2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-中南大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)4

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-中南大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

Eachadvanceinmicroscopictechniquehasprovidedscientistswithnewperspectiveonthefunctionoflivingorganismsandthenatureofmatteritself.Theinventionofthevisible-lightmicroscopelateinthesixteenthcenturyintroducedapreviouslyunknownrealmofsingle-celledplantsandanimals.Inthetwentiethcentury,electronmicroscopeshaveprovideddirectviewsofvirusesandminusculesurfacestructures.Nowanothertypeofmicroscope,onethatutilizesX-raysratherthanlightorelectrons,offersadifferentwayofexaminingtinydetails;itshouldextendhumanperceptionstillfartherintothenaturalworld.

ThedreamofbuildinganX-raymicroscopedatesto1895;itsdevelopment,however,wasvirtuallyhaltedinthe1940’sbecausethedevelopmentoftheelectronmicroscopewasprogressingrapidly.Duringthe1940’s,electronmicroscopesroutinelyachievedresolutionbetterthanthatpossiblewithavisible-lightmicroscope,whiletheperformanceofX-raymicroscopesresistedimprovement.Inrecentyears,however,interestinX-raymicroscopeshasrevived,largelybecauseofadvancessuchasthedevelopmentofnewsourcesofX-rayillumination.Asaresult,thebrightnessavailabletodayismillionsoftimesthatofX-raytubes,which,formostofthecentury,weretheonlyavailablesourcesofsoftX-rays.

ThenewX-raymicroscopesconsiderablyimproveontheresolutionprovidedbyopticalmicroscopes.Theycanalsobeusedtomapthedistributionofcertainchemicalelements.Somecanformpicturesinextremelyshorttimes;othersholdthepromiseofspecialcapabilitiessuchasthree-dimensionalimaging.Unlikeconventionalelectronmicroscopy,X-raymicroscopyenablesspecimenstobekeptinairandinwater,whichmeansthatbiologicalsamplescanbestudiedunderconditionssimilartotheirnaturalstate.Theilluminationused,so-calledsoftXraysinthewavelengthrangeoftwentytofortyangstroms(anangstromisoneten-billionthofameter),isalsosufficientlypenetratingtoimageintactbiologicalcellsinmanycases.BecauseofthewavelengthoftheXraysused,softX-raymicroscopeswillnevermatchthehighestresolutionpossiblewithelectronmicroscopes.Rather,theirspecialpropertieswillmakepossibleinvestigationsthatwillcomplementthoseperformedwithlight-andelectron-basedinstruments.

1.Whatisthethemedoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

2.Whydoestheauthormentionthevisible-lightmicroscopeinthefirstparagraph?

3.WhydidittakesolongtodeveloptheX-raymicroscope?

4.Basedontheinformationinthepassage,whatcanbeinferredaboutX-raymicroscopesinthefuture?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Thedetailseenthroughamicroscope.

B.Outdatedmicroscopictechniques.

C.Sourcesofilluminationformicroscopes.

D.Anewkindofmicroscope

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.ToputtheX-raymicroscopeinahistoricalperspective.

B.Tobeginadiscussionofsixteenth-centurydiscoveries.

C.Toshowhowlimiteditsusesare.

D.Toexplainhowitfunctioned.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Fundsforresearchwereinsufficient.

B.Thesourceofilluminationwasnotbrightenoughuntilrecently.

C.MaterialsusedtomanufactureX-raytubesweredifficulttoobtain.

D.X-raymicroscopesweretoocomplicatedtooperate.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Theywillprobablyreplaceelectronmicroscopealtogether.

B.Theywilleventuallybemuchcheapertoproducethantheyarenow.

C.Theywillprovideinformationnotavailablefromotherkindsofmicroscopes.

D.Theywilleventuallychangetheilluminationrangethattheynowuse.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:A

第3題:B

第4題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。由第一段“Nowanothertypeofmicroscope,onethatutilizesX-raysratherthanlightorelectrons,offersadifferentwayofexaminingtinydetails;itshouldextendhumanperceptionstillfartherintothenaturalworld.現(xiàn)在，另一種顯微鏡，利用x射線而不是光或電子，提供了一種觀察微小細(xì)節(jié)的不同方法;它應(yīng)該把人類的感知能力進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展到自然界?！奔暗诙巍癟hedreamofbuildinganX-raymicroscopedatesto1895;制造x射線顯微鏡的夢(mèng)想可以追溯到1895年”可知本文講的是一種新的顯微鏡，故D項(xiàng)正確。

