2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-中國(guó)政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）試卷號(hào)21

住在富人區(qū)的她2022年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-中國(guó)政法大學(xué)考試名師押題精選卷I（帶答案詳解）（圖片可根據(jù)實(shí)際調(diào)整大?。╊}型12345總分得分一.綜合題(共50題)1.單選題

ThecourtdecreedthatheshouldbetransportedtoAustralia.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.predicted

B.ordered

C.decided

D.resolved

【答案】B

【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。decree表示“頒布法令”；A項(xiàng)predict“預(yù)測(cè)”，B項(xiàng)order“命令”，C項(xiàng)decide“決定”，D項(xiàng)resolve“溶解”。句意：法院裁定他應(yīng)該被遣送到澳大利亞。因此B項(xiàng)正確。

2.單選題

Onestudyhasfoundthatjobapplicantswhomakemoreeyecontactsareperceivedasmorealert,dependable,confidentandresponsiblethan______.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.thosewhodon’t

B.thosewhoaren’t

C.themwhodidn’t

D.themwhoweren’t

【答案】A

【解析】考查語(yǔ)法。those指代前面的jobapplicants，who引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，因?yàn)楸苊庵貜?fù)，所以后面略賓語(yǔ)，而用do代替前面的make一詞，A項(xiàng)符合句意。B項(xiàng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞使用錯(cuò)誤；C項(xiàng)代詞使用錯(cuò)誤；D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。句意：一項(xiàng)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些能有更多目光接觸的求職者比沒(méi)有足夠目光接觸的求職者被視為更加機(jī)智，可靠，自信并且附有責(zé)任心。故正確答案為A。

3.填空題

Direction:Thefollowingaresomewordsandphrases,someofwhicharetakenfromthetextthatfollows.Decidewhichwordorphraseshouldgoineachgapandthenwritetheletterinthespaceprovided.Notethattherearemorewordsandphrasethangaps.WriteyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.

StandardsofMeasurement

Inearlytimesmeasurementsweremadebycomparingthingswithpartsof(example).Earlyunitsofmeasurementincludedthedistancefromtheelbowtothefingers,thewidthofthehandandthewidthofthefingers.

Someofthesehumanmeasurementsarestillused.Forexample,66basedonthelengthofhalfthethumb.Afootwasoriginally67ofaman’sfoot.Amilewasonethousandwalkingsteps.

Theseunitswereonly68becausetheirstandard—thehumanbody—wasnotconstant.Governmentstriedto69thembyusingrodsoffixedlengths.Buttheserodsstillvariedfrom70tocountry.

DuringtheFrenchRevolution,scientistslookedfora__71whichdidnotchange.TheychosethedistancefromtheEquatortotheNorthPole,whichisonequarterofthecircumferenceoftheEarth.Onetenmillionthofthiswascalled72andbecamethebasicunitofthemetricsystem.Othermetric73arebasedonit.Forexample,thecentimeterisonehundredthofameter.Agram—theunitof74isthemassofonecubiccentimeterofwater.

Astandardmeterwasmarkedonaplatinumbar.Theaccuracyof75wascheckedbycomparingthemwiththisbar.Nowadaysthemeterisstandardizedbycomparingitwithanotherconstant—thewavelengthofacertainkindoflight.

66.______67.______68.______69.______70.______

71.______72.______73.______74.______75.______

【答案】66.J

67.E

68.K

69.A

70.L

71.N

72.I

73.B

74.M

75.G

【解析】66.考查上下文語(yǔ)義。第一句提到Someofthesehumanmeasurementsarestillused.（一些人工測(cè)量方法仍在使用），緊接著下文提到…basedonthelengthofhalfthethumb（……根據(jù)一半拇指的長(zhǎng)度），由此可知，空格處填入的應(yīng)該是一個(gè)測(cè)量的單位，故該題選J“theinch（英寸）”正確。

67.考查句子語(yǔ)義。根據(jù)句子Afootwasoriginally…ofaman’sfoot（英尺最初是一個(gè)人的腳的……），可知，空格處應(yīng)該是填入length表示長(zhǎng)度；故該題選E正確。

68.考查句子語(yǔ)義。根據(jù)句子Theseunitswereonly…becausetheirstandard—thehumanbody—wasnotconstant.（這些單位只是……因?yàn)槿梭w的器官并不是一成不變的），可知，空格處應(yīng)該是表示“大約的，近似的”；故該題選K正確。

69.考查句子語(yǔ)義。應(yīng)該填入一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，只有A和M是動(dòng)詞，根據(jù)句子意思A符合題意。句意：政府試圖通過(guò)使用固定長(zhǎng)度的棒子來(lái)將其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。故該題選A正確。

70.考查固定用法。varyfromcountrytocountry表示“因國(guó)家而異”，因此空格處要填入country。句意：但是這些棒子仍然依國(guó)家而異。故該題選L正確。

71.考查上下文語(yǔ)義。上一段提到?jīng)]有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的測(cè)量，下文就提到了DuringtheFrenchRevolution,scientistslookedfora…whichdidnotchange.（在法國(guó)大革命期間，科學(xué)家們尋找一種不變的……），由此可知空格處應(yīng)該是表示“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的測(cè)量”，故N項(xiàng)符合題意。該題選N正確。

