往意味著控壓惡化。甚至說(shuō)如果10分鐘步行聽(tīng)著都有些嚇人的話，那就多站站。蓋瑟爾博士主導(dǎo)過(guò)另一項(xiàng)研究并將成果于8月出版，研究要求一些超重并有高血壓?jiǎn)栴}的志愿者在8小時(shí)的工作日里一直坐在座位上，同時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)其血壓，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)血壓讀數(shù)如預(yù)料的一樣非常不健康。

但在另一個(gè)工作日，當(dāng)要求這些志愿者每小時(shí)至少站立10分鐘后，他們的血壓讀數(shù)顯著改善。接著在另外一個(gè)工作日，這些志愿者需要每小時(shí)用帶跑步機(jī)的書(shū)桌慢速走10分鐘（配速為每小時(shí)1英里/1.6公里），或者用桌下型蹬車器每小時(shí)練習(xí)10分鐘，鍛煉后的血壓讀數(shù)改善得更為顯著。

蓋瑟爾博士稱就輔助人們控制血壓方面來(lái)說(shuō)，“鍛煉強(qiáng)度起不到什么作用?！边\(yùn)動(dòng)起來(lái)才是關(guān)鍵。所以每天多走幾步或多站幾次來(lái)打造健康血壓吧。

7.翻譯題

侵略行為似乎與許多生物結(jié)構(gòu)和化學(xué)物質(zhì)有關(guān)，如大腦中的下丘腦(hypothalamus)。很多動(dòng)物在受到特定刺激時(shí)會(huì)表現(xiàn)出本能的侵略反應(yīng)。下丘腦似乎與動(dòng)物的這種本能反應(yīng)有關(guān)：對(duì)許多動(dòng)物的下丘腦中部分區(qū)域進(jìn)行電激，會(huì)引發(fā)這一些它們的常見(jiàn)侵略行為。然而，人類的大腦要復(fù)雜的多，大腦的其他結(jié)構(gòu)似乎可以抑制這種本性。社會(huì)生物學(xué)是生物學(xué)方法的一個(gè)分支，該理論認(rèn)為侵略性對(duì)于人類而言是天生并且必要的。社會(huì)生物學(xué)認(rèn)為，包括侵略行為在內(nèi)的許多社會(huì)行為都是由遺傳決定的。根據(jù)達(dá)爾文的進(jìn)化論，他認(rèn)為，個(gè)體存在的數(shù)量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)那些可以找到食物并且活到成年的個(gè)體數(shù)量。個(gè)體之間開(kāi)始進(jìn)行生存競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，那些擁有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)的個(gè)體更容易存活，并且會(huì)將它們有利于生存競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的基因遺傳給下一代。大部分物種所具有的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)特質(zhì)之一就是好斗性。擁有侵略特質(zhì)的個(gè)體更容易存活和繁殖，因此，與侵略行為相關(guān)的各種基因遺傳給下一代的可能性更大。該理論在眾多方面遭到質(zhì)疑，其一，人類擁有其他物種不具備的能力，這種并非侵略性質(zhì)的能力才是人類生存下來(lái)的主要原因。其二，人類身上存在太多的變數(shù)，因此，我們無(wú)法相信人類會(huì)被侵略沖動(dòng)主導(dǎo)或者支配。

【答案】Numerousbiologicalstructuresandchemicalsappeartobeinvolvedinaggression.Oneisthehypothalamus,aregionofthebrain.Inresponsetocertainstimuli,manyanimalsshowinstinctiveaggressivereactions.Thehypothalamusappearstobeinvolvedinthisinbornreactionpattern:electricalstimulationofpartofthehypothalamustriggersstereotypicalaggressivebehaviorsinmanyanimals.Inpeople,however,whosebrainsaremorecomplex,otherbrainstructuresapparentlymoderatepossibleinstincts.Anoffshootofthebiologicalapproachcalledsociobiologysuggeststhataggressionisnaturalandevendesirableforpeople.Sociobiologyviewsmuchsocialbehavior,includingaggressivebehavior,asgeneticallydetermined.ConsiderDarwin'stheoryofevolution.Darwinheldthatmanymoreindividualsareproducedthanthosecanfindfoodandsurviveintoadulthood.Astruggleforsurvivalfollows.Thoseindividualswhopossesscharacteristicsthatprovidethemwithanadvantageinthestruggleforexistencearemorelikelytosurviveandcontributetheirgenestothenextgeneration.Inmanyspecies,suchcharacteristicsincludeaggressiveness.Becauseaggressiveindividualsaremorelikelytosurviveandreproduce,whatevergenesarelinkedtoaggressivebehavioraremorelikelytobetransmittedtosubsequentgenerations.：Thesociobiologyviewhasbeenattackedonnumerousgrounds.Oneisthatpeople'scapacitytooutwitotherspecies,nottheiraggressiveness,appearstobethedominantfactorinhumansurvival.Anotheristhatthereistoomuchvariationamongpeopletobelievethattheyaredominatedby,oratthemercyof,aggressiveimpulses.