2.判斷推理題。定位第一段中“Eachadvanceinmicroscopictechniquehasprovidedscientistswithnewperspectiveonthefunctionoflivingorganismsandthenatureofmatteritself.顯微技術(shù)的每一個(gè)進(jìn)步都給科學(xué)家提供了新視角對(duì)生物體的功能和物質(zhì)本身的性質(zhì)?！奔啊癟heinventionofthevisible-lightmicroscopelateinthesixteenthcenturyintroducedapreviouslyunknownrealmofsingle-celledplantsandanimals.Inthetwentiethcentury,electronmicroscopeshaveprovideddirectviewsofvirusesandminusculesurfacestructures.16世紀(jì)晚期可視光學(xué)顯微鏡的發(fā)明引入了單細(xì)胞植物和動(dòng)物的未知領(lǐng)域。在二十世紀(jì)，電子顯微鏡提供了對(duì)病毒和微小表面結(jié)構(gòu)的直接觀察。”可知提及可見(jiàn)光顯微鏡的目的是“從歷史的角度來(lái)看待x射線顯微鏡”故A項(xiàng)正確。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。定位第二段中“Inrecentyears,however,interestinX-raymicroscopeshasrevived,largelybecauseofadvancessuchasthedevelopmentofnewsourcesofX-rayillumination.Asaresult,thebrightnessavailabletodayismillionsoftimesthatofX-raytubes,which,formostofthecentury,weretheonlyavailablesourcesofsoftX-rays.然而，近年來(lái)，人們對(duì)x射線顯微鏡的興趣又復(fù)活了，這在很大程度上是由于x射線照明新光源等技術(shù)的發(fā)展。結(jié)果，今天可用的亮度是x射線管的數(shù)百萬(wàn)倍，在本世紀(jì)的大部分時(shí)間里，x射線管是唯一可用的軟x射線源?？芍狟項(xiàng)“直到最近，光源才足夠明亮。”正確，ACD三項(xiàng)都沒(méi)有提及。答案B。

4.判斷推理題。定位最后一段中“Rather,theirspecialpropertieswillmakepossibleinvestigationsthatwillcomplementthoseperformedwithlight-andelectron-basedinstruments.相反，它們的特殊性質(zhì)將使研究成為可能，這將補(bǔ)充那些用光和電子儀器進(jìn)行的研究?？芍狢項(xiàng)“X射線將提供其他種類的顯微鏡無(wú)法提供的信息?！闭_。

2.單選題

TheMarinesattackedthesouthbeachatdaybreak;（

）asadiversionarymaneuver,acompanylandedonthenorthsideoftheisland.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.previously

B.later

C.simultaneously

D.subsequently

【答案】C

【解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)previously“以前；預(yù)先”；B選項(xiàng)later“后來(lái)；稍后”；C選項(xiàng)simultaneously“同時(shí)地”；D選項(xiàng)subsequently“隨后；后來(lái)”。句意：海軍陸戰(zhàn)隊(duì)在黎明時(shí)襲擊了南海灘；······作為轉(zhuǎn)移注意力的策略，一個(gè)連在島的北側(cè)登陸。上一句說(shuō)的“開(kāi)始攻擊南邊”與空格處的“在北邊登陸”應(yīng)同時(shí)進(jìn)行，否則失去了轉(zhuǎn)移注意力的意義。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。

3.單選題

Inarguingagainstassertionsthatenvironmentalcatastropheisimminent,herbookdoesnotridiculeallpredictionsofdoombutratherclaimsthattherisksofharmhaveinmanycasesbeen（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.exaggerated

B.ignored

C.scrutinized

D.increased

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。exaggerate“夸大；夸張”；ignore“駁回訴訟；忽視”；scrutinize“詳細(xì)檢查；細(xì)看”；increase“增加，增大”。句意：在駁斥環(huán)境災(zāi)難即將來(lái)臨的斷言時(shí)，她的書沒(méi)有嘲笑所有關(guān)于災(zāi)難的預(yù)測(cè)，相反卻聲稱損害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)在很多情況下被夸大了。由butratherclaims可知此處表轉(zhuǎn)折，意思應(yīng)與前句相反。只有A項(xiàng)符合題意。

4.單選題

Itisregrettablethatstudentsdonot（

）theirstudentloansandtherebymakeitmoreproblematicforfuturegenerationsofstudentstoobtainthem.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.reimburse