72.考查上下文語(yǔ)義。由下文Forexample,thecentimeterisonehundredthofameter（例如，厘米是一米的百分之一）可知此處指的是“一米”，因此空格處應(yīng)該填onemeter。該題選I正確。

73.考查上下文語(yǔ)義。由下文的centimeter和gram可知此處指的是“測(cè)量單位”，因此空格處應(yīng)該填units。句意：其他公制單位以它為基礎(chǔ)。該題選B正確。

74.考查上下文語(yǔ)義。由常識(shí)判斷gram是重量單位，因此空格處應(yīng)該填weight；句意：重量單位一克相當(dāng)于一立方厘米水。故該題選M正確。

75.考查上下文語(yǔ)義。上句提到Astandardmeterwasmarkedonaplatinumbar.（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的米制測(cè)量標(biāo)在鋁棒上），下文接著說(shuō)到Theaccuracyof…wascheckedbycomparingthemwiththisbar.（……的準(zhǔn)確度是通過(guò)把它們與這根桿子比較來(lái)檢驗(yàn)的），根據(jù)這兩個(gè)句子可以猜到空格處應(yīng)該是表示“測(cè)量?jī)x器”，因此該題選G正確。

4.翻譯題

為了保證刑法的正確實(shí)施，懲罰犯罪，保護(hù)人民，保障國(guó)家安全和社會(huì)公共安全，維護(hù)社會(huì)主義社會(huì)秩序，根據(jù)憲法，制定中華人民共和國(guó)刑事訴訟法。本法的任務(wù)是：保證準(zhǔn)確、及時(shí)地查明犯罪事實(shí)，正確運(yùn)用法律，懲罰犯罪分子，保證無(wú)罪的人不受刑事追究，教育公民自覺(jué)遵守法律，積極同犯罪分子做斗爭(zhēng)，以維護(hù)社會(huì)主義法制，保護(hù)公民的人身權(quán)利、財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)利和其他權(quán)利，保證社會(huì)主義事業(yè)的順利進(jìn)行。

【答案】參考譯文：

TheCriminalProcedureLawofthePeople’sRepublicofChinaisenactedinaccordancewiththeConstitutionandforthepurposeofensuringcorrectenforcementoftheCriminalLaw,punishingcrimes,protectingthepeople,safeguardingStateandpublicsecurityandmaintainingsocialistpublicorder.TheaimofthisLawis:toensureaccurateandtimelyascertainmentoffactsaboutcrimes,correctapplicationoflaw,punishmentofcriminalsandprotectionoftheinnocentagainstbeinginvestigatedforcriminalresponsibility;toenhancethecitizens’awarenessoftheneedtoabidebylawandtofightvigorouslyagainstcriminalactsinordertosafeguardthesocialistlegalsystem;toprotectthecitizens'personalrights,theirpropertyrights,democraticrightsandotherrights;andtoguaranteesmoothprogressofthecauseofsocialistdevelopment.

5.單選題

______equallybetweenschoolandtelevisionstudios,shewasbusylearninglineswhileherfriendsarehookingonlines.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Withtimetobesplit

B.Hertimebeingsplit

C.Withhertimebeingsplit

D.Timewassplit

【答案】C

【解析】考查with介詞詞組和獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。句子沒(méi)有連詞，因此前面部分不可能是完整的主謂賓句子結(jié)構(gòu)，D項(xiàng)句子完整所以排除D。根據(jù)句意“她一半時(shí)間在學(xué)校，一半在電視工作室，她的朋友們正在線上談情說(shuō)愛(ài)時(shí)她卻忙于學(xué)習(xí)臺(tái)詞”，前面應(yīng)該表示伴隨的原因狀語(yǔ)，因此A項(xiàng)不定式獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)不合適，B項(xiàng)分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)和C介詞詞組都可以表示原因，但with結(jié)構(gòu)伴隨意味更強(qiáng)更常用；因此選C更合適。

6.翻譯題

TheSupremeCourtisthehighestcourtoftheUnitedStates,andtheonlyonespecificallycreatedbytheConstitution.AdecisionoftheSupremeCourtcannotbeappealedtoanyothercourt.TheSupremeCourthasoriginaljurisdictioninonlytwokindsofcases:thoseinvolvingforeigndignitariesandthoseinwhichastateisaparty.AllothercasesreachtheCourtonappealfromlowercourts.AsignificantamountoftheworkoftheSupremeCourtconsistsofdeterminingwhetherlegislationorexecutiveactsconformtotheConstitution.ThispowerofjudicialreviewisdoctrineinferredbytheCourtfromitsreadingoftheConstitution,andforcefullystatedinthelandmarkMarburyvs.Madisoncaseof1803.Thedoctrinehasalsobeenextendedtocovertheactivitiesofstateandlocalgovernments.