8.單選題

GeothermalenergyisnaturalheatfromtheinterioroftheEarththatisconvertedtoheatbuildingsandgenerateelectricity.TheideaofharnessingEarth’sinternalheatisnotnew.Asearlyas1904,geothermalpowerwasusedinItaly.Today,Earth’snaturalinternalheatisbeingusedtogenerateelectricityin21countries,includingRussiaJapan,NewZealand,IcelandMexico,Ethiopia,GuatemalaElSalvador,thePhilippines,andtheUnitedStates.Totalworldwideproductionisapproaching9,000MW(equivalenttoninelargemodemcoalburningornuclearpowerplants)doubletheamountin1980.

Some40millionpeopletodayreceivetheirelectricityfromgeothermalenergyatacostcompetitivewiththatofotherenergysources.InELSalvador,geothermalenergyissupplying30%ofthetotalelectricenergyused.However,atthegloballevel,geothermalenergysupplieslessthan0.15%ofthetotalenergysupply.Geothermalenergymaybeconsideredanonrenewableenergysourcewhenratesofextractionaregreaterthanratesofnaturalreplenishment.HowevergeothermalenergyhasitsorigininthenaturalheatproductionwithinEarth,andonlyasmallfractionofthevasttotalresourcebaseisbeingutilizedtoday.Althoughmostgeothermalenergyproductioninvolvesthetappingofhighheatsources,peoplearealsousingthelow-temperaturegeothermalenergyofgroundwaterinsomeapplications.

TheaverageheatflowfromtheinterioroftheEarthisverylow,about0.06W/m2.Thisamountistrivialcomparedwiththe177W/m2

fromsolarheatatthesurfaceintheUnitedStates.However,insomeareas,heatflowissufficientlyhightobeusefulforproducingenergy.Forthemostpart,areasofhighheatflowareassociatedwithplatetectonicboundaries.Oceanicridgesystems(divergentplateboundaries)andareaswheremountainsarebeingupliftedandvolcanicislandarcsareforming(convergentplateboundaries)areareaswherethisnaturalheatflowisanomalouslyhigh.

Theenvironmentalimpactofgeothermalenergymaynotbeasextensiveasthatofothersourcesofenergy,butitcanbeconsiderable.Whengeothermalenergyisdevelopedataparticularsite,environmentalproblemsincludeon-sitenoise,emissionsofgas,anddisturbanceofthelandatdrillingsites,disposalsites,roadsandpipelines,andpowerplants.Developmentofgeothermalenergydoesnotrequirelarge-scaletransportationofrawmaterialsorrefiningofchemicals,asdevelopmentoffossilfuelsdoes.Furthermore,geothermalenergydoesnotproducetheatmosphericpollutantsassociatedwithburningfossilfuelsortheradioactivewasteassociatedwithnuclearenergy.However,geothermaldevelopmentoftendoesproduceconsiderablethermalpollutionfromhotwaste-waters,whichmaybesalineorhighlycorrosive,producingdisposalandtreatmentproblems.

1.Inparagraph1,theauthorintroducestheconceptofgeothermalenergyby（

）.

2.Inparagraph2,theauthorstatesthatgeothermalenergyisconsideredanonrenewableresourcebecause（

）.

3.WhatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedsentenceinPara.2(’’Althoughmostgeothermalenergyinsomeapplications"?

4.Inparagraph4,theauthormentionstheatmosphericpollutionandwasteproductsforfossilfuelandnuclearpower（

）.

5.Whatistrueaboutgeothermalenergyproductionworldwide?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.describingthealternativesforgeneratingelectricpower

B.arguingthatthisenergysourcehasbeentriedunsuccessfully

C.comparingtheproductionwiththatofotherenergysources

D.explainingthehistoryofthisenergysourceworldwide

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.theproductionofgeothermalenergyisanaturalprocess

B.geothermalenergycomesfromtheEarth

C.wecouldusemoregeothermalenergythanisnaturallyreplaced

D.wearenotusingverymuchgeothermalenergynow

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Highheatisthesourceofmostofthegeothermalenergybutlowheatgroundwaterisalsousedsometimes.

B.Eventhoughlowtemperaturesarepossible,highheatisthebestresourceforenergy-productionforgroundwater.

C.Bothhighheatandlowheatsourcesareusedfortheproductionofgeothermalenergyfromgroundwater.

D.Mosthighheatsourcesforgeothermalenergyaretappedfromapplicationsthatinvolvelowheatingroundwater.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.tointroducethediscussionofpollutioncausedbygeothermalenergydevelopmentandproduction

B.tocontrastpollutioncausedbyfossilfuelsandnuclearpowerwithpollutioncausedbygeothermalenergy

C.toarguethatgeothermalproductiondoesnotcausepollutionlikeothersourcesofenergydo

D.todiscouragetheuseofrawmaterialsandchemicalsintheproductionofenergybecauseofpollution

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Becauseitisanewidea,veryfewcountriesaredevelopinggeothermalenergysources

B.OnlycountriesintheSouthernHemisphereareusinggeothermalenergyonalargescale.

C.Untilthecostofgeothermalenergybecomescompetitive,itwillnotbeusedglobally

D.Geothermalenergyisalreadybeingusedinanu