英美概況Chapter 9課件

AmericanHistoryAmericainthe

ColonialEraITheWarofIndependenceIITheCivilWarIIIAmericainthe20thCenturyIVAmericainthe21stCenturyVCONTENTColonizationofNorthAmerica

(1607-1776)

Indians1ThediscoveryofAmerica2EarlyColonialEra

351.1NativeAmericanOriginatedfromMongoloidpeopleinAsiaAbout20,000yearsagoLivedintribeswithkinshipasthebasis:Goodatdecorativeart:LivedonhuntingandfarmingMajorcrops:THEIRABORIGINALCULTURES

CHRISTOPHERCOLUMBUSTheDiscoveryoftheNewWorldAmerigoVespucciChristopherColumbusWhydidtheearlysettlerscometo

America?ItdrewEnglishmerchantswhodreamedofestablishinggreatnewestatesoutofthewildness.Itdrewcarpenters,bakers,tailorsandotherskilledworkmenwhocouldnotfindjobinEngland.Itdrewthepoorandthehomelessfromfarmlandsandvillages.ItdrewmanyEnglishinsearchofreligiousfreedom.1.2PilgrimFathersInautumn1620,PURITANSleftPlymouthEnglandforAmericabyMayflowerfromthisdock.In1620,theyreachedPlymouthofAmerica.PlymouthmonumentPlymouthrockMayflowermonumentpilgrimmonument

In1620,atinyshipcalledthe“Mayflower”

sailedfromEnglandfortheNewworld,with102passengers.50%werePilgrims.LandedinwhatisnowPlymouth,Massachusetts.PilgrimFathersTheFoundingofthe13ColoniesThefirstEnglishcolonyinAmericawasfoundedatJamestown,Virginia,in1607;knownasthemotherstateBetween1607and1733theBritishestablished13coloniesalongtheeastcoastofNorthAmerica.13COLONIESVirginia(1607)NewYorkMassachusettsMaineNewHampshireMarylandConnecticutRhodeIslandNorthCarolinaSouthCarolinaNewJerseyPennsylvaniaGeorgia(1732)FirstThanksgiving-Daytocelebratetheharvest,expressingtheirthankstoGod.

1606年，英國國王正式批準(zhǔn)一些貴族、紳士和商人的申請，決定向北美殖民。首批英國移民l607年和1620年先后在弗吉尼亞的詹姆斯敦和馬薩諸塞的普利茅斯登陸后，受到了好客的印第安人的友好接待。他們向遠(yuǎn)道而來的客人們提供食品，并無微不至、耐心細(xì)致地教給他們種植玉米、南瓜、西紅柿以及狩獵的技術(shù)。

相反，隨后不久,從1622年開始，在大批英國移民陸續(xù)涌至后，美國資產(chǎn)階級的前身——這些英國殖民者便恩將仇報，開始驅(qū)逐這片大地上的主人，掠奪他們的土地，殘酷地屠殺印第安人。

3000萬

200萬The“BostonTeaParty”In1773,whenshipsofteareachedBostontobedistributed,severaldozenBostonresidentsboardedtheshipatnightandthrew$75,000worthofteaintotheharbor.Thiscametobeknownasthe“BostonTeaParty”.ThestartofthewarIn1775,about1,000BritishsoldiersweresentfromBostontoseizethemilitarysuppliesoftheAmericanmilitia.WhentheyarrivedatLexington

theyweremetbythearmedmilitiamen.SuddenlyashotwasfiredandtheWarofIndependencebegan.

Wherethere’soppression,there’srevolution.

1.2BostonTeaParty

In1773,patriotsstagedthe“BostonTeaParty”inresponsetotheteatax.

BritishParliamentthenpassedTheIntolerableActs（不可容忍的法案）TheyboardedBritishmerchantshipsandtossed342cratesofteaintoBostonharbor.BostonThefirstContinentalCongress1774Date:September1774Place:PhiladelphiaDelegates:from12coloniesexceptGeorgiaResult:passedDeclarationofRightsandGrievancesThesecondContinentalCongress1775

Date:

May,1775Place:PhiladelphiaResult:

TheCongressfoundeda

ContinentalArmy

underthecommandof

GeorgeWashington.