B.refurbish

C.relinquish

D.recount

【答案】A

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。reimburse償還，歸還；refurbish再磨光，刷新；relinquish放棄，棄絕；recount詳述，重新計(jì)算。句意：令人遺憾的是，學(xué)生沒(méi)有償還他們的助學(xué)貸款，以致于后來(lái)的學(xué)生在助學(xué)貸款的申請(qǐng)上面臨更大的問(wèn)題。根據(jù)therebymakeitmoreproblematicforfuturegenerationsofstudentstoobtainthem.可知A項(xiàng)最符合題意。

5.單選題

Duringthe1960’sand1970’s,theprimaryeconomicdevelopmentstrategyoflocalgovernmentsintheUnitedStateswastoattractmanufacturingindustries.Unfortunately,thisstrategywasusuallyimplementedatanothercommunity’sexpense:manymanufacturingfacilitieswereluredawayfromtheirmooringselsewherethroughtaxincentivesandslickpromotionalefforts.Throughthetransferofjobsandrelatedrevenuesthatresultedfromthispractice,onetown’striumphcouldbecomeanothertown’stragedy.

Inthe1980’sthestrategyshiftedfromthiszero-sumgametoonecalled“high-technologydevelopment,”inwhichlocalgovernmentscompetedtoattractnewlyformedhigh-technologymanufacturingfirms.Althoughthisapproachwaspreferabletovictimizingothergeographicalareasbytakingtheirjobs,italsohaditsshortcomings:high-techmanufacturingfirmsemployonlyaspeciallytrainedfractionofthemanufacturingworkforce,andtheresimplyarenotenoughhigh-techfirmstosatisfyallgeographicareas.

Recently,localgovernmentshaveincreasinglycometorecognizetheadvantagesofyetathirdstrategy:thepromotionofhomegrownsmallbusinesses.Smallindigenousbusinessesarecreatedbyanearlyubiquitousresource,localentrepreneurs,withrootsintheircommunities,theseindividualsarelesslikelytobeenticedawaybyincentivesofferedbyanothercommunity.Indigenousindustryandtalentarekeptathome,creatinganenvironmentthatbothprovidesjobsandfostersfurtherentrepreneurship.

1.ThepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthemajorityofUnitedStatesmanufacturingindustriesbeforethehigh-technologydevelopmenteraofthe1980’s?

2.Thetoneofthepassagesuggeststhattheauthorismostoptimisticabouttheeconomicdevelopmentpotentialofwhichofthefollowinggroups?

3.Theauthorofthepassagementionswhichofthefollowingasanadvantageofhigh-technologydevelopment?

4.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Theylostmanyoftheirmostinnovativepersonneltosmallentrepreneurialenterprises.

B.Theyexperiencedamajordeclineinprofitsduringthe1690’sand1970’s.

C.Theycouldproviderealeconomicbenefitstotheareasinwhichtheywerelocated.

D.Theyemployedworkerswhohadnospecializedskills.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Localgovernments

B.High-technologypromoters

C.Localentrepreneurs

D.Manufacturing-industrymanagers

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Itencouragesthemodernizationofexistingmanufacturingfacilities.

B.Itdoesnotadvantageonelocalworkforceattheexpenseofanother.

C.Itencouragesthegrowthofrelatedindustries.

D.Ittakesfulladvantageoftheexistingworkforce.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Advocatemoreeffectivestrategiesforencouragingthedevelopmentofhigh—technologyenterprisesintheUnitedStates.

B.Contrasttheincentivesforeconomicdevelopmentofferedbylocalgovernmentswiththoseofferedbytheprivatesector.

C.Acknowledgeandcounteradversecriticismofprogramsbeingusedtostimulatelocaleconomicdevelopment.

D.Reviewandevaluatestrategiesandprogramsthathavebeenusedtostimulateeconomicdevelopment.

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。定位到第一段中“thisstrategywasusuallyimplementedatanothercommunity’sexpense這種策略通常是實(shí)現(xiàn)另一個(gè)社區(qū)的代價(jià),”以及“throughthetransferofjobsandrelatedrevenuesthatresultedfromthispractice,onetown’striumphcouldbecomeanothertown’stragedy通過(guò)這種做法帶來(lái)的就業(yè)和相關(guān)收入的轉(zhuǎn)移，一個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)的勝利可能成為另一個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)的悲劇”，可知，在八十年代以前，經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展都是本地化的，只能為自己所在的社區(qū)帶來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)利益。C項(xiàng)“它們可以為它們所處的地區(qū)提供真正的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益?！闭_。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。定位到第二段“high-techmanufacturingfirmsemployonlyaspeciallytrainedfractionofthemanufacturingworkforce高科技制造企業(yè)只雇傭了一小部分受過(guò)專門訓(xùn)練的制造勞動(dòng)力”，以及第三段“indigenousindustryandtalentarekeptathome,creatinganenvironmentthatbothprovidesjobsandfostersfurtherentrepreneurship本土產(chǎn)業(yè)和人才被留在國(guó)內(nèi)，創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)既提供就業(yè)又促進(jìn)進(jìn)一步創(chuàng)業(yè)的環(huán)境”?？芍髡呤菍?duì)本土的企業(yè)持有比較樂(lè)觀的態(tài)度。