【答案】參考譯文：

最高法院是美國(guó)的最高法院，也是唯一一個(gè)由憲法專(zhuān)門(mén)設(shè)立的法院。最高法院的裁決不能向任何其他法院上訴。最高法院最初只對(duì)兩種案件擁有司法權(quán)：涉及國(guó)外顯要人物的案件和州作為一方當(dāng)事人的案件。最高法院受理的所有其他案件均來(lái)自下級(jí)法院的上訴。最高法院很重要的工作任務(wù)就是決定立法或執(zhí)法是否符合憲法標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這種司法審查的權(quán)利是由最高法院通過(guò)解讀《憲法》而推斷出來(lái)的法律原則，并且在具有里程碑意義的1803年馬伯里與麥迪遜案得到確定。并且，該理論還擴(kuò)展到包括州和地方政府的活動(dòng)。

7.單選題

Scientistsclaimthatairpollutioncausesadeclineintheworld’saverageairtemperature.Inordertoprovethattheory,ecologistshaveturnedtohistoricaldatainrelationtoespeciallyhugevolcaniceruptions.Theysuspectthatvolcanoesaffectweatherchangesthataresimilartoairpollution.

OnesourceofinformationistheeffectoftheeruptionofTambora,avolcanoinSumbawa,theDutchEastIndies,inApril1815.Thelargestrecordedvolcaniceruption,Tamborathrew150milliontonsoffineashintothestratosphere.Theashfromavolcanospreadsworldwideinafewdaysandremainsintheairforyears.Itseffectistoturnincomingsolarradiationintospaceandthuscooltheearth.Forexample,recordsofweatherinEnglandshowthatbetweenAprilandNovember1815,theaveragetemperaturehadfallen4,5F.Duringthenexttwentyfourmonths,Englandsufferedoneofthecoldestperiodsofitshistory.Farmer’srecordsfromApril1815toDecember1818indicatefrostthroughoutthespringandsummerandsharpdecreasesincropandlivestockmarkets.Sincetherewasatimelagofseveralyearsbetweencauseandeffect,bythetimetheworldagriculturalcommoditycommunityhaddeteriorated,noonerealizedthecause.

Ecologiststodaywarnthatwefaceatwo-foldmenace.Theever-presentpossibilityofvolcaniceruptions,suchasthatofMr.St.HelensinWashington,addedtoman’spollutionoftheatmospherewithoil,gas,coal,andotherpollutingsubstances,maybringusincreasinglycolderweather.

41.Itisbelievedthattheearthgetscolderwhen______.

42.TheeffectsofTambora’seruptionwere______.

43.ThecauseofcoldweatherinEnglandfrom1815to1818was______.

44.Noonerealizedthecauseofthedeteriorationoftheworldagriculturalcommoditymarketbecause______.

45.If,assomescientistspredict,theworldendsinice,whatmightbethecause?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.volcanoeserupt

B.theairispollutedbymodernman

C.theraysofthesunareturnedintospace

D.alloftheabove

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.feltmainlyintheDutchEastIndies

B.ofseveraldays’durationworldwide

C.evidenceofpollution’scoolingtheearth

D.immediatelyevidenttotheworld’sscientists

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.decreasedcropandlivestockproduction

B.volcanicashintheatmosphere

C.pollutioncausedbytheIndustrialRevolution

D.itsproximitytotheNorthSea

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.therewasalongdelaybetweencauseandeffect

B.theweatherisbeyondourcomprehension

C.weatherforecastswereinaccurate

D.ecologistsdidn’texistuntilmoderntimes

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Modernman’spollutionoftheair.

B.Volcaniceruptions.

C.Obliterationofsolarradiation.

D.Alloftheabove.

【答案】第1題:D

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:A

第5題:D

【解析】41.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“人們相信在……地球會(huì)變得更冷”。根據(jù)文章第一段首句Scientistsclaimthatairpollutioncausesadeclineintheworld’saverageairtemperature（科學(xué)家聲稱(chēng)，空氣污染導(dǎo)致世界平均氣溫下降）和最后一句Theysuspectthatvolcanoesaffectweatherchangesthataresimilartoairpollution.（科學(xué)家們懷疑火山對(duì)天氣變化的影響類(lèi)似于空氣污染）可知，volcanoeserupt是改變天氣的一個(gè)原因；第二段第四行提到Itseffectistoturnincomingsolarradiationintospaceandthuscooltheearth.（其作用是將入射的太陽(yáng)輻射送入太空，從而使地球降溫）可知，太陽(yáng)輻射送入太空可以降低地球溫度；第三段最后一句提到man’spollutionoftheatmospherewithoil,gas,coal,andotherpollutingsubstances,maybringusincreasinglycolderweather.（人們使用石油、天然氣、煤炭和其他污染物質(zhì)對(duì)大氣的污染，可能會(huì)給我們帶來(lái)越來(lái)越寒冷的天氣）可知，空氣污染也是天氣變冷的一個(gè)原因；因此A項(xiàng)“火山爆發(fā)”，B項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)代人造成的空氣污染”，C項(xiàng)“把太陽(yáng)輻射送入太空”均正確，故該題選D項(xiàng)“以上都是”。