TheDeclarationofIndependence

DeclarationofIndependence

OnJuly4,1776,theCongressformallydeclaredtheindependenceTheDeclarationstates:

“Weholdthesetruthstoself-evident:Thatallmenarecreatedequal;thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienablerights;thatamongthesearelife,liberty,andthepursuitofhappiness;thattosecuretheserights,governmentsareinstitutedamongmen,derivingtheirjustpowersfromtheconsentofthegoverned;ThomasJefferson

“我們認(rèn)為下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主賦予他們?nèi)舾刹豢勺屌c的權(quán)力，其中包括生存權(quán)、自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)力。為了保障這些權(quán)利，人類才在他們中間建立政府，而政府的正當(dāng)權(quán)力則是經(jīng)被統(tǒng)治者同意所授予的。任何形式的政府一旦對這些目標(biāo)的實現(xiàn)起破壞作用時，人民便有權(quán)予以更換或廢除…”ThomasJefferson(1743–1826)Anti-FederalistsThechairmanofthecommitteeThethirdpresidentofU.S.A(1801-1809)TheDeclarationofIndependence

July4.1776GeorgeWashington(1732-99)GeorgeWashingtonwasappointed(1775)commanderinchiefoftheContinentalarmy.Aftervictory(1783),hepresidedoverthecouncilwhichdrafted(1787)theU.S.constitution,andwasunanimouslyelectedpresident.INGODWETRUST

TheBattleofSaratoga

Date:17thOctober1777Place:SaratogainNewYorkStateCombatants:BritishandGermantroopsVS.theAmericansRole:TurningPointTheBattleofSaratogaTheBattleofYorktown

Date:October1781Place:VirginiaCombatants:

AmericansandFrenchVs.theBritishTheBattleofYorktownOnOctober19,1781,theBritishgeneralCornwalliswasforcedtosurrender,thewarcametoanend.ThetwopartssignedtheTreatyofParisin1783—AmericawonitsindependenceTheWarofIndependenceWhat’stheinfluenceoftheWarofIndependence?

Ithadgreatinternationalinfluence.

ThecoloniesinSpanishAmericaroseuponeafteranothertooverthrowSpanishcolonialrules.TheFrenchRevolutionAftertheWarofIndependence,capitalismgotachanceforfreerdevelopment.TerritorialexpansionIn1788,13coloniesbecometheUnitedStatesofAmericaBy1796,afewmorestateshavebeencreated.AmericabuysLouisiana

fromFrancein1803TheLouisianaPurchase（1803）By1837,newstateshavebeencreatedaroundtheMississippi.By1850,OregonandCaliforniabecomestates.

1843:OnethousandpeopletraveltoOregon1848:USAwinsTexasintheMexicanWar1849:Californiagoldrush1862:AnewlawgivesfreelandtosettlersTheCivilWarIII

3.1CausesofCivilWar

3.2ComparisonofPower

3.3

TheFierceWar

3.4

InfluenceoftheCivilWar

3.1CausesofCivilWar3.1.1Economicreason:twodifferenteconomicsystems3.1.2PoliticalreasonTheNorth—FederalGovernmentasaunionTheSouth—TheConfederateGovernment(南部同盟）:theindependenceofeachstateQ.Whatwastheessentialcauseof

theCivilWar?TwodifferenteconomicsystemsexistedsidebysideIntheSouth—slaverywasthefoundation

Theslaveeconomy—anobstacletoindustrialgrowthandexpansionIntheNorth—commerceandindustryledtheeconomyIndustrialeconomyrequiredtherestrictionofslaveryandterritoryforrawmaterials,marketsandlaborsupplyEconomicantagonismledtoincreasedconflictsbetweenNorthandSouth.3.1.1EconomicreasonSouthernCottonPlantationWhitney'sCottonGin3.1.1Economicreason

TheSituationBeforetheWarThreeGreatTides“WestwardMovement”TwoeconomicsystemsintheNorthandtheSouthNorth

CapitalistEconomy

South

PlantationTheGrowthoftheworkingclassUncleTom’sCabin（湯姆叔叔的小屋）UncleTom’sCabin1852HarrietBeecherStoweAnantislaverynovelwhichhadgreatpoliticalinfluence."Sothisisthelittleladywhomadethisbigwar.“---Lincoln

freeandslavestates(1860)Unionarmy

Vs.