3.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。定位到第二段“thisapproachwaspreferabletovictimizingothergeographicalareasbytakingtheirjobs這種辦法比奪走其他地理地區(qū)的工作而使其受害要好”可知與B項(xiàng)“它不會(huì)犧牲一個(gè)當(dāng)?shù)貏趧?dòng)力的利益而使另一個(gè)勞動(dòng)力受益?！毕喾?。

4.主旨大意題。文章主要目的在于通過(guò)講解三種不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展策略，告訴讀者哪種發(fā)展策略優(yōu)勢(shì)比較明顯，同時(shí)三種發(fā)展策略對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)有哪些好的促進(jìn)作用。故D項(xiàng)“審查和評(píng)估用于刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略和方案?！狈项}意。

6.單選題

ChlorineisamainstayinmostswimmingpoolsintheUnitedStates,andisusedtoeradicatebacteria.Abacteria-freepoolwillusuallyensurethatswimmerswon'tcontractaseriousillnessiftheyspendtimein,andpossiblyingest,thewater.Whenchlorineisaddedtopoolwater,achemicalreactionoccurswherebythechlorinebreaksdownintoalegionchemicalsthatcombinetokillbacteriathatmaybeinthewater.Thesechemicals,specificallyhypochlorousacidandhypochloriteion,eliminatebacteriabyannihilatingandthenoxidizingtheabhorrentcells.Whenthischemicalreactionoccurs,thebacteriaarerenderedessentiallyharmless.Thischemicalreactiondoesn’toccurimmediately-individualcomponentswithinchlorinetakevaryingamountsoftimetointeractwiththebacteria,creatinganalmosttime-release-typeofkillinthepoolwater.

Chlorinemustberegularlyreplenished.Astheyreact,thehypochlorousacidandhypochloriteioncombinetocreateaparticularacceptablepHlevelinthepoolwater.ApHisameasureofthealkalinityandaciditypresent;apHvalueof7representsaneutralvalue,and7.4isthepHvalueofthehumantear.ThepHratiomustberegularlymonitoredtoensureaconsistentoptimumrate-oneusuallykeptwithinthespectrumof7to8asmeasuredbyareliablepHmeasuringkit.Asthechemicalsinchlorinecompletetheirreactions,theybreakdownandarenolongereffectiveinkeepingthepoolwaterneutralized.Additionalchlorinemustbeaddedtowateratspecifictimes.Outdoorpoolsthatareindirectsunlightneedtohavewateraddedmoreoftenbecausethechemicalreactiontimeforchlorineisincreasedanditseffectivenessisreducedintheseconditions.Sincethehypochloriteionisanespeciallypotentchemicalcapableoffadingfabricsandpaint,mostpeoplearemeticulousaboutrinsingchlorinefrompotentiallyaffectedareas.Althoughchlorineisinexpensiveandwidelyavailable,somepeoplefindthebleachsmelltoberepugnantandthedistinctaromapresentatmanyswimmingpoolstobeoverwhelming.Thesepeoplemaynotbeabletoenjoyaquaticpursuitsinthosepoolsthatemploychlorineasacleansingagent.Otherpeoplemayfindthatinhalingchlorineatthehighlevelspresentaroundsomepoolsmaybedifficulttotolerate.Stillothersmayexperienceskinirritationafterswimminginapoolcontainingchlorine.Althoughthereareotherchemicalsandcompoundsavailabletocleanswimmingpools,theymaybeprohibitivelyexpensiveorincapableofkillingalltypesofbacteriapresentinthewater.

1.Accordingtothepassage,astablepHvalueinpoolwaterisdependentuponwhichofthefollowing

（

）.

2.Theauthor’sprimarypurposeisto

（

）.

3.Basedonthepassage,whichstatementisprobablyNOTtrueofchlorine?

4.TheauthorincludestheinformationaboutthepHofhumantearsmainlyto（

）.

5.AllofthefollowingstatementsaretrueaboutchlorineEXCEPTthat（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Ensuringthatthereisonlyaminimumamountofbacteriainthewater

B.Monitoringandaddingchlorinewhenwarranted

C.Payingcloseattentiontothereactionsofchemicalsinthepoolwater

D.Ensuringthatwaterisprotectedfromdirectsunlight

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.offeranunbiasedopinionofchlorine，sefficacy

B.provideanargumentforusingchlorine

C.discussthechemicalreactiontakingplacewithinapool

D.showhowchlorinecankeeppoolwatersafe

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Itcanbeharmfulifswallowed.