42.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“坦博拉火山爆發(fā)的影響是……”。根據(jù)第二段的第三句Theashfromavolcanospreadsworldwideinafewdaysandremainsintheairforyears.（坦博拉火山爆發(fā)噴出的火山灰在數(shù)天里擴(kuò)散到了全球且這些火山灰長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)年地保留在空氣中）和第二段最后一句Sincetherewasatimelagofseveralyearsbetweencauseandeffect,bythetimetheworldagriculturalcommoditycommunityhaddeteriorated,noonerealizedthecause.（由于原因與后果之間的長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)年的時(shí)差，所以當(dāng)人們?cè)庥龊蠊麜r(shí)候，往往不能認(rèn)識(shí)到導(dǎo)致其的真正原因）可知A項(xiàng)“荷屬東印度群島才會(huì)感覺(jué)到這一影響”，B項(xiàng)“在世界范圍內(nèi)持續(xù)數(shù)天”，D項(xiàng)“立刻成為全世界科學(xué)家所關(guān)注的證據(jù)”都不符合。故該題C項(xiàng)“污染正在冷卻地球的證據(jù)”正確。

43.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“1815到1818年英國(guó)冷天氣的原因是由于……”。根據(jù)第二段的第三句Theashfromavolcanospreadsworldwideinafewdaysandremainsintheairforyears.Itseffectistoturnincomingsolarradiationintospaceandthuscooltheearth.（坦博拉火山爆發(fā)噴出的火山灰在數(shù)天里擴(kuò)散到了全球且這些火山灰長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)年地保留在空氣中;火山灰讓太陽(yáng)輻射轉(zhuǎn)入太空，進(jìn)而讓地球溫度下降）可知B項(xiàng)“大氣中的火山灰”正確，A項(xiàng)“農(nóng)作物和牲畜產(chǎn)量下降”是后果，不是原因；C項(xiàng)“工業(yè)革命造成的污染”和D項(xiàng)“靠近北?！痹谖闹袥](méi)有提及，因此B正確。

44.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“沒(méi)有人認(rèn)識(shí)到世界農(nóng)產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)惡化的原因是因?yàn)椤?。根?jù)第二段最后一句Sincetherewasatimelagofseveralyearsbetweencauseandeffect（由于因果之間有幾年的時(shí)間差）可知A項(xiàng)“因果之間有一段長(zhǎng)時(shí)間間隔”正確，B項(xiàng)“天氣變化超出了人類(lèi)理解力范圍”，C項(xiàng)“天氣預(yù)報(bào)不準(zhǔn)確”，D項(xiàng)“到現(xiàn)代才出現(xiàn)生態(tài)學(xué)家”在文中沒(méi)有提及，因此該題選A。

45.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】判斷推理題。題干意思是“如果像一些科學(xué)家預(yù)測(cè)的那樣，世界將在冰中終結(jié)，原因可能是什么?”。根據(jù)文中第二段中的第四句Itseffectistoturnincomingsolarradiationintospaceandthuscooltheearth.（火山灰讓太陽(yáng)福射轉(zhuǎn)入太空，進(jìn)而讓地球溫度下降）及最后一段的第二句Theever-presentpossibilityofvolcaniceruptions,suchasthatofMr.St.HelensinWashington,addedtoman’spollutionoftheatmospherewithoil,gas,coal,andotherpollutingsubstances,maybringusincreasinglycolderweather.（如華盛頓的St.Helens先生說(shuō)的那樣，火山爆發(fā)的可能性的始終存在和人類(lèi)消耗石油、天然氣、煤和其它污染物而帶來(lái)的大氣污染有可能為人類(lèi)帶來(lái)不斷變冷的氣候）可知A項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)代人類(lèi)對(duì)空氣的污染”，B項(xiàng)“火山爆發(fā)”，C項(xiàng)“太陽(yáng)輻射的消失”均符合，因此該題選D項(xiàng)“以上都是”。

8.單選題

ChinatownhasbeenthecenterofSanFrancisco’sChinesecommunitysincethe1850s.Itsboundarieshaveexpandedsignificantlysincethe1960s,andtheneighborhoodsbuilttherearegenerallyaffluent.

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.plentiful

B.attractive

C.friendly

D.wealthy

【答案】D

【解析】考查形容詞辨析。affluent表示“富裕的，豐富的”；A項(xiàng)plentiful“豐富的，許多的”，B項(xiàng)attractive“吸引人的”，C項(xiàng)friendly“友好的”，D項(xiàng)wealthy“富裕的”。句意：自19世紀(jì)50年代以來(lái)，唐人街一直是舊金山華人社區(qū)的中心。自20世紀(jì)60年代以來(lái)，它的疆界大幅擴(kuò)張，在那里建造的社區(qū)一般都很富裕。根據(jù)句意該題選D。

9.單選題

Thedebateovertheenvironmentalcrisisisnotnew:anxietyaboutindustry’simpactontheenvironmenthasexistedforoveracentury.Whatisnewistheextremepolarizationofviews.Mountingevidenceofhumanity’scapacitytodamagetheenvironmentirreversiblycoupledwithsuspicionsthatgovernment,industry,andevensciencemightbeimpotenttopreventenvironmentaldestructionhaveprovokedaccusatorypolemicsonthepartofenvironmentalists.Inturn,thesepolemicshaveelicitedacorrespondingbacklashfromindustry.Thesadeffectofthispolarizationisthatitisnowevenmoredifficultforindustrythanitwasahundredyearsagotorespondappropriatelytoimpactanalysesthatdemandaction.