Confederatearmy

23states(3/4)IndustrialsuperiorityAbundantfacilitiesMerchantmarines,navyWealthy(2/3)11states

AgriculturalMilitary.Preparingforthewar.Superiormilitaryleadership.RobertE.LeeFightingonitsownsoil3.2ComparisonofPowerTheNorth:23states,22millionpopulationabundantfacilitiestomanufacturearmsandammunition,clothing,andothersuppliesmerchantmarinesandthenavyremainedinUnionhandsfederalgovernmentwasbetterabletoraisefundforwar

TheSouth:

11states,9millionpopulationmilitaryadvantages:activelypreparingforwarinpossessionofmanyfederalfortsandarsenalssuperiormilitaryleadership:athirdoftheregulararmy'sofficerswerefromtheSouthfightingonitsownsoil3.2ComparisonofPower3.2ComparisonofPowerTheCivilWar(1861-1865)

AbrahamLincolnwaselectedpresidentandopposedtheexpansionofslavery.Somesouthernstatesformed

theConfederateStatesofAmerica（南部同盟）

in1861.“Republican”EmancipationProclamation-issuedbyPres.AbrahamLincolnin1863thatfreedtheslavesoftheConfederacy. -Thistransformedthewarfrom

awartosave

theUnion,to

awartoabolishslaveryChallengesAbrahamLincolnfaced:firstpriority—keepingtheUnitedStatesonecountry11southernstatessecededfromFederalUnionproclaimedanindependentnationfreedomforblackpeople—secondaryobjective

issuedtheEmancipationProclamation(解放宣言),grantingfreedomtoallslaves.3.3TheFierceWarGettysburg(1863)—turningpointofthewarUnionarmydefeatedoneConfederatearmyIn1865,ConfederateforcessoonsurrenderedOnApril14,1865,LincolnwasassassinatedbyactorJohnWilkesBooth.3.3TheFierceWarGettysburg

Address《葛底斯堡演說》

是亞伯拉罕·林肯最著名的演說，也是美國歷史上為人引用最多之政治性演說。在1863年11月19日，正值美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)中葛底斯堡戰(zhàn)役結(jié)束后四個半月，林肯在葛底斯堡的葛底斯堡國家公墓揭幕式中發(fā)表是之演說，哀悼在長達(dá)5個半月的葛底斯堡之役中陣亡的將士。林肯的演講修辭細(xì)膩周密，其后成為美國歷史上最偉大的演說之一。

TheLincolnMemorial(林肯紀(jì)念堂）,madeofmarblefromColoradoandTennesseeandlimestonefromIndiana,standsinWestPotomacParkinWashington,D.C.3.3TheFierceWarA.

1)abolishedtheslavesystem2)swepttheobstaclestothedevelopmentofUScapitalistproduction3.4InfluenceoftheCivilWarQ.WhatwasthesignificanceoftheCivilWar?

TheCivilWarOCaptain!MyCaptain!--WhitmanOCaptain!MyCaptain!ourfearfultripisdone;

Theshiphasweather'deveryrack,theprizewesoughtiswon;

Theportisnear,thebellsIhear,thepeopleallexulting,

Whilefolloweyesthesteadykeel,thevesselgrimanddaring:

ButOheart!heart!heart!

Othebleedingdropsofred,

WhereonthedeckmyCaptainlies,

Fallencoldanddead.

Americainthe20thCenturyIV

4.1WorldWarI

4.2PostWWItothe1940s

4.3

WorldWarII

4.4

PostWWIIYears

OutbreakoftheFirstWorldWarInevitableresultofcontradictionbetweentwogroupsofimperialistpowers:Allies—Britain,France,andRussiaTheCentralEuropeanPowers—Germany,Austria-HungaryandItalyThepolitical,economicandcolonialrivalriesofthegreatpowers.4.1WorldWarIWorldWarI

4.1WorldWarIQ.WhydidAmericaenterWorldWarI?Germans’submarinessankships

goingtoEngland—

injuringAmerican

trade.GermanypromisedtheMexicansachance“toregainitslostterritorybythewaragainsttheUS”.Aftertwoyears’fighting,bothsidesgrewweary—agoodchanceforAmericatoenterthewar.4.1WorldWarIUSenteredthewarin1917Morethan4millionAmericanswenttothebattlefield—playinganimportantroleinturningthetideofthewar:brokeGermandefenselinehelpedtheBritishbreakGermansubmarineblockadeTheGermanGovernmentappealedtoPresidentWilsonforpeacesettlementAnarmistice(停火協(xié)議)wasconcludedinNovember19184.2PostWWItothe1940sThebooming1920sThe1920selection—thefirstforwomenvotedforapresidentialcandidate.prevailingprosperity,conservativegovernmentalpolicyprivatebusinessreceivedsubstantialencouragementTheGreatDepression

In1929thestockmarketcrashed,wipingout40percentofthepapervaluesofcommonstock.