B.Occasionalhighlevelsinpoolwaterareprobablynotharmful.

C.Itcankillmostcommontypesofpoolwaterbacteria.

D.Apool’ssizewilldictatetheamountneeded.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.givethereaderabaseofreference

B.provideavisualimageforthereader

C.personalizethepassagetoenhanceinterest

D.answerthereader’santicipatedquestion

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.chlorine'sefficacyisaffectedbysunlight

B.chlorineismadeupoftwochemicals:hypochlorousacidandhypochlorineion

C.chlorineisusuallysaidtobemalodorous

D.chlorinelevelsmustberoutinelyassessedinpoolwater

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:B

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。定位到第二段“Chlorinemustberegularlyreplenished.氯必須定期補(bǔ)充”及“ThepHratiomustberegularlymonitoredtoensureaconsistentoptimumrate-oneusuallykeptwithinthespectrumof7to8asmeasuredbyareliablepHmeasuringkit.必須定期監(jiān)測(cè)pH值比，以確保一致的最佳速率-通常保持在一個(gè)可靠的pH值測(cè)量試劑盒測(cè)量的7至8的光譜范圍內(nèi)?！笨芍狟項(xiàng)“必要時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)并加氯”符合題意。

2.作者意圖題。由第一段“Thesechemicals,specificallyhypochlorousacidandhypochloriteion,eliminatebacteriabyannihilatingandthenoxidizingtheabhorrentcells.Whenthischemicalreactionoccurs,thebacteriaarerenderedessentiallyharmless.這些化學(xué)物質(zhì)，特別是次氯酸和次氯酸鹽離子，通過(guò)消滅和氧化可惡的細(xì)胞來(lái)消滅細(xì)菌。當(dāng)這種化學(xué)反應(yīng)發(fā)生時(shí)，細(xì)菌基本上是無(wú)害的?！笨芍髡咧饕窍虢榻B氯氣是如何確保泳池干凈和安全的。

3.推理判斷題。定位到最后一段“Otherpeoplemayfindthatinhalingchlorineatthehighlevelspresentaroundsomepoolsmaybedifficulttotolerate.Stillothersmayexperienceskinirritationafterswimminginapoolcontainingchlorine.Althoughthereareotherchemicalsandcompoundsavailabletocleanswimmingpools,theymaybeprohibitivelyexpensiveorincapableofkillingalltypesofbacteriapresentinthewater.其他人可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，吸入一些泳池周圍高濃度的氯可能很難忍受。還有一些人在含有氯的游泳池游泳后可能會(huì)感到皮膚刺激。雖然有其他化學(xué)物質(zhì)和化合物可以用來(lái)清潔游泳池，但它們可能昂貴得令人望而卻步，或者無(wú)法殺死水中存在的所有類型的細(xì)菌?！笨芍行┤宋胍恍┯境刂車邼舛鹊穆瓤赡芎茈y忍受。故B項(xiàng)“偶爾泳池里的氯含量高可能是無(wú)害的。”表述錯(cuò)誤。

4.推理判斷題。作者通過(guò)舉例直觀地解釋PH值的知識(shí)，讓讀者有一些了解

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)對(duì)本文第二段的理解，一旦氯氣在太陽(yáng)光下，那么它的有效性就會(huì)降低，而第一段指出氯氣中發(fā)生反應(yīng)的化學(xué)元素主要是次氯酸和次氯酸離子，但這無(wú)法推理出就僅僅只有這兩種物質(zhì)，B項(xiàng)“氯由兩種化學(xué)物質(zhì)組成：次氯酸和低氯離子”答案過(guò)于絕對(duì)。

7.單選題

TheFirstWorldWarbeganinacontextofjargonandverbaldelicacyandcontinuedinacloudofeuphemismas（

）aslanguageandliterature,skillfullyused,couldmakeit.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.enthralling

B.impenetrable

C.lucid

D.deliberate

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。enthralling迷人的；impenetrable不能通過(guò)的；費(fèi)解的；lucid明晰的；透明的；易懂的；deliberate故意的；深思熟慮的；從容的。句意：第一次世界大戰(zhàn)開(kāi)始于行話和精致言語(yǔ)的環(huán)境中，然后像語(yǔ)言和文學(xué)在巧妙地使用的情況下可以做到的那樣繼續(xù)于費(fèi)解的委婉語(yǔ)的陰云中。從continuedinacloudofeuphemism（委婉語(yǔ)的陰云中）可知B項(xiàng)“費(fèi)解的”符合題意。

8.單選題

Therecentdebateonacidrainisagainsettingenvironmentalistheadtoheadagainstindustry.Butthistime,acuriousphilosophyhasemergedinWashingtonthatsaysthemoreweknowaboutaproblem,themoreuncertaintyisintroducedandthemoreitneedstobestudied.Asaresult,weknowmoreaboutacidrainanditseffects,thaneverbefore,butitseemsaregulatorysolutionhasneverbeenfurtheraway.