Unliketoday’sadversaries,earlierecologicalreformerssharedwithadvocatesofindustrialgrowthaconfidenceintimelycorrectiveaction.GeorgeP.Marsh’spioneeringconservationtractManandNature(1864)elicitedwideacclaimwithoutembittereddenials.ManandNaturecastigatedEarth’sdespoilersforheedlessgreed,declaringthathumanity“hasbroughtthefaceoftheEarthtodesolationalmostascompleteasthatoftheMoon.”ButnoentrepreneurorindustrialistsoughttorefuteMarsh’saccusationstodefendtheguttingofforestsortheslaughterofwildlifeaseconomicallyessentialortodismisshisecologicalwarningsashysterical.Tothecontrary,theygenerallyagreedwithhim.

Why?Marshandhisfollowerstookenvironmentalimprovementandeconomicprogressasgivens;theydisputednotthedesirabilityofconqueringnaturebutthebunglingwayinwhichtheconquestwascarriedout.Blamewasnotpersonalized.Marshdenouncedgeneralgreedratherthanparticularentrepreneurs,andthemediadidnothoundmalefactors.Further,correctivemeasuresseemedtoentailnosacrificetodemandnodraconianremedies.Self-interestunderwrotemostprescribedreforms.Marsh’semphasisonfuturestewardshipwasthenawidelyacceptedideal(ifnotpractice).HisecologicaladmonitionswereinkeepingwiththeEnlightenmentpremisethathumanity’smissionwastosubdueandtransformnature.

Notuntilthe1960sdidagloomierperspectivegainpopularground.FredericClements’equilibriummodelofecologydevelopedinthe1930sseemedconsistentwithmountingenvironmentaldisasters.Inthisview,naturewasmostfruitfulwhenleastaltered.Leftundisturbed,floraandfaunagraduallyattainedmaximumdiversityandstability.Despoliationthwartedtheculminationorshortenedthedurationofthisbeneficentclimax:technologydidnotimprovenaturebutdestroyedit.

Theequilibriummodelbecameanecologicalmystique:environmentalinterferencewasnowtaboo,wildernessadored.Natureasunfinishedfabricperfectedbyhumaningenuitygavewaytotheimagenaturedebasedandendangeredbytechnology.IncontrasttotheEnlightenmentvisionofnature,accordingtowhichrationalmanagersconstructanevermoreimprovedenvironment,twentieth-centuryreformers’visionofnaturecallsforareductionofhumaninterferenceinordertorestoreenvironmentalstability.

61.Whichoneofthefollowingmostaccuratelystatesthemainideaofthepassage?

62.Theauthorreferstotheequilibriummodelofecologyasan“ecologicalmystique”(line1,lastparagraph)mostlikelyinordertodowhichoneofthefollowing?

63.WhichoneofthefollowingpracticesismostclearlyanapplicationofFredericClements’equilibriummodelofecology?

64.ThepassagesuggeststheGeorgeP.Marshandtoday’secologicalreformerswouldbemostlikelytoagreewithwhichoneofthefollowingstatements?

65.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithwhichoneofthefollowing?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.Mountingevidenceofhumanity’scapacitytodamagetheenvironmentshouldmotivateactiontopreventfurtherdamage.

B.TheecologicalmystiqueidentifiedwithFredericClementshasbecomeareligiousconvictionamongecologicalreformers.

C.Theviewsofecologistsandindustrialgrowthadvocatesconcerningtheenvironmenthaveonlyrecentlybecomepolarized.

D.GeorgeP.Marsh’sideasaboutconservationandstewardshiphaveheavilyinfluencedthepresentdebateovertheenvironment.

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.Expressappreciationforhowplantsandanimalsattainmaximumdiversityandstabilitywhenleftalone.

B.Pointoutthattheequilibriummodelofecologyhasrecentlybeensupportedbyempiricalscientificresearch.

C.Underscorethefervorwithwhichtwentieth-centuryreformersadheretotheequilibriummodel.

D.Indicatethattheideasoftwentieth-centuryecologicalreformersareoftensotheoreticalastobedifficulttounderstand.

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.Introducingaspeciesintoanenvironmenttowhichitisnotnativetohelpcontrolthespreadofanotherspeciesthatnolongerhasanynaturalpredators.

B.Settingareasoflandasidetobemaintainedaswildernessfromwhichtheuseorextractionofnaturalresourcesisprohibited.

C.Usingscientificmethodstoincreasesthestabilityofplantsandanimalsinareaswherespeciesareindangerofbecomingextinct.

D.Developingincentivesforindustriestotakecorrectivemeasurestoprotecttheenvironment.

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.Regulatingindustriesinordertoprotecttheenvironmentdoesnotconflictwiththeself-interestofthoseindustries.

B.Solvingtheenvironmentalcrisisdoesnotrequiredrasticandcostlyremedies.

C.Environmentalimprovementandeconomicprogressareequallyimportantgoals.

D.HumandespoliationoftheEarthhascausedwidespreadenvironmentaldamage.

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Outliningthebackgroundanddevelopmentofconflictingviewpointsinacurrentdebate.

B.Explaininghowconflictingviewpointsinacurrentdebateareequallyvalid.

C.Determiningwhichoftwoconflictingviewpointsinacurrentdebateismorepersuasive.