Depressiondeepened,manylosttheirlifesavingsBy1933thevalueofstockontheNewYorkStockExchangeshrankbyover4/5Coreoftheproblem—immensedisparitybetweentheproductivecapacityandtheabilityofpeopletoconsume4.2PostWWItothe1940sWithdrawalofCashHooverVillagePeopleWaitingforRelief

FranklinD.Roosevelt’sNewDeal(羅斯福新政）In1933Rooseveltralliedthepeopletothebannerofhisprogram,knownasthe“NewDeal”.Ithelpedthecountrygetoutofthedepression4.2PostWWItothe1940s“Theonlythingwehavetofearisfearitself.”—FranklinD.RooseveltWorldWarIIbrokeoutinSeptember,1939andendedinAugust,1945.BackgroundofthewarTheWorldSpreadeconomiccrisisGermanyandItalybegantheirwaysoffascismandmilitaryexpansion.JapanmeanttoconquerChinaandSoutheastAsiabymilitaryexpansion.4.3WorldWarIIAsit-on-the-fencepolicy(中立）dotradewiththewarringcountries,includingtheaggressorsbelievein“gloriousisolation”

Itsnegativeeffect:IsolationismencouragedNaziandAdolphHitlertobelievethattheycouldrelyonAmericanneutralityandtheirvictimscouldnotbuymunitionsinUS.JapanbelievedthatpacifistUSwouldnotfightfortheintegrityofChina.4.3WorldWarIIQ.WhatisAmerica’sforeignpolicyin

theearlystageofWorldWarII?

OnthemorningofDecember7,1941,JapaneseairforceattackedtheUSPacificfleetatPearlHarbor,Hawaii.ItwasthedirectcauseforAmerica’sentranceintothewar.

4.3WorldWarIIConferenceatPotsdamHeadsoftheUS,BritishandSovietUnionmetatPotsdam(波茨坦),todiscussoperationsagainstJapan,thepeacesettlementinEurope,andapolicyforthefutureofGermany.4.3WorldWarII4.3WorldWarIIEndofWWIITheUSairforcedroppedatomicbombsonHiroshimaOnAugust6andonNagasakionAugust8.OnSeptember2,1945,Japansurrendered.4.3WorldWarIITheColdWar

冷戰(zhàn)UnitedNationsin1945—anewandbetterworldwouldemergefromWorldWarII.TheconflictbetweenthetwosuperpowersRussiaandtheUSincreasedandlaterledtotheColdWar.4.4PostWWIIYears

4.4PostWWIIYears

TrumanDoctrine杜魯門主義IntheSpringof1947,PresidentTrumandeclaredthe“TrumanDoctrine”soastoexpandAmericansphereofinfluenceandestablishtheUShegemony(霸權(quán)).ThismarkedthebeginningoftheColdWar.NATO

In1949,theUnitedStates—incompanywith11otherpowers—enteredintotheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization(NATO).(WarsawPact)TheKoreanWar

TheUSaggressedKoreainJune1950Aceasefireagreement

wassignedinthe

summerof1953—

markedtheUS’failure

andtheendofthewar.4.4PostWWIIYears

KoreanWarMemorialTheVietnamWarAlong-timesufferingfortheUSStartedunderEisenhowerandcontinuedbyKennedyandJohnsonIn1950USsentintroopstopreventtheSouthVietnamesegovernmentfromcollapsing.Ultimately,afailureIn1975VietnamwasreunifiedunderCommunistcontrol.4.4PostWWIIYears

TwootherdiplomaticbreakthroughsachievedbyNixon:Re-establishingUSrelationswiththePeople’sRepublicofChinaNegotiatingthefirstStrategicArmsLimitationTreatywiththeSovietUnion4.4PostWWIIYears

TableTennisForeignPolicyNixon–firstUSpresidentvisitedBeijing.The“ShanghaiCommuniqué”—anewUSpolicy:therewasoneChina;TaiwanwaspartofChina;apeacefulsettlementofthedisputebytheChinesethemselveswasinAmericaninterest.Q.WhatcontributionsdidRichard

Nixonmakeinpromotingthe

Sino-USrelationship?4.4PostWWIIYears

RichardNixon&PremierZhouEnlai4.4PostWWIIYears

AmericaSince1980’s4.4PostWWIIYears

BillClinton

GeorgeBush

RonaldReaganRonaldRegan(1980)Atsixtynine,ReaganbecametheoldestpersoneverelectedasUSPresidentin1980