Researchersgenerallyagreethatacidrainarisesprimarilyfromtheburningofcoalandoil.Theemissionscontainoxidesofnitrogenandsulfur,whichcanbecarriedhundredsofmilesontheprevailingwesterlywinds.Theyeventuallyreturntoearthasdrygasesandparticulatesandreactwithgroundwaterstoformnitricorsulfuricacid.Theymayalsobeconvertedtotheacidsintheatmospherebychemicalprocessesthatarestillnotfullyunderstood.

However,theacidsareformed,theyhavealreadybeenchargedwithasubstantiallistofdamages.Corrosionofmetalstructuresinwindwardareasofthecountryhasbeenwell-documented,butitisarelativelyminorentryonthelist.Otherformsofdamagearefarmoreinsidiousandlonger-lasting.Thereisevidence,forexample,thattheacidsleachheavymetals—aluminum,lead,andmercury—fromthesoil,whichthenpoisonplantrootsanddeprivethemofvitalnutrients.Inlakesandrivers,theacidaltersthebloodchemistryinfish.Themetals,meanwhile,irreversiblydamagethegillsystemsofcertainspecies,suchasbassandwalleye.Astheconcentrationofpoisonrises,egghatchingisreducedandthenumberofdeformedembryosincreases.

Theeffectsofacidrainaremoresevereintheeasternpartofthecountryfortworeasons.First,mostcoalburningoccursinOhio,Illinois,andIndiana,accordingtoEvilleGorham,professorofecologyandbotanyattheUniversityofMinnesotaandamodernpioneerinthestudyofacidrain.ThesestatesproduceaboutaquarterofallU.S.oxideemissions,hetoldthisyear’sAmericanChemicalSocietymeetinginLasVegasandtheairborneparticulatestendtowindupintheNortheast.

ThesecondreasonisthevaryingchemicalmakeupofNorthAmericansoils,Westernsoilsarerelativelyrichinneutralizingcompoundslikemagnesiumandcalciumcarbonates,butthecoarse,shalloweasternsoilshavemuchlessofthisbufferingcapacity.Together,thesefactorsexplainwhatGorhamcallsa“poolofacidairpollution”overtheNortheastthatisstronglysuspectedofhavingkilledorinjuredaquaticlifeinmorethan200lakesinNewYork’sAdirondackregion.

1.Accordingtothepassage,acidrain（

）.

2.Theauthorimpliesthat

（

）.

3.ThedamagingeffectsofacidrainarefeltlessintheWestbecause

（

）.

4.TheLEASTseriousproblemcausedbyacidrainisthe（

）.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.leadstobirthdefectsinfish

B.ishallucinogenic

C.travelsinawesterlydirection

D.addsmineralstothesoil

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.legislatorsarephilosophical

B.bureaucratsseeminglypreferdiscussiontoaction

C.awarenessofaproblemisfutile

D.acidrainisadebatablephenomenon

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.elementsinwesternsoilneutralizetheacid

B.thewesternstatesproduceone-fourthofallAmericanemissionsofsulfuroxides

C.theAdirondackregionisinupstateNewYork

D.easternsoilisrichinmagnesium

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.leachingofheavymetalsfromthesoil

B.alterationofbloodchemistryinfish

C.poisoningofplantroots

D.corrosionofmetalstructures

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:A

第4題:D

【解析】1.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。定位到第三段中Inlakesandrivers,theacidaltersthebloodchemistryinfish.Themetals,meanwhile,irreversiblydamagethegillsystemsofcertainspecies,suchasbassandwalleye.Astheconcentrationofpoisonrises,egghatchingisreducedandthenumberofdeformedembryosincreases.在湖泊和河流中，這種酸會(huì)改變魚類的血液化學(xué)成分。與此同時(shí)，這些金屬對(duì)某些物種的鰓系統(tǒng)造成了不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的損害，如鱸魚和海參。隨著毒素濃度的增加，卵孵化減少，畸形胚胎的數(shù)量增加?！笨芍狝項(xiàng)正確。