D.Providingexamplesofpossiblesolutionstoacurrentcrisis.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:C

【解析】61.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干的意思是“下列哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)最準(zhǔn)確地陳述了文章的主要思想？”。文章第一段中指出Whatisnewistheextremepolarizationofviews.Mountingevidenceofhumanity’scapacitytodamagetheenvironmentirreversiblycoupledwithsuspicionsthatgovernment,industry,andevensciencemightbeimpotenttopreventenvironmentaldestructionhaveprovokedaccusatorypolemicsonthepartofenvironmentalists.（新出現(xiàn)的是觀點(diǎn)的極端兩極分化；越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明人類(lèi)有能力不可逆轉(zhuǎn)地破壞環(huán)境，再加上人們懷疑政府、工業(yè)甚至科學(xué)在防止環(huán)境破壞方面可能無(wú)能為力，這引起了環(huán)保主義者的指責(zé)性辯論），由此可知A項(xiàng)“越來(lái)越多的證據(jù)表明人類(lèi)有能力破壞環(huán)境，應(yīng)促使采取行動(dòng)防止進(jìn)一步的破壞”正確。B項(xiàng)“弗雷德里克?克萊門(mén)茨(FredericClements)所推崇的生態(tài)神秘感，已成為生態(tài)改革者的一種宗教信仰”，最后一段第一句提到Theequilibriummodelbecameanecologicalmystique:environmentalinterferencewasnowtaboo,wildernessadored.（生態(tài)平衡模式變成了一種生態(tài)的神秘性：環(huán)境干擾現(xiàn)在是荒野崇拜的禁忌），由此可知不是一種宗教信仰，B項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；C項(xiàng)“生態(tài)學(xué)家和工業(yè)發(fā)展提倡者在環(huán)境問(wèn)題上的觀點(diǎn)只在最近才變得兩極化”，only（只有）一詞用的不恰當(dāng)，C項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；D項(xiàng)“GeorgeP.Marsh關(guān)于環(huán)境保護(hù)和管理的觀點(diǎn)嚴(yán)重影響了目前關(guān)于環(huán)境的辯論”這只是一個(gè)例子，并不是通篇文章的主要意思，D項(xiàng)不選。因此該題選A。

62.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干的意思是“作者將生態(tài)學(xué)的平衡模型稱(chēng)為’生態(tài)的奧秘’(最后一段第一行)最有可能是為了做以下哪一種？”。根據(jù)題干定位到文章最后一段environmentalinterferencewasnowtaboo,wildernessadored.Natureasunfinishedfabricperfectedbyhumaningenuitygavewaytotheimagenaturedebasedandendangeredbytechnology.IncontrasttotheEnlightenmentvisionofnature,accordingtowhichrationalmanagersconstructanevermoreimprovedenvironment,twentieth-centuryreformers’visionofnaturecallsforareductionofhumaninterferenceinordertorestoreenvironmentalstability.（環(huán)境干擾現(xiàn)在是荒野崇拜的禁忌；自然就像一件未完工的織物，由人類(lèi)的聰明才智加以完善，已經(jīng)被技術(shù)所貶低和危及的自然形象所替代；啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng)的自然觀認(rèn)為，理性的管理者構(gòu)建了一個(gè)更加美好的環(huán)境；與之相反，20世紀(jì)改革者的自然觀要求減少人類(lèi)的干預(yù)，以恢復(fù)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定。），由此可知，作者在這里指出有些改革太過(guò)于理論化而很難理解，所以D項(xiàng)“表明20世紀(jì)生態(tài)改革者的思想往往理論性太強(qiáng)，難以理解”正確。A項(xiàng)“對(duì)動(dòng)植物在不受干擾的情況下如何獲得最大程度的多樣性和穩(wěn)定性表示贊賞”，根據(jù)第四段最后一句Despoliationthwartedtheculminationorshortenedthedurationofthisbeneficentclimaxtechnologydidnotimprovenaturebutdestroyedit.（掠奪阻礙了這一高潮或縮短了這一有益的高潮的持續(xù)時(shí)間；技術(shù)并沒(méi)有改善自然，而是破壞了它）可知，作者是對(duì)這一掠奪表示反對(duì)，對(duì)自然表示惋惜，A項(xiàng)內(nèi)容理解錯(cuò)誤；B項(xiàng)“指出生態(tài)學(xué)的平衡模型最近得到了實(shí)證科學(xué)研究的支持”，文中沒(méi)有提到；C項(xiàng)“強(qiáng)調(diào)20世紀(jì)改革者對(duì)均衡模型的狂熱”，文中內(nèi)容沒(méi)有提到改革者對(duì)均衡模型的狂熱，C項(xiàng)不選。因此該題選D。