2.判斷推理題。定位到第一段中“Asaresult,weknowmoreaboutacidrainanditseffects,thaneverbefore,butitseemsaregulatorysolutionhasneverbeenfurtheraway.因此，我們比以往任何時(shí)候知道更多關(guān)于酸雨及其影響，這似乎是一個(gè)前所未有的監(jiān)管解決方案?！笨芍狢項(xiàng)正確。

3.判斷推理題。定位最后一段中“ThesecondreasonisthevaryingchemicalmakeupofNorthAmericansoils,Westernsoilsarerelativelyrichinneutralizingcompoundslikemagnesiumandcalciumcarbonates,butthecoarse,shalloweasternsoilshavemuchlessofthisbufferingcapacity.第二個(gè)原因是北美土壤的化學(xué)組成不同，西方土壤相對(duì)豐富的鎂和鈣碳酸鹽中和化合物，但東部粗糙、淺層土壤的這種緩沖能力要小得多?！笨芍狝項(xiàng)西部土壤中的元素中和了這種酸正確。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。定位到第三段中“Corrosionofmetalstructuresinwindwardareasofthecountryhasbeenwell-documented,butitisarelativelyminorentryonthelist.（酸雨）對(duì)金屬結(jié)構(gòu)的腐蝕在該國(guó)（美國(guó)）迎風(fēng)的地區(qū)是顯而易見(jiàn)的，不過(guò)該腐蝕所帶來(lái)的損害在酸雨所帶來(lái)的損害名單上卻是相對(duì)較小的?！笨芍狣項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Thequantumtheorystates（

）,aslight,isgivenoffandabsorbedindefiniteunitscalledquantaorphotons.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.energythat

B.thatitisenergy

C.itisenergy

D.thatenergy

【答案】D

【解析】考查賓語(yǔ)從句。states是謂語(yǔ)，后面接一個(gè)句子做賓語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)從句需要一個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞that,另外賓語(yǔ)從句還缺少主語(yǔ)，故D項(xiàng)正確。句意：量子理論認(rèn)為，能量，比如光，是以量子或光子的基本單位來(lái)釋放和吸收的。

10.單選題

Theteacher’spridewasdistraughtwhenhediscoveredthathalfhisclasshad（

）theexam.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.reassessed

B.disdained

C.flunked

D.redeemed

【答案】C

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。reassessed對(duì)······再評(píng)價(jià)；disdained鄙視，蔑視；flunked放棄，失??；redeemed贖回，恢復(fù)。句意：當(dāng)老師發(fā)現(xiàn)他班上有一半的學(xué)生放棄了考試的時(shí)候，他的自尊心受到嚴(yán)重打擊。由前后語(yǔ)義可知空格處所填單詞為貶義詞，與考試搭配的最合適的選項(xiàng)是C項(xiàng)。

11.單選題

AsbefitsanationmadeupofimmigrantsfromallovertheChristianworld,AmericanshavenodistinctiveChristmassymbols;butwehavetakenthesymbolsofallthenationsandmadethemourown.TheChristmastree,thehollyandtheivy,themistletoe,theexchangeofgifts,themythofSantaClaus,andthecarolsofallnations,theplumpuddingandthewassailbowlareallelementsintheAmericanChristmasofthemid-twentiethcentury.ThoughwehavenoChristmassymbolsofourown,theAmericanChristmasstillhasadistinctiveaurabyvirtueoftwocharacteristicelements.

Thefirstoftheseisthat,asmightbeexpectedinanationasdedicatedtothecarryingonofbusinessastheAmericannation,thedominantroleoftheChristmasfestivitieshasbecometoserveasastimulustoretailbusiness.ThethemesofChristmasadvertisingbegintoappearasearlyasSeptember,andtheopenseasononChristmasshoppingbeginsinNovember.Fiftyyearsago,ThanksgivingDaywasregardedastheopeningdayoftheseasonforChristmasshopping;today,theseasonopensimmediatelyafterHalloween.Thus,virtuallyawholemonthhasbeenaddedtotheChristmasseason-forshoppingpurposes.

Second,theChristmasseasonoffestivitieshasinsensiblycombinedwiththeNewYear’scelebrationintoonelengthenedperiodofSaturnalia.Thisstartswiththe“officeparties”afewdaysbeforeChristmas,continuesonChristmasEve,nowtheoccasioninAmericaofoneoftwolarge-scalerevelsthatmarktheseason-savethattheChristmasEverevelsareoftenpunctuatedbyavisittooneofthelargerchurchesformidnightMass,whichhasincreasinglytendedtobecomeblendedintoapartoftheentertainmentaspectoftheseason-andcontinuesinspiritedeuphoriauntilNewYear’sEve,thesecondofthelarge-scalerevels.NewYear'sDayisspentresting,possiblyregrettingone’sexcesses,watchingafootball“bowl”game,andindulginginthelenitiveofone'schoice.January2marks,formost,thereturntotemperanceanddecorumandbusinessasusual.

1.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthemannerinwhichChristmasiscelebratedintheUnitedStatesisoneof（

）.

2.Whichofthefollowingwouldbemostinaccordwiththemainideasofthepassage?

3.WhatwouldtheauthorofthepassagelikelysaybywayofanalysisoftheuseofChristmascardsbyAmericanstocelebrateChristmas?

4.Whichofthefollowingcanbestbeinferredfromthepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.greatdisapproval

B.humorousconfusion

C.laudatoryacclaim

D.objectiveanalysis

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.InPuritanMassachusettsBayColony,itwasacrime,punishablebythestocks,tofailtoobserveChristmas.

B.ChristmascustomsinEuropeandAmericathatareassociatedwiththeFeastoftheNativitywerenotoriginallyChristian.

C.RudolphtheRed-nosedReindeerhasbecomeatraditionalaspectofChristmas,yetwascreatedonlyafewyearsagobycommercialinterests.

D.Inwidelyseparatedareasoftheworld,religiousobservancestendtoclusteraroundstrikingnaturalphenomena.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.ThesendingoflargenumbersofexpensivecardsislargelyanextensionofthebusinessaspectoftheAmericanChristmascelebration.

B.Thereachingouttomanyfriends,bothcloseandfar,throughthecards,isanextensionofthefestivespiritoftheAmericanChristmascelebration.

C.ThemultiplicityofcardsandformsisareflectionoftheveryheterogeneousviewsofAmericansonthecelebrationofChristmas.

D.TheextensionoftheChristmasseasonhaspermittedmorecardstobesentandhandledbytheoverworkedpostalsystem.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Thegreatwavesofimmigrantsfrommanycountriesinthelate1800’sandearly1900’shadasignificanteffectontheAmericancelebrationofChristmas.

B.OnlytheearliestsettlersbroughttraditionsonwhichtheAmericanChristmascelebra-tionisbased.

C.EveryyearseesthestartofanewChristmas“tradition.”

D.TheSaturnaliaofChristmasweekisa,releasefromthehardworkoftheChristmasshoppingseason.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:A

【解析】1.判斷推理題。由第一段“AsbefitsanationmadeupofimmigrantsfromallovertheChristianworld,AmericanshavenodistinctiveChristmassymbols.以及ThoughwehavenoChristmassymbolsofourown,theAmericanChristmasstillhasadistinctiveaurabyvirtueoftwocharacteristicelements.作為一個(gè)由來(lái)自基督教世界各地的移民組成的國(guó)家，美國(guó)人沒(méi)有獨(dú)特的圣誕符號(hào)。以及雖然我們自己沒(méi)有圣誕節(jié)的象征，美國(guó)圣誕節(jié)仍然有獨(dú)特的氣場(chǎng)的兩個(gè)特征元素?！庇纱丝芍髡邔?duì)于美國(guó)慶祝圣誕節(jié)的方式的態(tài)度是客觀的，沒(méi)有摻雜主觀情緒在其中。故D項(xiàng)正確。A項(xiàng)“不同意”；B項(xiàng)“幽默的混亂”；C項(xiàng)“贊美的贊譽(yù)”；D項(xiàng)“客觀分析”。

2.判斷推理題。A項(xiàng)“在馬薩諸塞灣的殖民地，某清教徒犯罪，被處罰金，不能慶祝圣誕節(jié)”不符合題意。B項(xiàng)“在歐洲和美國(guó)，與耶穌誕生節(jié)相關(guān)的圣誕節(jié)習(xí)俗最初并不是基督教的?！辈环显?。C項(xiàng)“紅鼻子馴鹿魯?shù)婪?Rudolph)已經(jīng)成為圣誕節(jié)的傳統(tǒng)元素，但它是幾年前才由商業(yè)利益創(chuàng)造出來(lái)的?！笔フQ老人的出現(xiàn)并不是由于商業(yè)原因。D項(xiàng)“在世界廣泛的區(qū)域，宗教紀(jì)念活動(dòng)往往與驚人的自然現(xiàn)象緊密相連?！庇蒘econd,theChristmasseasonoffestivitieshasinsensiblyco