63.【試題答案】B

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干的意思是“以下哪一個(gè)實(shí)踐是弗雷德里克?克萊門(mén)茨的生態(tài)平衡模型最明顯地的應(yīng)用？”。文章第四段中指出Inthisview,naturewasmostfruitfulwhenleastaltered.Leftundisturbed,floraandfaunagraduallyattainedmaximumdiversityandstability.Despoliationthwartedtheculminationorshortenedthedurationofthisbeneficentclimax:technologydidnotimprovenaturebutdestroyedit.（從這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看，大自然最少改變的時(shí)候是最富有成效的；未受干擾的動(dòng)植物群落逐漸獲得了最大的多樣性和穩(wěn)定性；掠奪阻礙了這一高潮或縮短了這一有益的高潮的持續(xù)時(shí)間：技術(shù)并沒(méi)有改善自然，而是破壞了它。），由此可以推斷B項(xiàng)“把一些土地劃出來(lái)作為荒野加以維護(hù)，禁止使用或開(kāi)采自然資源”是這一生態(tài)平衡模型的應(yīng)用；A項(xiàng)“將一個(gè)物種引入非本地物種的環(huán)境，以幫助控制另一個(gè)不再有天敵的物種的傳播”，將物種引入其他環(huán)境算是對(duì)自然的一種干擾，和生態(tài)平衡模型內(nèi)容不符合；C項(xiàng)“在物種瀕臨滅絕的地區(qū)，用科學(xué)的方法來(lái)增加動(dòng)植物的穩(wěn)定性”和D項(xiàng)“制定企業(yè)激勵(lì)，采取糾正措施保護(hù)環(huán)境”也是人為的干擾，都不符合這一平衡模型的內(nèi)容。因此該題選B。

64.【試題答案】D

【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干的意思是“文章表明，GeorgeP.Marsh和今天的生態(tài)改革者最有可能同意下列哪一種說(shuō)法？”。根據(jù)第二段最后兩句話ButnoentrepreneurorindustrialistsoughttorefuteMarsh’saccusationstodefendtheguttingofforestsortheslaughterofwildlifeaseconomicallyessentialortodismisshisecologicalwarningsashysterical.（但沒(méi)有企業(yè)家或?qū)崢I(yè)家試圖反駁馬什的指控，他認(rèn)為砍伐森林或屠殺野生動(dòng)物在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是必要的，也沒(méi)有人認(rèn)為他的生態(tài)警告是歇斯底里的）可知A項(xiàng)“為了保護(hù)環(huán)境而規(guī)范工業(yè)與這些工業(yè)的自身利益并不沖突”有提到；根據(jù)文章第三段第四句Further,correctivemeasuresseemedtoentailnosacrificetodemandnodraconianremedies.（此外，糾正措施似乎不需要犧牲，不需要嚴(yán)厲的補(bǔ)救措施）可知B項(xiàng)“解決環(huán)境危機(jī)不需要激烈和昂貴的補(bǔ)救措施”有提到；根據(jù)文章第三段第一句Marshandhisfollowerstookenvironmentalimprovementandeconomicprogressasgivens（馬什和他的追隨者把環(huán)境改善和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展視為既定事實(shí)）可知C項(xiàng)“環(huán)境改善和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展是同樣重要的目標(biāo)”也有提到；D項(xiàng)“人類(lèi)對(duì)地球的掠奪造成了廣泛的環(huán)境破壞”，根據(jù)文章第二段第三句ManandNaturecastigatedEarthsdespoilersforheedlessgreed,declaringthathumanity“hasbroughtthefaceoftheEarthtodesolationalmostascompleteasthatoftheMoon.”（《人與自然》譴責(zé)了地球的掠奪者，因?yàn)樗麄兯翢o(wú)忌憚的貪婪，宣稱(chēng)人類(lèi)“已經(jīng)使地球表面像月球表面一樣遭到了徹底的毀滅）和文章末段最后一句twentieth-centuryreformers’visionofnaturecallsforareductionofhumaninterferenceinordertorestoreenvironmentalstability.（20世紀(jì)改革者的自然觀要求減少人類(lèi)的干預(yù)，以恢復(fù)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定）可推斷，Marsh和今天的生態(tài)改革者都同意人類(lèi)的掠奪對(duì)自然造成破壞，所以D項(xiàng)符合，A、B、C選項(xiàng)都是Marsh那個(gè)時(shí)期的觀點(diǎn)，并不是當(dāng)今生態(tài)改革者的觀點(diǎn)，所以A、B、C選項(xiàng)都不正確。因此該題選D。

65.【試題答案】C

【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干的意思是“這篇文章主要是關(guān)于下列哪一個(gè)？”。作者首段提到Thedebateovertheenvironmentalcrisisisnotnew:Anxietyaboutindustry’simpactontheenvironmenthasexistedforoveracentury.Whatisnewistheextremepolarizationofviews.（關(guān)于環(huán)境危機(jī)的爭(zhēng)論并不新鮮：對(duì)工業(yè)對(duì)環(huán)境影響的擔(dān)憂已經(jīng)存在了一個(gè)多世紀(jì)。新出現(xiàn)的是觀點(diǎn)的極端兩極分化。），由此可知，文章開(kāi)篇提到當(dāng)今面對(duì)環(huán)境的爭(zhēng)論出現(xiàn)了兩極化，然后下文通過(guò)很多的例子說(shuō)明，一種過(guò)于理論化的論述是不合乎邏輯的，C項(xiàng)“確定當(dāng)前辯論中兩個(gè)相互沖突的觀點(diǎn)中哪一個(gè)更有說(shuō)服力”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“概述當(dāng)前辯論中相互沖突的觀點(diǎn)的背景和發(fā)展”，概述背景和發(fā)展的目的是為了討論出兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)哪一個(gè)更有說(shuō)服力，所以A項(xiàng)是一個(gè)論述過(guò)程，因此不選；B項(xiàng)“解釋當(dāng)前辯論中相互沖突的觀點(diǎn)如何同樣有效”也是討論的一個(gè)過(guò)程，不是文章的主要討論目的，B項(xiàng)不選；D項(xiàng)“為當(dāng)前危機(jī)提供可能的解決方案”，文章并沒(méi)有給出合適的解決方案，D項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。因此該題選C。

10.單選題

InRomantimes,defeatedenemiesweregenerallyputtodeathascriminalsforhavingoffendedtheemperorofRome.Inthemiddleages,however,thepracticeofransoming,orreturningprisonersinexchangeformoney,becamecommon.Thoughsomesawthiscustomasasteptowardsamorehumanesociety,theprimaryreasonsbehinditwereeconomicratherthanhumanitarian.

Inthosetimes,rulershadonlyalimitedabilitytoraisetaxes.Theycouldneitherforcetheirsubjectstofightnorpaythemtodoso.Thepromiseofmaterialcompensationintheformofgoodsandransomwasthereforetheonlywayofinducingcombatantstoparticipateinawar.Inthemiddleages,thepredominantincentivefortheindividualsoldiertoparticipateinawarwastheexpectationofspoils.Althoughcollectingransomclearlybroughtfinancialgain,keepingaprisonerandarrangingforhisexchangehaditscosts.Consequently,severalproceduresweredevisedtoreducetransactioncosts.

Onesuchdevicewasaruleassertingthattheprisonerhadtoassesshisownvalue.Thiscompelledtheprisonertoestablishavaluewithoutmuchdistortion;indicatingtoolowavaluewouldincreasethecaptive’schancesofbeingkilled,whileindicatingtoohighavaluewouldeitherrushhimfinanciallyorcreateaprohibitivelyexpensiveransomthatwouldalsoresultindeath.

Asecondmeansofreducingcostswasthepracticeofreleasingaprisoneronhiswordofhonor.Thisprocedurewasadvantageoustobothpartiessincethecaptorwasrelievedoftheexpenseofkeepingtheprisonerwhilethecaptivehadfreedomofmovement.Thecaptoralsobenefitedfinanciallybyhavinghiscaptiveraisetheransomhimself.This“parole”wasaviablepracticesincethereleasedprisonerriskedrecaptureorretaliationagainsthisfamily.Moreover,inmedievalsociety,breakingone’swordhadseriousconsequences.When,forexample,KingFrancoisIbrokehiswordtotheEmperorCharlesVin1525,hisreputationsufferedimmensely.

Afindmethodofreducingcostswastheuseofspecializedinstitutionstoestablishcontactbetweenthetwoparties.Twotypesofinstitutionsemerged:professionaldealerswhoactedasbrokers,andmembersofreligiousorderswhoactedasneutralintermediaries.Dealersadvancedmoneyfortheransomandchargedinterestontheloan.TwoofthereligiousordersthatbecameintermediariesweretheMercedariansandtheTrinitarians,whobetweenthemarrangedtheransomofnearlyonemillionprisoners.

61.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto______.

62.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatamedievalsoldier______.

63.Intheauthor’sopinion,asoldier’sdecisiontospareanadversary’slifebelinkedhistoricallyto______.

64.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheprocessofarrangingransomsduringmedievaltimeswas______.

65.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassage?

問(wèn)題1選項(xiàng)

A.discusstheeconomicbasisofthemedievalpracticeofexchangingprisonersforransom

B.examinethehistoryofthetreatmentofprisonersofwar

C.emphasizetheimportanceofawarrior’swordofhonorduringtheMiddleAges

D.explorethreewaysofreducingthecostsofransom

問(wèn)題2選項(xiàng)

A.hadfeweconomicoptionsandchosetofightbecauseitwastheonlywayto

B.wassimilartoa20th-centuryterroristinthatheoperatedonabasicallyindependentlevelandwasmotivatedsolelybyeconomicincentives

C.waslesslikelytokillcapturedmembersofopposingarmiesthanwasasoldieroftheRomanEmpire

D.wasmotivatedtospareprisonerslivesbyhumanitarianratherthaneconomicideals

問(wèn)題3選項(xiàng)

A.theeconomicrelationshipofthewarringstates

B.theeconomicgainfromtakinganenemyprisonerratherthankillinghimincombat

C.thecasewithwhichasoldiercouldcaptureandsubsequentlyimprisonhisenemy

D.technologicaladvancesinweaponry

問(wèn)題4選項(xiàng)

A.morelucrativeformedievalsoldiersandkingsthanthewinningofspoils

B.aproceduresocostlythatitwasnoteconomicallyworthwhileforthecaptors

C.futileforthecaptivesincelieriskedrecaptureevenafterhisransomwaspaid

D.apotentialsourceofincomeforothersasidefromthecaptorsoftheprisoners

問(wèn)題5選項(xiàng)

A.Anassertionismade,brieflyexplained,andthenseveralexamplesthatrefutetheassertionaregiven.

B.Ahistoricalanalysisismadeofaphenomenonandsupportingdetailsareoffered.

C.Ahypothesisisoffered,carefullyqualified,andthensupportingdataisanalyzed.

D.Agenerallyacceptedhistoricalviewpointispresentedinordertointroducediscussionofitsstrengthsandlimitations.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

第5題:B

【解析】61.【試題答案】A

【試題解析】主旨大意題